International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig

Two-phase heat transfer coecients of three HFC refrigerants

inside a horizontal smooth tube, part II: condensation
X. Boissieux*, M.R. Heikal, R.A. Johns
Engineering Research Centre, University of Brighton, School of Engineering, Cockcroft Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK

Received 7 September 1999; received in revised form and accepted 22 November 1999

Abstract
This paper presents local heat transfer results obtained during the condensation of Isceon 59, R407C and R404A in a
smooth horizontal tube. The results have been compared with existing correlations for condensation heat transfer to
assess the validity of these models for refrigerant mixtures. Two correlations (Dobson MK, Chato JC. Condensation in
smooth horizontal tubes. Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of ASME 1998; 120: 193±213, Shah MM. A general
correlation for heat transfer during ®lm condensation inside pipes. Int J Heat & Mass Transfer 1979; 22: 547±56) have
been considered because they deal with refrigerant blends and their range of applicability suited the experimental test
conditions. The Dobson and Chato correlation provided the best prediction for these refrigerant mixtures. The Shah
correlation ®tted the measurements of the local heat transfer coecients well and seem to cope well with refrigerant
mixtures. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Condensation; Horizontal tube; R407C; R410A

Coecient d'eÂchange diphasiques de trois ¯uides frigori HFC

aÁ l'inteÂrieur d'un tube lisse horizontal, duexieÁme partie:
condensation
ReÂsumeÂ
Cette publication preÂsente des coecients d'eÂchange convectif obtenus expeÂrimentalement lors de la condensation des
¯uides frigori®ques Isceon 59, R407C et R404A dans un tube lisse horizontal. Les reÂsultats sont compareÂs avec des correÂ-
lations classiques pour la condensation, a®n d'eÂvaluer leur validite pour les meÂlanges de ¯uides frigorigeÁnes. Deux correÂla-
tions (Dobson HK, Chato, JC. Condensation in smooth horizontal tubes. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Transactions of ASME 1998; 120: 193±213; Shah MM. A general correlation for heat transfer during ®lm condensation
inside pipes. Int J Heat & Mass Transfer 1979; 22: 547±56) ont eÂte consideÂreÂes pour leur capacite aÁ traiter les meÂlanges de
¯uides frigorigeÁnes et correspondent aux conditions expeÂrimentales. La correÂlation de Dobson et Chato fournit la meilleure
preÂdiction pour ces meÂlanges de ¯uide frigorigeÁnes. La correÂlation de Shah donne une bonne preÂvision des coecients
d'eÂchange locaux et semble convenir aux meÂlanges de ¯uides frigorigeÁnes. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. All rights
reserved.
Mots-cleÂs: Transfert de chaleur ; Transfert de Masse ; Condensation ; Tube horizontal ; R407C ; R410A

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1489-995-533; Fax: +44-1489-885-280.

E-mail address: xavier_boissieux@yahoo.co.uk (X. Boissieux).

0140-7007/00/$20.00 # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
PII: S0140-7007(99)00071-7
346 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352

Nomenclature T Temperature ( C)
x Vapour quality
cp Speci®c heat capacity (J/kg.K)
Xtt Lockhart-Martinelli parameter
D Characteristic diameter (m)
Fr Froude number Greek characters
g Acceleration due to gravity (m2/s)  Void fraction
G Mass ¯ux (kg/m2 s)  Angle (radians)
Ga Galileo number  Dynamic viscosity (Pa.s)
h Heat transfer coecient (W/m2 K)  Density (kg/m3)
i Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Subscript
hfg Latent heat of vaporisation (J/kg) crit Critical
jg Wallis dimensionless gas velocity glide Glide (in temperature)
Jal Liquid Jakob number L Liquid
k Thermal conductivity (W/m K) red Reduced
Nu Nusselt number ref Refrigerant
P Pressure sat Saturation
Pr Prandtl number V Vapour
q0 Heat ¯ux (W/m2) w Wall
Re Reynolds number

