CH 02
CH 02
CH 02
Textbook Exercises
Peeters Peeters Willems Janssens Janssens Peeters Jacobs Maes Janssens Mertens
Jacobs Maes Peeters Willems Jacobs Maes Peeters Janssens Maes Maes
Peeters Maes Peeters Maes Janssens Janssens Mertens Jacobs Jacobs Peeters
Mertens Maes Peeters Janssens Willems Willems Peeters Janssens Willems Mertens
Jacobs Willems Peeters Janssens Mertens Janssens Peeters Mertens Mertens Janssens
5. FILE: MOBILE OS
In many European countries, including France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy,
Android is the most common operating system in newly-bought mobile phones, with
Apple IoS second most common. A sample of operating systems for 50 users with
newly-bought phones follows.
Android Android Android Android Apple Apple Android Apple Apple Android
Android Android Android Apple Window Android Apple Apple Apple Windows
s
Window Apple Android Apple Window Android Android Window Android Apple
s s s
Apple Window Other Android Android Android Apple Android Android Android
s
Android Android Android Apple Android Android Apple Android Android Other
6. The flextime system at Electronics Associates allows employees to begin their working
day at 7:00, 7:30, 8:00, 8:30 or 9:00 a.m. The following data represent a sample of the
starting times selected by the employees.
7:00 8:30 9:00 8:00 7:30 7:30 8:30 8:30 7:30 7:00
8:30 8:30 8:00 8:00 7:30 8:30 7:00 9:00 8:30 8:00
Summarize the data by constructing the following:
a. A frequency distribution.
b. A percentage frequency distribution.
c. A bar chart.
d. What do the summaries tell you about employee preferences in the flextime system?
7. A Merrill Lynch Client Satisfaction Survey asked clients to indicate how satisfied they
were with their financial consultant. Client responses were coded 1 to 7, with 1 indicating
‘not at all satisfied’ and 7 indicating ‘extremely satisfied’. The following data are from a
sample of 60 responses for a particular financial consultant.
5 7 6 6 7 5 5 7 3 6
7 7 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 7
6 6 4 4 7 6 7 6 7 6
5 7 5 7 6 4 7 5 7 6
6 5 3 7 7 6 6 6 6 5
5 6 6 7 7 5 6 4 6 6
a. Construct a frequency distribution and a relative frequency distribution for the data.
b. Construct a bar chart.
c. On the basis of your summaries, comment on the clients’ overall evaluation of the
financial consultant.
8. FILE: FREQUENCY
Consider the following data.
14 21 23 21 16 19 22 25 16 16
24 24 25 19 16 19 18 19 21 12
16 17 18 23 25 20 23 16 20 19
24 26 15 22 24 20 22 24 22 20
a. Construct a frequency distribution using classes of 12–14, 15–17, 18–20, 21–23 and
24–26.
b. Construct a relative frequency distribution and a percentage frequency distribution
using the classes in (a).
Class Frequency
10–19 10
20–29 14
30–39 17
40–49 7
50–59 2
8.9 10.2 11.5 7.8 10.0 12.2 13.5 14.1 10.0 12.2
6.8 9.5 11.5 11.2 14.9 7.5 10.0 6.0 15.8 11.5
11. Construct a frequency distribution and a percentage frequency distribution using the data
from Exercise 10.
70 72 75 64 58 83 80 82 76 75 68 65 57 78 85 72
11. 9.6 10.4 7.5 8.3 10.5 10.0 9.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 8.4 6.3 8.8
3
14. A doctor’s office staff studied the waiting times for patients who arrive at the office with
a request for emergency service. The following data with waiting times in minutes were
collected over a one-month period.
2 5 1 12 4 4 5 17 11 8 9 8 12 21 6 8 7 13 18 3
0
Use classes of 0–4, 5–9 and so on in the following:
a. Show the frequency distribution.
b. Show the relative frequency distribution.
c. Show the cumulative frequency distribution.
d. Show the cumulative relative frequency distribution.
e. What proportion of these patients wait nine minutes or less?
15. Data for the numbers of units produced by a production employee during the most recent
20 days are shown here.
