SQL

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SQL

SQL

( )

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what is SQL?

SQL (Structure Query Language) data data

programming language SQL ANSI
(American National Standards Institute ) standard language
version
SQL statement database data
web page server-side scripting language PHP or
ASP visual Basic program database

RDBMS(relational database management system ) SQL

language modern database system MS

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SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access

RDBMS DBMS
DBMS data table
table coloumns and rows
column column name data type column
row column data
records table data

database system server

Microsoft SQL Server Express
Microsoft SQL Server Express
SQL syntax

Server installation
SQL Server download
run -->

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installation server connect sql server

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SQL Server

Server database and table sql query

data

database database right click

_

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Table Basic
Relational database system table ( )
table object database data
information table table
column and row column column name data
type column row
column data records
Database kyawko object explorer
database table
kyawko database table right click new table
table data type
table data type
table dasign column
name data type table dasign -->

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Table design table data table

right click Edit Top 200 Rows data
execute sql

table columns 5 row 4

database row record
database

Database name = Tutorial

Database table = Lesson

database sql server

tool sql code
table
sql language

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SQL - Queries

Sql
query query question
database language query
language query database
database query
select query action query select query
( ) table data
action query data insert ,updating
and deleting SQL Statement ( )
statement
semicolon (;) semicolon
database system statement MS SQL
Server (;)

SQL DML and DDL

Sql database data

Data Manipulation Language (DML)
and Data Definition Language (DDL)

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML database data

Query update comment

DML

SELECT - database data

UPDATE - database data
DELETE - database data
INSERT INTO - database data

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Sql DDL database table create and delete
DDL statement

CREATE DATABASE - database

ALTER DATABASE - database
CREATE TABLE - database table
ALTER TABLE - table
DROP TABLE – table
CREATE INDEX – table (search key)
DROP INDEX – table

SQl SELECT Statement

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Select statement database data

Select statement SQL
language statement select statement
-

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

SELECT table column ( )

table FROM database
table table -

฀ table Name column

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Select Name
from lesson
Name column data

(*) sql language shortcat (*) shortcat

table Select * from
lesson table

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DISTINCT Statement and Where clause

Column data data

column data
DISTINCT Keyword DISTINCT Keyword

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)

FROM table_name

table country column DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM lesson

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Country column dat data

column –

Where Clause

Clause statement queries

where clause conditional statement
query SQl
row conditional stratement
true value return row
return where clause operator

single quotes or double quotes

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- numeric values quotes

where clause -->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

table Name column where clause

where clause operator
database name=turorial ,tablename =lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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Where Name = 'kyawko'

Kyawko Name column row

WHERE Clause Operators

= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN

LIKE Column data

IN data select

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SQL AND & OR Operators

And operators
record
operator where clause

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='kyawko' AND Country ='myanmar'

code Name column Country column

record
record (kyawko)

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OR operator
( ) record table
table

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' OR Country ='Thai'

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And

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' AND ( Country ='myanmar' OR Country ='Thai')

ORDER BY Keyword

Order by keyword sql query result

record
DECS keyword
-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

lesson table database

name=turorial ,tablename =lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name

ORDER BY DESC

record DECS keyword

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name DESC

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SQL AND & OR Operators

And operators
record
operator where clause

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='kyawko' AND Country ='myanmar'

code Name column Country column

record
record (kyawko)

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OR operator
( ) record table
table

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' OR Country ='Thai'

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And OR

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' AND ( Country ='myanmar' OR Country ='Thai')

ORDER BY Keyword

Order by keyword sql query result

record
DECS keyword
-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

lesson table database

name=turorial ,tablename =lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name

ORDER BY DESC

record DECS keyword

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name DESC

Insert Into Statement and UPDATE Statement

Insert Into Statement table data

data insert

Data column name

Data column name

table new data(row)

data numeric
( )

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quotes ထ‘ ‘ဒ

(1)

INSERT INTO lesson

VALUES (5,'Khnie',0936258,'yangon','myanmar')

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(2)

row column
data -
column
-->

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

(2) table data

INSERT INTO lesson (P_id ,Name ,Address )

VALUES(6,'Zin Mar',092581472)

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(3)

UPDATE Statement

SQL UPDATE table rows

command UPDATE
syntax where clause where
clause record ( ) records update
where clause SET
records update data
where clause column name conditional
statement

-->

UPDATE table_name
SET column_name=value, column_name=value2,...
WHERE column_name

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table record update

UPDATE lesson
SET phone=09258978, Country ='malaysia' ,Address = ‘kuala lumpur’
WHERE Name = 'thuthu'

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SQL LIKE Operator and DELETE Statement

Like operator column data

Like operator SQL wildcards
like operator wildcards

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern

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Wildcards %

data wildcars %
data where clause
data column
- table
table

country column m data

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Country LIKE 'm%'