1. Introduction ¯ow. Flow maps for condensation have been de®ned by

Soliman and Azer [2], Breber et al. [3] and Tandon et al.
This paper follows up Part I with local two-phase [4] based on ¯ow observation in horizontal tubes. These
¯ow heat transfer coecients, but this time condensa- ¯ow pattern maps have been used subsequently by
tion is considered. The results presented in this paper many authors as a basis for correlation. Dobson and
are for the full condensation of three HFC refrigerants Chato [5] compared their ¯ow regime results with exist-
Isceon 59, R407C and R404A and show the variation of ing ¯ow maps from Mandhane [6], Taitel et al. [7] and
the heat transfer coecients inside a smooth horizontal Soliman and Azer [2], and found that corrections had to
tube. The experimental results have been compared with be made for good ¯ow pattern predictions.
two existing correlations for condensation to assess their The recent work of Dobson and Chato [5] is very
validity with refrigerant mixtures. detailed, and is worth referring to for substantial infor-
The test facility used in this study, as well as the cal- mation on condensation. They proposed a new correla-
culation and accuracy used to obtain the experimental tion for annular and wavy ¯ow regimes, based on two
condensation results are the same as for evaporation, broad ¯ow regime categories, the gravity dominated and
and have been presented in Part I. This is described shear dominated ¯ow regimes. The correlation was
brie¯y in this paper; all details of the study can be found evaluated with various experimental results for R22,
in Boissieux [1]. R134a, R12, with mean deviations between 4.4 and
13.7%. This correlation has been developed for smooth
tubes with small diameters (3 and 7 mm ID), for mass
2. Previous studies ¯ux ranging from 25 to 800 kg/m2s, heat ¯ux from 5 to
15 kW/m2, at saturation temperatures between 35 C and
When looking at the literature concerning two-phase 45 C, and vapour quality between 10 and 90%. It is also
¯ow, there is a large di€erence between evaporation and mentioned, in this study, that the correlation applies
condensation. Research into condensation is under- reasonably well for larger tube diameters, higher mass
represented compared to evaporation. It is only in recent ¯uxes and can accommodate refrigerant mixtures. This
years that research on forced convection condensation has correlation has, therefore, been of particular interest to
increased. However, only a few experimental data were compare the experimental results obtained in this study.
obtained for refrigerant mixtures. Several earlier correlations such as Akers and Rosson
The importance of ¯ow regimes on heat transfer has [8] and Altman et al. [9] have been identi®ed, but were
been identi®ed and, therefore, ¯ow patterns have been not suited for the new refrigerants. Most of the local
studied largely to understand the condensation heat correlations presented so far apply to speci®c ¯ow
transfer mechanisms. A common ¯ow pattern classi®- regimes, and are empirical or semi-empirical models. It
cation is Annular, Semi-annular, Wavy, Slug and Plug is dicult to develop a purely theoretical model mainly
 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352 347