160 170 181 156 176 148 198 179 162 150
162 156 179 178 151 157 154 179 148 156
Summarize the data by constructing the following:
a. A frequency distribution.
b. A relative frequency distribution.
c. A cumulative frequency distribution.
d. A cumulative relative frequency distribution.
17. The table below shows the estimated 2015 mid-year population of United Arab Emirates,
by age group, rounded to the nearest thousand (from the US Census Bureau International
Data Base).
4.1 1.5 5.9 3.4 5.7 1.6 6.1 3.0 3.7 3.1 4.8 2.0 3.3
11.1 3.5 4.1 4.1 8.8 5.6 4.3 7.1 10.3 6.2 7.6 10.8 0.7
4.0 9.2 4.4 5.7 7.2 6.1 5.7 5.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.1 12.1
14.8 5.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 2.8 9.5 12.9 6.1 3.1 10.4
Summarize the data by constructing the following:
a. A frequency distribution (use a class width of three hours).
b. A relative frequency distribution.
c. A histogram.
d. Comment on what the data indicate about personal computer usage at home.
19. The daily high and low temperatures (in degrees Celsius) for 20 cities on one particular
day follow.
Observation X Y Observation X Y
1 A 1 16 B 2
2 B 1 17 C 1
3 B 1 18 B 1
4 C 2 19 C 1
5 B 1 20 B 1
6 C 2 21 C 2
7 B 1 22 B 1
8 C 2 23 C 2
9 A 1 24 A 1
10 B 1 25 B 1
11 A 1 26 C 2
12 B 1 27 C 2
13 C 2 28 A 1
14 C 2 29 B 1
15 C 2 30 B 2
a. Construct a cross-tabulation for the data, with X as the row variable and Y as the
column variable.
b. Calculate the row percentages.
c. Calculate the column percentages.
d. Construct a clustered bar chart showing absolute frequencies, and with the Y
categories as the ‘clusters’.
e. What is the relationship, if any, between X and Y?
22. Recently, management at Oak Tree Golf Course received a few complaints about the
condition of the greens. Several players complained that the greens are too fast. Rather
than react to the comments of just a few, the Golf Association conducted a survey of 100
male and 100 female golfers. The survey results are summarized here.
Male golfers Female golfers
Greens condition Greens condition
Handicap Too fast Fine Handicap Too fast Fine
Under 15 10 40 Under 15 1 9
15 or more 25 25 15 or more 39 51
a. Combine these two cross-tabulations into one with ‘male’, ‘female’ as the row labels
and the column labels ‘too fast’ and ‘fine’. Which group shows the highest percentage
saying that the greens are too fast?
b. Refer to the initial cross-tabulations. For those players with low handicaps (better
players), which group (male or female) shows the highest percentage saying the
greens are too fast?
c. Refer to the initial cross-tabulations. For those players with higher handicaps, which
group (male or female) shows the highest percentage saying the greens are too fast?
d. What conclusions can you draw about the preferences of men and women concerning
the speed of the greens? Are the conclusions you draw from part (a) as compared with
parts (b) and (c) consistent? Explain any apparent inconsistencies.
Observation X Y Observation X Y
1 –22 22 11 –37 48
2 –33 49 12 34 –29
3 2 8 13 9 –18
4 29 –16 14 –33 31
5 –13 10 15 20 –16
6 21 –28 16 −3 14
7 –13 27 17 –15 18
8 –23 35 18 12 17
9 14 –5 19 –20 –11
10 3 –3 20 −7 –22
1.
A 60 60/120 = 0.50
B 24 24/120 = 0.20
C 36 36/120 = 0.30
120 1.00
b. 0.20(200) = 40
c/d.
Class Frequency Percentage Frequency
A 0.22(200) = 44 22
B 0.18(200) = 36 18
C 0.40(200) = 80 40
D 0.20(200) = 40 20
Total 200 100
Yes
48.3%
No
35%
35.0
%
d.
70
60
50
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0
Yes No No Opinion
Response
4. a. Qualitative
b.
Apple 16 32
Nokia 6 12
Symbian 11 22
c.
d. Android most popular, Apple close second.
5. a.