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data character
wildcard % char % table table

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '%hin%'

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Wildcards _

( _ ) data
table khnie select

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '_hine'

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Wildcard [charlist]

[] wildcard data
- table
Name column eiei select e
or m or q [] wildcard

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '[mqe]%'

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[^ charlist] [ ] wildcard
server version
Microsoft SQL Server Express [! charlist]
[^charlist] select

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Country LIKE '[^msc]%'

DELETE Statement

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DELETE Statement table row

where clause conditional statement
฀ where clause table rows
-->

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE column_name

table row

DELETE FROM lesson

WHERE Name ='eiei'

SQL Execute row(eiei)

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BETWEEN Operator

Between operator data

data select database
between operator
-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2

table database
table name
between operator select
--

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SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name
BETWEEN 'kyawko' AND 'koko'

sql server kyawko koko

warwar select

1. database kyawko koko data Name

data list between operator
AND operator
data field select
2. database kyawko koko data Name
data list between
operator AND operator select

3. database kyawko koko data Name

data list between operator

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AND operator
select select

database
database

SQL Joins

Joins keyword table ( ) table

table
table key column
key column row
key column data
key column
column primary column secondary
primary column row
data column
primary table

table primary server

tool SQL Query
create database table data type primary column
server primary column

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฀ table -> design > column right

click -> primary
table table
inner join ,left join , right join and full join
table P_id column lesson
table primary column table O_id list
table primary column list table P_id column
lesson table

Lesson table

Darabase =tutorial ,Table name= lesson ,primary column = P_id

List table

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Database =tutorial , tablename = list , primary column = O_id

table data table

INNER JOIN Keyword

INNER JOIN Keyword table row

row primary key
INNER JOIN -->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name= table_name2.column_name

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select table column

color

SELECT lesson.Name,lesson.Country,list.NRIC
FROM lesson
INNER JOIN list
ON lesson .p_id= list.p_id

table table result table

LEFT JOIN Keyword

table row
row table

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inner join left join and right join

primary column row
table left join table
row
table row
table table left join keyword
-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

table name ฀ testရ

SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,test2.NRIC

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FROM lesson
LEFT JOIN test2
ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

table NRIC NULL

table row
--

RIGHT JOIN KEYWORD

table row
table table right join
keyword left right
table
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SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,test2.NRIC

FROM lesson
RIght JOIN test2
ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

FULL JOIN Keyword

Full join keyword table row
result table primary
key row

SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,lesson.Phone ,lesson.Address ,test2.NRIC

FROM lesson
full JOIN test2

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ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

table row (4) table row (6)

full join row
NULL

CEARTE DATBASE and CREATE TABLE

Server tool sql statement

database table primary column data type
-->

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CREATE DATABASE database_name

CREATE TABLE table_name

Creat table table column data type

column data type column
( comer)
data type
table -->

CREATE TABLE test3

(
K_No int,
Name varchar(255),
Phone varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

Table column column

data INSERT INTO , UPDATE statement
SQL
constraintions

NULL
Table column null NULL
data -

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column data
data SQL server
record NULL
table
table NULL ( )

IS NULL
IS NULL table NULL column
Select table

table NULL SELECT

SELECT k_no ,Name,Address FROM koko

WHERE Address IS NULL

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IS NOT NULL
NULL data select

SELECT k_no ,Name,Address FROM koko

WHERE Address IS NOT NULL

SQL constraintions
Constraints table data
data type table

NOT NULL

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UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT

NULL constraint
Table column null
not null constraint
not null null column
not null column row

CREATE TABLE kyawko

(K_No int NOT NULL,
Last_Name varchar (30) NOT NULL,
First_Name varchar(30));

table column lastname , K_No Not Null

data row
null not null
row data
column not null
column not null
table column

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INSERT INTO kyawko (Last_Name, First_Name) values ('ma','Khine');

INSERT INTO values sql server

message

SQL Constraints

Unique constraint database table recod

( )
unique constraint primary key constraint
unique primary key constraint
unique constraint unique
primary key

CREATE TABLE student1

P_Id int NOT NULL unique,

Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,

Address varchar(255),

City varchar(255)

);

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P_id unique P_id

column data error message

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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Table column column

row
columns primary key
table primary key constraint primary key
table primary key primary
key constraint column NULL
primary key constraint ( unique data)
table primary key constraint
Database Engine primary key column unique index
data primary key
queries unique index data
primary key constraint server
sql server -->

CREATE TABLE Student

(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstNama varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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Foreign key column ( ) column

column table data link
table foreign key constraints foreign key
table primary key column
table column table link
link column table foreign key
sql server -->

CREATE TABLE list

(
O_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
NRIC int NOT NULL,
P_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES lesson(P_Id)
)

join table table

lesson

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List table

P-id lesson table primary key O_id list table foreign key
list table P_id lesson table P_id