because of the complexity of the two-phase ¯ow. The water ethylene glycol. A further cooling is made in the
range of test conditions for each correlation is very condenser, to make sure that the refrigerant enters the
important when comparing data, as indicated by Tichy sliding vane pump as a sub-cooled liquid. The satura-
et al. [10], Tandon et al. [11] and Thome [12]. It was, tion pressure in the refrigerant circuit is adjusted with
therefore, decided to consider correlations that suited the the accumulator, a pressure vessel which is pressurised
experimental test conditions. A full discussion of these with nitrogen. The tube tested was a 4-m long smooth
papers is given in Boissieux [1]. Chitti et al. [13] developed 3/800 copper tube, the same as for evaporation tests.
a purely theoretical model, validated with experimental The accuracy of the refrigerant heat transfer coe-
data for R22 and refrigerant mixtures, but the local heat cient has been estimated to ‹14% for the typical tem-
transfer was always limited to partial condensation over a perature di€erence obtained with the test section (Part
limited mass ¯ux range (250<G<350 kg/m2s). I). Before testing the HFC refrigerants, the test section
Most of the alternatives for CFC and HCFC refrig- was successfully validated with R22. A heat balance was
erants consist of mixtures of two or three components, also carried out between the refrigerant and the water
and new problems were identi®ed with these refrigerant side as a further check on the accuracy of the local
blends. Because the classical theory for condensation experimental data.
heat transfer was developed for pure substances, new The refrigerant considered in this study are presented
research into refrigerant mixture was necessary, and led below with their designated nomenclature name (when
to the development of a refrigerant test facility at the available), along with their composition by mass.
University of Brighton.
Dobson and Chato [5] have extended their correlation R407C (23% R32/25% R125/52% R134a)
for pure refrigerants to consider zeotrope refrigerant R404A (44% R125/52% R143a/4% R134a)
blends such as R407C, by using a simpli®ed form of the Isceon 59 (47% R125/50% R134a/3% R600)
Dobson correlation. A traditional correlation from
Shah [14] has also been considered in this paper, since These refrigerant blends are non-ozone depleting ¯uids.
his correlation is often used for practical condenser R407C and Isceon 59 are alternative replacements for R22,
design because of its relative simplicity. and R404A is a substitute for R502. They are all ternary
mixtures, but R404A is a ``near-azeotropic'' mixture with a
small temperature glide of 0.6K (Dew temperature±Bubble
3. Experimental apparatus temperature at constant pressure), whereas R407C and
Isceon 59 have higher temperature glides (5.1 and 2.6K
The test facility used for obtaining the experimental respectively at 35 C bubble temperature). The thermo-
results for condensation is the same as the one for eva- dynamic properties of these three refrigerants were pro-
poration presented in Part I. It consists of a refrigerant vided by the refrigerant manufacturers, or taken from the
circuit and two secondary circuits. The sub-cooled literature (ASHRAE [15]). The refrigerant properties are
liquid refrigerant is pumped in the main circuit and presented in Table 1 for reference.
brought to the desired conditions in the test section by The composition of each refrigerant blend was
using a hot water circuit and a cold water/glycol circuit. checked at di€erent stages to ensure that there were no
The sub-cooled refrigerant is ®rst heated up and evapo- variations during the test period. The change in mixture
rated in a plate heat exchanger, so that it enters the test composition could be induced by leaks in the system,
section as a superheated vapour. Full condensation then since the more volatile refrigerant would boil o€, leaving
takes place in the test section, which is cooled with two components of the ternary mixture. The procedure

Table 1
Refrigerant properties
Tableau 1
ProprieÂteÂs des frigorigeÁnes

Refrigerant P [bar] Tglide [k] Statea Tsat i [kJ/kg]  [Pa.s]  [kg/m3] cp [J/kg K] k [W/m.K]

R404A 17.4 0.4 Bubble 35 252.9 1.210ÿ4 996 1633 0.061

Dew 35.4 378.3 1.410ÿ5 87 1330 0.016
R407C 16.0 5.1 Bubble 35 252.6 1.510ÿ4 1093 1599 0.066
Dew 40.1 423.7 1.610ÿ5 68 1251 0.016
Isceon 59 12.5 2.6 Bubble 35 246.8 1.510ÿ4 1149 1495 0.069
Dew 37.6 407.1 1.310ÿ5 70 1193 0.104
a
Note: Bubble refers to the saturated liquid and Dew to saturated vapour.
348 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352