Janssens 11 0.22 22
Maes 8 0.16 16
Mertens 7 0.14 14
Peeters 12 0.24 24
Willems 6 0.12 12
b.
c.
d. Most common is Peeters (24%), next Janssens (22%), then Maes (16%).
6. a/b.
7:00 3 15
7:30 4 20
8:00 4 20
8:30 7 35
9:00 2 10
20 100
c.
8
5
Frequency
0
7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00
Starting Time
9:00 7:00
d. 10% 15%
7:30
20%
8:30
35%
8:00
20%
e. The most highly preferred starting time is 8:30 a.m. Starting times of 7:30 and 8:00 a.m.
are next.
7. a. The data refer to quality levels from 1 "Not at all Satisfied" to 7 "Extremely Satisfied."
b.
c. Bar Chart
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
3 4 5 6 7
Rating
d. The survey data indicate a high quality of service by the financial consultant. The most
common ratings are 6 and 7 (70%) where 7 is extremely satisfied. Only 2 ratings are below
the middle scale value of 4. There are no "Not at all Satisfied" ratings.
8. a/b
Class Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage Frequency
12-14 2 0.050 5.0
15-17 8 0.200 20.0
18-20 11 0.275 27.5
21-23 10 0.250 25.5
24-26 9 0.225 22.5
Total 40 1.000 100.0
9.
10.
11.
6.0 - 7.9 4 20
8.0 - 9.9 2 10
10.0 - 11.9 8 40
12.0 - 13.9 3 15
14.0 - 15.9 3 15
20 100
12. Unordered stem-and-leaf:
5 8 7
6 4 8 5
7 0 2 5 6 5 8 2
8 3 0 2 5
5 7 8
6 458
7 0225568
8 0235
6 3
7 5 5 7
8 1 3 4 8
9 3 6
10 0 4 5
11 3
14. a/b.
Waiting Time Frequency Relative
Frequency
0-4 4 0.20
5-9 8 0.40
10 - 14 5 0.25
15 - 19 2 0.10
20 - 24 1 0.05
Totals 20 1.00
c/d.
15. a/b.
Number Frequency Relative Frequency
16. a.
0 - 9.99 9 0.225
10 – 19.99 10 0.250
20 – 29.99 5 0.125
30 – 39.99 11 0.275
40 – 49.99 2 0.050
50 – 59.99 2 0.050
60 – 69.99 0 0.000
70 – 79.99 1 0.025
Totals 40 1.000
b.
c.
12
10
Frequency
6
0
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
Closing Price
d. Over 87% of shares trade for less than €40 a share and 60% trade for less than €30 per
share.
17. a/b.
18. a/b.
Computer Relative
Usage Frequency
Frequency
(Hours)
0.0 - 2.9 5 0.10
3.0 - 5.9 28 0.56
6.0 - 8.9 8 0.16
9.0 - 11.9 6 0.12
12.0 - 14.9 3 0.06
Total 50 1.00
c.
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0.0 - 2.9 3.0 - 5.9 6.0 - 8.9 9.0 - 11.9 12.0 - 14.9
Computer Usage (Hours)
d. The majority of the computer users are in the 3 to 6 hour range. Usage is somewhat skewed
toward the right with 3 users in the 12 to 15 hour range.
c. It is clear that the range of low temperatures is below the range of high temperatures.
Looking at the stem-and-leaf displays side by side, it appears that the range of low
temperatures is about 10 degrees below the range of high temperatures.
d. There are two stems showing high temperatures of 25 degrees or higher. They show 10
cities with high temperatures of 25 degrees or higher.
e. Frequency
Temperature High Temp. Low Temp.
0-4 0 1
5-9 0 3
10 - 14 1 9
15 - 19 6 2
20 - 24 3 5
25 - 29 6 0
30 - 34 4 0
Total 20 20
20. a.
Y
1 2 Total
A 5 0 5
X B 11 2 13
C 2 10 12
Total 18 12 30
b.
1 2 Total
A 100.0 0.0 100.0
X B 84.6 15.4 100.0
C 16.7 83.3 100.0
c.