SQL CHECK Constraint

Check constraint column

Check constraint column
valid valid
logical expression (true or false ) logical
expressin false column data insert or updatae

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ALTER table statement

-->

Column_Name Datatype (size) CHECK (Logical_Expression)

p_id column check p_id column

data ( integer)

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0),
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
phone varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

SQL DEFAULT Constraint

Default constraint columne default

column
default
new record default

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-- column

- table column data

default value
default value -->

CREATE TABLE student

P_Id int NOT NULL,

Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,

Address varchar(255),

City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'TaungDwingyi'

City default value column

City edit NULL sql query

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default values table

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement

Insex statement table

index user
index statement data query
-->

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column_name)

databasename= tutorial , tablename= lesson

CREATE INDEX namelist

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ON lesson (Name)

Column inxed column name

(,)

DROP Statement

Drop statement database , table ,column and index

Table index --> DROP INDEX

table_name.index_name
Table --> DROP TABLE table_name
Database --> DROP DATABASE database_name
Column --> DROP COLUMN column_Name (alter statement )

ALTER Staement
Alter statement table column
( )

Columns -->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data type

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stdent table column

data type

table Name column

ALTER TABLE student

ADD Name varchar

table name column

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Column datatype

data
data type
data type data type
ALTER statement
-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype

student1 table Name column data type

column data
data type
data type

ALTER TABLE student1

ALTER COLUMN Name Text

DROP COLUMN

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table column DROP DROP

-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name

databasename=tutorial ,tablename=stdent1

ALTER TABLE student1

DROP COLUMN Name

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement

Insex statement table

index user
index statement data query
-->

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column_name)

databasename= tutorial , tablename= lesson

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CREATE INDEX namelist

ON lesson (Name)

Column inxed column name

(,)

DROP Statement

Drop statement database , table ,column and index

Table index --> DROP INDEX

table_name.index_name
Table --> DROP TABLE table_name
Database --> DROP DATABASE database_name
Column --> DROP COLUMN column_Name (alter statement )

ALTER Staement
Alter statement table column
( )

Columns -->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data type

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stdent table column

data type

table Name column

ALTER TABLE student

ADD Name varchar

table name column

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Column datatype

data
data type
data type data type
ALTER statement
-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype

student1 table Name column data type

column data
data type
data type

ALTER TABLE student1

ALTER COLUMN Name Text

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DROP COLUMN
table column DROP DROP
-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name

databasename=tutorial ,tablename=stdent1

ALTER TABLE student1

DROP COLUMN Name

L Date

Date table column timestamp

SQL timestamp
SQL timestamp
standard date
database table data and time

DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number

Sql server built_in function

SQL Query

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table built_in function

built_in function row

date date function
timestamp

GETDATE() function
GETDATE() function sql server date and time
date à 2012-12-05
02:26:45.443 --
table clss datetime column getdate() function
table row
datetime
date datatype

CREATE TABLE student

(
No int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
class datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT GETDATE()
)

Table data

INSERT INTO student4(st_no, Name) VALUES (3,'War War')

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Datepart() function
Datepart() function table date
( )

datepart ()function arguments ( )

--> DATEPART( datepart,date)

1. Datapart = date expression

2. Date = argument (column name)

date expression datepart() function

datepart Abbreviation
year yy,yyyy,year
quarter qq,q

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month mm,m
datofyear dy,y
day day,
week wk,ww
Weekday dw,w
Weekday dw,w
hour hh
minutes mi,n
second ss,s
millisecond ms
microsecond mcs

datepart select

SELECT
DATEPART(YEAR,'2012-5-12') AS 'OrderYear'

('2012-5-12' ) Year select

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table date datepart() function

select table student4 table

SELECT DATEPART(YEAR ,class) AS Year,

DATEPART(MINUTE ,class) AS Month,
DATEPART(DAY ,class) AS Day,
Name FROM student4
WHERE st_no=1

table --

DateADD() function
DateADD() function table date
DateADD() function argument
3 --> DATEADD(datepart,number,date)

1. Number = ( )
(-)
2012 2014

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SELECT DATEADD(year, 2, 2012-5-12) AS AddoneYear;

table date dateadd() function

select table student4 table
code student4 table date
2012 2016

SELECT st_no,DATEADD(YEAR,4,class) AS OrderPayDate

FROM student4

DateDIFF()function

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dateDIFF()function date time

-->
DATEDIFF(datepart,startdate,enddate)

SELECT DATEDIFF(yy,'2012-05-12','2011-08-05') AS betweenDate

SQL Function

SQl server data return

( ) built-in function
Aggregate Functions Scalar Functions
sql function type
1. Rowset Functions
2. Aggregate Functions
3. Ranking Functions
4. Scalar Functions

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Aggregate Functions
Aggregate Functions
Aggregate
Functions function --