for testing the refrigerant composition consisted in tak- respectively (totaling 306 valid experimental measure-
ing liquid samples at di€erent stages of the test period. ments). These data were all obtained for a full con-
The samples were taken in the liquid phase to ensure densation of the refrigerant along the tube. All these
that all the components of the mixture were present. results have been compared with the Dobson and Chato
The liquid was then expanded as a vapour into a sam- [5] and Shah [14] correlations on the parity plots shown
pling cylinder for analysis. The samples were analysed by in Figs. 4±9. These comparison graphs show all the valid
gas chromatography. No major variations in refrigerant experimental data points, covering the full phase change.
composition were observed. The highest change in com- The Dobson and Chato [5] correlation predicts well
position was around 0.1%, and resulting from the loss of the results for vapour quality below 70%, but it seems
a small volume of R600, the most volatile component of to over-predict the experimental data at higher qualities.
the mixture, in refrigerant Isceon 59. It was found that the experimental data were higher
than the calculated ones (from both Shah [14] and
Dosbon and Chato [5]) at low vapour qualities because
4. Comparison of experimental data with existing corre- of the higher heat ¯ux during some of the experiments.
lations These high heat ¯uxes were necessary to obtain a full
condensation of the refrigerant. A high experimental
The experimental heat transfer results are compared error in the low quality region is also caused by a small
with condensation correlations from Shah [14] and temperature di€erence between the tube wall and the
Dobson and Chato [5] that best suited the experimental cooling water/Ethylene glycol. These large variation at
test conditions summarised in Table 2. Both correlations low vapour quality explains the data outside the ‹30%
provide local heat transfer coecients during condensa- deviation on all the parity plots.
tion, and could readily be compared with the experi-
mental results. The Dobson and Chato [5] model and
the Shah [14] correlation are presented in Appendices A
and B, respectively. Details of the experimental results
used for the development of these correlations can be
found in the original publications.
One typical example of condensation heat transfer
coecient is presented for each refrigerant in Figs. 1±3.
They show the variation of the local heat transfer coef-
®cient during the condensation. The condensation
graphs have been plotted with increasing quality, but it
must be kept in mind that the actual condensation pro-
cess starts with a vapour quality of 1 and ®nishes with a
vapour quality of 0. The experimental heat transfer
Fig. 1. Experimental and calculated local heat transfer coe-
coecient is approximately constant as condensation
cient for the condensation of Isceon 59.
takes place and the quality decreases to about 50%
liquid. Thereafter the local heat transfer coecient Fig. 1. Coecient d'eÂchanges locaux expeÂrimentaux et calculeÂs,
pour la condensation d'Isceon 59.
decreases steadily with a decrease in quality, towards the
value of the saturated liquid. The e€ects of the vapour
region on local heat transfer coecient at high quality do
not appear to follow the same trends as with evaporative
heat transfer (Part I).
The experimental results consist of 7, 9 and 10 valid
data sets for refrigerants R407C, R404A and Isceon 59

Table 2
Experimental test conditions
Tableau 2
Conditions experimentales

Refrigerant Tsat [ C] G [kg/m2.s] q0 [W/m2]

Fig. 2. Experimental and calculated local heat transfer coe-
Isceon 59 31.5 to 35.7 207 to 386 17.5 to 36.8
cient for the condensation of R407C.
R407C 15.7 to 29.8 199 to 393 20.7 to 38.1
R404A 24.3 to 27.5 153 to 410 11 to 28.6 Fig. 2. Coecient d'eÂchanges locaux expeÂrimentaux et calculeÂs,
pour la condensation de R407C.
 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352 349

Fig. 3. Experimental and calculated local heat transfer coe-

cient for the condensation of R404A.
Fig. 3. Coecient d'eÂchanges expeÂrimentaux et calculeÂs, pour la
condensation de R404A.

Fig. 5. Comparison of experimental data with the Shah correla-

tion, condensation of Isceon 59 (dotted lines are ‹30% deviation).
Fig. 5. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle
de Shah, pendant la condensation d'Isceon 59 (les pointilleÂs
repreÂsentent une deÂviation de ‹30%).

Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental data with the Dobson

correlation, condensation of Isceon 59 (dotted lines are ‹30%
deviation).
Fig. 4. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle
de Dobson, pendant la condensation d'Isceon 59 (les pointilleÂs
repreÂsentent une deÂviation de‹30%).