1 2
A 27.8 0.0
X B 61.1 16.7
C 11.1 83.3
Total 100.0 100.0
d.
e. X = A values are always paired with Y = 1
X = B values are most often paired with Y = 1
X = C values are most often paired with Y = 2
21. a/b.
b.
c. All houses sold at £500,000 and above were detached houses. In the lower price
classes, some were semi-detached or terraced. In the lowest price class (£100,000 -
£199,999) half were terraced.
22. a. The cross-tabulation of condition of the greens by gender is below.
Green Condition
Gender Too Fast Fine Total
Male 35 65 100
Female 40 60 100
Total 75 125 200
The female golfers have the highest percentage saying the greens are too fast: 40%.
b. 10% of the women think the greens are too fast. 20% of the men think the greens are too
fast. So, for the low handicappers, the men have a higher percentage who think the greens
are too fast.
c. 43% of the woman think the greens are too fast. 50% of the men think the greens are too
fast. So, for the high handicappers, the men have a higher percentage who think the greens
are too fast.
d. This is an example of Simpson's Paradox. At each handicap level a smaller percentage of
the women think the greens are too fast. But, when the cross-tabulations are aggregated, the
result is reversed and we find a higher percentage of women who think the greens are too
fast. The hidden variable explaining the reversal is handicap level. Fewer people with low
handicaps think the greens are too fast, and there are more men with low handicaps than
women.
23. a.
b.
c.
d. More than 75% of detached houses had 4 or more bedrooms. Half of semi-detached
had 2 bedrooms, with the others divided equally between 3 and 4. Terraced houses
had a spread of bedrooms between 2 and 5
24. a.
56
40
24
8
y
-8
-24
-40
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
x
b. There is a negative relationship between X and Y; Y decreases as X increases.
25. a.
Supplementary Exercises
26. A restaurant/wine bar uses a questionnaire to ask customers how they rate the service, food
quality, cocktails, prices, and atmosphere at the restaurant. Each characteristic is rated on a
scale of outstanding (O), very good (V), good (G), average (A), and poor (P). Use descriptive
statistics to summarize the following data collected on food quality. What is your feeling about
the food quality ratings at the restaurant?
G O V G A O V O V G O V A V O P V O G A O O O G O V
V A G O V P V O O G O O V O G AO V O O G V A G
The eight best-selling paperback business books in February 2000 are listed below (Business
Week, April 3, 2000). A sample of book purchases is provided in the file “BwBooks”.
a. Construct frequency and percentage frequency distributions for the data. Group any books
with a frequency of 5% or less in an “other” category.
c. What percentage of the sales are represented by The Millionaire Next Door and Rich Dad,
Poor Dad?
28. Each of the FTSE 100 companies belongs to a particular category of an industry classification. A
sample of 20 companies with their corresponding industry category follows.
29. Figures available on the Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board website in October 2008
showed that four of the most popular shows broadcast on terrestrial television in the UK were
The X Factor, Coronation Street, A Touch of Frost and Strictly Come Dancing. Data indicating
the favourite show of a sample of 50 viewers follows.
d. On the basis of the sample, which television show was the most popular? Which one was
second?
30. A Wikipedia article (November 2008) listed the five most common last names in Israel as (in
alphabetical order): Biton, Cohen, Levi, Mizrachi and Peretz. A sample of 50 individuals with
one of these last names provided the following data.
b. A bar chart.
c. A pie chart.
d. Based on these data, what are the three most common last names?
Golf Magazine’s Top 100 Teachers were asked the question, “What is the most critical area that
prevents golfers from reaching their potential?” The possible responses were lack of accuracy,
poor approach shots, poor mental approach, lack of power, limited practice, poor putting, poor
short game, and poor strategic decisions. The data obtained (Golf Magazine, February 2002) are
in the file “Golf”.
32. Consider the following two frequency distributions. The first is an income distribution. The
second frequency distribution shows exam scores for students in a college statistics course.
Income (€000s) Frequency (000s) Exam score Frequency
0 – 24 60 Below 30 2
25 – 49 33 30 – 39 5
50 – 74 20 40 – 49 6
75 – 99 6 50 – 59 13
100 – 124 4 60 – 69 32
125 – 149 2 70 –79 78
150 – 174 1 80 – 89 43
175 – 199 1 90 – 99 21
Total 127 Total 200
a. Construct a histogram for the income data. What evidence of skewness does it show? Does
this skewness make sense? Explain.
b. Construct a histogram for the exam score data. What evidence of skewness does it show?