1.AVG() - Returns the average value

2.COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
3.FIRST() - Returns the first value
4.LAST() - Returns the last value
5.MAX() - Returns the largest value
6.MIN() - Returns the smallest value
7.SUM() - Returns the sum

AVG() function
AVG() function column
book table
AVG() ฀

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

Book table

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SELECT AVG(Price) AS bookAverage FROM Book

- customer name

operator column
where clause book
table

SELECT * FROM Book

WHERE Price>(SELECT AVG(Price)FROM Book)

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Count () Function
Count () Function table Row
Count () Function NULL
฀

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

Table row
(*)

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name

price column 500

SELECT COUNT(price) AS CustomerNilsen FROM book

WHERE Price='500'

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SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) column

Name column

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Name) AS NumberofBookcustomer FROM book

FIRST ( ) function column

฀SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name

LAST ( ) function column

--> SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name

Max() function
Max() function column
char
Price column

SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM book

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MIN() function
MIN() function column
char
Price column

SELECT MIN(Price) AS smallestOrderPrice FROM book

SUM() Function
SUM() Function column

฀฀ SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

price column

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SELECT SUM(Price) As Pricestotla FROM book

Scalar Functions
Scalar Functions data
Scalar
Functions

UCASE()Function
UCASE()Function data
Uppercase ฀ SQl server
UPPER()

SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name

table Name column

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SELECT UPPER(Name) as Name FROM student3

LCASE()Function
LCASE()Function data
lowercase ฀ SQl server
LOWER() UPPER Lower

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SELECT lower(City) as myNativetown FROM student3

MID() Function
MID() Function characters
-- server MID()
function

฀
SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name

Column_name = characters column

Start = characters ( 1)

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Length= characters

student3 table Name column characters

SELECT MID(Name,1,4) as myfriendsname FROM student3

LEN() Fucntion
LEN() Fucntion data
฀SELECT LEN(column_name)
FROM table_name

stdent3 table Address column

SELECT LEN(address) FROM student3

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ROUND()Function
ROUND()Function

-- >

SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name

1. Decimals= ( )

book table price column

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SELECT Price, ROUND(Price,3) as UnitPrice FROM book

SQL Data type

Microsoft SQL server data type

database table column
data type column data type
data
data type
memory -
int colum char column

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data type

data type

Character data type

Character data type Zip code

character
fixed-length character string variable length character string
fixed-length character string user
character -
char(10) 10
char(10) char
memory variable length
character string character
char memory
table character data type
fixed-length variable length

Character String

Data type Description Storage

char(n) Fixed-length character string . characters n
8,000
varchar(n) Variable-length character string characters

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8,000
varchar(max) Variable-length character string . characters
1,073,741,824
text Variable-length character string . Maximum 2GB of
text data

Unicode String

Data type Description Storage

nchar(n) Fixed-length Unicode data type characters
4,000
nvarchar(n) Variable-length Unicode data type . characters
4,000
nvarchar(max) Variable-length Unicode data. characters 536,870,912

ntext Variable-length Unicode data type . Maximum 2GB of

text data

Integer data type

Integer data type numeric data
int data type int

Data type Description Storage

tinyint Allows whole numbers from 0 1 byte
to 255
smallint -32,768 and 32,767 2 byte
int -2,147,483,648 and 4 byte
2,147,483,647
float -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 4 or 8 bytes
308.

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Decimal(p,s) -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. 5-17 byte

Date type
Date type combination date time value
table
time

Data type Description Storage

datetime January 1, 1753 December 31, 9999 time 8 bytes
3.33 milliseconds
datetime2 January 1, 0001 December 31, 9999 time 6-8
nanoseconds bytes
smalldatetime January 1, 1900 June 6, 2079 time 4 bytes

date January 1, 0001 December 31, 9999 3 bytes

time nanoseconds 3-5

bytes
datetimeoffset The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset 8-10
bytes
timestamp timestamp binary number
table timestamp variable

Binary data type

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Binary data type True/False, Yes/No, and On/Off values

Binary data type 0,1 and
NULL

Data type Description Storage

bit Allows 0, 1, or NULL
binary(n) Fixed-length binary data. Maximum 8,000 bytes
varbinary(n) Variable-length binary data. Maximum 8,000 bytes
varbinary(max) Variable-length binary data. Maximum 2GB
image Variable-length binary data. Maximum 2GB

Group By statement

Group By statement aggregate function

query result
-

-- >

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name

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customer
group sum() function

SELECT Name,SUM(BookPrice) FROM book1

GROUP By Name

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Book1 table column

SELECT Name,orderDate,SUM(bookPrice) As price FROM book1

Group By Name,orderDate

500 name column

Count() function ฀

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SELECT name, COUNT(*) as "Number of book"

FROM book1
WHERE BookPrice > 500
GROUP BY Name

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