A fairly good agreement was obtained with the Dob- Fig. 6. Comparison of experimental data with the Dobson
son and Chato [5] correlation, as shown in parity plots correlation, condensation of R407C (dotted lines are ‹30%
in Figs. 4, 6 and 8 for refrigerant Isceon 59, R407C and deviation).
R404A, respectively. The deviations in the relative Fig. 6. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle
errors are presented in Table 3. The relative error is de Dobson, pendant la condensation de R407C (les pointilleÂs
based on the following formula: repreÂsentent une deÂviation de ‹30%).

hcalc ÿ hexp 59 fairly well with a tendency to over-predict the

"ˆ …1†
hexp experimental results below vapour quality of 50% for
these two refrigerants.
Although the Dobson and Chato [5] correlation The correlation from Shah [14], developed for the
including the Sweeney [16] multiplier was initially based condensation of general refrigerants, has been found to
on R407C data, it predicts results for R404A and Isceon suitably predict the experimental results mixtures. The
350 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental data with the Shah correla- Fig. 9. Comparison of experimental data with the Shah correla-
tion, condensation of R407C (dotted lines are ‹30% deviation). tion, condensation of R404C (dotted lines are ‹30% deviation).
Fig. 7. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle Fig. 9. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle
de Shah, pendant la condensation de R407C (les pointilleÂs repreÂ- de Shah, pendant la condensation de R404C (les pointilleÂs repreÂ-
sentent une deÂviation de ‹30%). sentent une deÂviation de ‹30%).

Table 3
Comparison of the Dobson and Chato correlation with the
experimental data
Tableau 3
Comparaison entre la correÂlation de Dobson et Chato et les
donneÂs expeÂrimentales

Deviation Refrigerants Average

% R407C R404A Isceon 59 %

Standard 11.9 6.4 4.5 7.6

Mean 28.5 22.8 21.3 24.2
Average ÿ5.7 ÿ11.8 ÿ13.6 ÿ10.4

probably occurs because this correlation has been devel-

oped for pure refrigerant and the experimental results
presented here are for zeotrope refrigerant mixtures. This
Fig. 8. Comparison of experimental data with the Dobson particularly marked for R407C, which is the Zeotropic
correlation, condensation of R404C (dotted lines are ‹30% refrigerant with the highest temperature glide (5.1 K).
deviation). The overall standard deviation for the three refriger-
Fig. 8. Comparaison des reÂsultats expeÂrimentaux avec le modeÁle ants is low, suggesting a good estimation of the results
de Dobson, pendant la condensation de R404C (les pointilleÂs with this correlation. The standard deviation is particu-
repreÂsentent une deÂviation de ‹30%). larly low for R404A. This is probably because the Shah
[14] correlation has been developed for pure refrigerants
deviation of the results with Shah correlation is pre- and R404A is a near-azeotropic mixture (i.e. R404A
sented in Table 4. behaves almost like a pure refrigerant because of its
A good prediction was found between 0 and 50±60% small temperature glide of 0.4 K). Refrigerants Isceon
vapour quality, but the correlation over-predicts the 59 has a low temperature glide (2.6 K) that could
heat transfer coecient at higher vapour quality. This explain the low standard deviation compared to R407C.
 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352 351

Table 4 G…1 ÿ x†D

Comparison of the shah correlation with the experimental data
ReL ˆ …A:2†
L
Tableau 4
Comparaison entre la correÂlation de Shah et les donneÂs expeÂri- Cp;L L
PrL ˆ …A:3†
mentales kL
Deviation Refrigerants Average      
: 1 ÿ x 0:9 v 0:5 L 0:1
Xtt ˆ …A:4†
% R407C R404A Isceon 59 % x L v

Standard 15.0 6.1 6.3 9.1 The heat transfer coecient during wavy ¯ow is pre-
Mean 31.6 19.3 20.1 23.7 dicted with the following equation:
Average 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.5
 
0:2Re0:12
vo Ga PrL 0:25
Nu ˆ
The Shah correlation has been found satisfactory and 1 ‡ 1:11X0:58 JaL
  tt …A:5†
consequently no new model has been developed for L
‡ 1ÿ Nuforced
condensation. The details of the Shah correlation can be 
found in the original publication (Shah [14]) and are
summarised in Appendix B. where

GD
Vapour only Reynolds number; Revo ˆ …A:6†
v
5. Conclusions
gL …L ÿ v †D3
The condensation data obtained for the refrigerant Galileo number; Ga ˆ …A:7†
2L
blends R404A, R407C and Isceon 59 with the test facil-
ity were in good agreement with the correlations from CP;L …Tsat ÿ Tw †
Dobson and Chato [5] and Shah [14]. The Shah corre- Liquid Jakob number; JaL ˆ …A:8†
hfg
lation for condensation heat transfer coecient was
found to predict adequately the local experimental r
c1
results, with an overall standard deviation of 9.1%. The Nuforced ˆ 0:0195Re0:8
L Pr 0:4
L 1:376 ‡ c2 …A:9†
Xtt
Dobson and Chato [5] correlation gave the best predic-
tion of the three refrigerants considered in this study,
with an average standard deviation of 7.6%. with c1 and c2 de®ned as follows:

For 0< FrL 40:7;

c1 ˆ 4:172 ‡ 5:48 FrL ÿ 1:564 Fr2L
c2 ˆ 1:773 ÿ 0:169 FrL
Appendix A. Dobson and Chato model
For FrL > 0:7; c1 ˆ 7:242 and c2 ˆ 1:655
Dobson and Chato [5] provided a new model for
annular and wavy ¯ow regimes. The annular correlation ÿ The
term containing L has been simpli®ed with
was developed using a two-phase multiplier approach, 1 ÿ L  arccos…2ÿ1†. PrL and Xtt are de®ned by Eqs.
and agreed very well with experimental data and models (A.3) and (A.4) respectively.
from several studies as detailed in the original paper. The The limit between annular and wavy ¯ow is de®ned
wavy ¯ow considered both ®lm condensation at the top of by the value of the modi®ed Froude number Frso
the tube and forced-convective condensation in the liquid de®ned as
¯owing at the bottom of the tube. This correlation can be
 1:5
used with zeotropic refrigerants, although it was men- 1 ‡ 1:09X0:039 1
Frso ˆ c3 ReC 4 tt
…A:10†
tioned that more work was required for a more reliable L
Xu Ga0:5
correlation.
The heat transfer coecient during annular ¯ow, is For Re41250; c3 ˆ 0:025 c4 ˆ 1:59
calculated from Eq. (A.1).
  For Re > 1250; c3 ˆ 1:26 c4 ˆ 1:04
2:22
Nu ˆ 0:023Re0:8L Pr 0:4
L 1 ‡ …A:1†
X0:89
tt Annular ¯ow (Eq. A.1) applies for G>500 kg/m2s for
all qualities. For G<500 kg/m2s, Eq. A.5 applies for
where wavy ¯ow when FRso <20.
352 X. Boissieux et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 23 (2000) 345±352

The Dobson model applies for the following range of References

test conditions:
[1] Boissieux X. Two-phase local heat transfer correlations
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5<q0 <15 kW/m2 thesis, University of Brighton, UK, 1998.
10<x<90% [2] Soliman HM, Azer NZ. Visual studies of ¯ow patterns
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3.14<D<7 mm fer 1974;3:241±5.
[3] Breber G, Palen JW, Taborek J. Prediction of horizontal
The following refrigerants were tested for the valida- tubeside condensation of pure components using ¯ow
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wavy, annular, annular-mist ¯ows. Transfer 1980;102:471±6.
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[5] Dobson MK, Chato JC. Condensation in smooth hor-
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Nuwavy ˆ NuDobson …A:11†
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behavior of a zeotropic refrigerant mixture in a micro-
Eq. (B.1) is valid for ReL 5350. The Reynolds num- ®nned tube. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical and Indus-
ber ReL and Prandtl number PrL have been de®ned in trial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Eq. (A.2) and (A.3). Champaign.