Explain.
33. The following data are from a sample of 25 households, and show the amount (€) spent in the
past year on books and magazines.
280 496 382 202 287 266 119 10 385 135 475 255 379
a. Construct a frequency distribution and relative frequency distribution for the data.
c. Comment on the annual spending on books and magazines for families in the sample.
34. The following data are salaries of 50 senior marketing directors in multi-national companies.
Data are in thousands of euros.
145 95 148 112 132 140 162 118 170 144 145 127 148 165 138
173 113 104 141 142 116 178 123 141 138 127 143 134 136 137
155 93 102 154 142 134 165 123 124 124 138 160 157 138 131
b. Use a class width of €15,000 and prepare tabular summaries of the annual salary data.
35 The table below shows the estimated 2009 mid-year population of Zambia, by age group, rounded
to the nearest thousand (from the US Census Bureau International Data Base).
c. Construct an ogive.
36. A psychologist developed a new test of adult intelligence. The test was administered to 20
individuals, and the following data were obtained.
114 99 131 124 117 102 106 127 119 115
37. The American Association of Individual Investors conducts an annual survey of discount brokers.
The following prices charged are from a sample of 24 discount brokers (AAII Journal, January
2003). The two types of trades are a broker-assisted trade of 100 shares at $50 per share and an
online trade of 500 shares at $50 per share.
38. Periodically Barron’s publishes earnings forecasts for the companies listed in the Dow Jones
Industrial Average. The following are the year 2000 forecasts of price/earnings (P/E) ratios for
these companies implied by Barron’s earnings forecasts (Barron’s, February 14, 2000).
A study of job satisfaction was conducted for four occupations: lawyer, physical therapist,
systems analyst and cabinetmaker. Job satisfaction was measured using an 18-item
questionnaire with each question receiving a response score of 1 to 5 and higher scores
indicating greater satisfaction. The sum of the 18 scores provides the job satisfaction score for
each individual in the sample. The data are in the file “OccupSat”.
c. What observations can you make concerning the level of job satisfaction for these
occupations?
a. Prepare a cross-tabulation for the variables Stockholders’ Equity and Profit. Use classes of
width 200 (starting at zero) for Profit, and classes of width 1200 (starting at zero) for
Stockholders’ Equity.
c. What relationship, if any, do you notice between Profit and Stockholders’ Equity?
a. Prepare a scatter diagram to show the relationship between the variables Profit and
Stockholders’ Equity.
b. Comment on any relationship between the variables.
43. The daily high and low temperatures (in degrees Celsius) for 20 cities on one particular day
follow.
a. Construct a scatter diagram to show the relationship between the two variables, high
temperature and low temperature.
does extensive market research in the mobile telecommunications field. Its research shows that
the four most popular mobile operating systems in Nordic countries are Apple iOS, Symbian OS,
Android and Nokia OS. A sample of 50 page loads from mobile browsing services follows.
Android Android Android Symbia Apple Apple Symbia Apple Apple Android
n n
Android Symbia Android Apple Nokia Android Apple Apple Apple Nokia
n
Nokia Apple Symbia Apple Nokia Symbia Android Nokia Android Apple
n n
Android Symbia Symbia Apple Androi Android Apple Android Android Apple
n n d
Apple Nokia Symbia Symbia Androi Android Apple Symbia Symbia Android
n n d n n
d. On the basis of the sample, which mobile operating system was the most popular? Which
45. The table below shows the estimated 2013 mid-year population of Kenya, by age group, rounded
to the nearest thousand (from the US Census Bureau International Data Base).
d. Using the ogive, estimate the age that divides the population into halves (you will learn in
26.
Outstanding 19 0.38
Very Good 13 0.26
Good 10 0.20
Average 6 0.12
Poor 2 0.04
50 1.00
Management should be pleased with these results. 64% of the ratings are very good to
outstanding. 84% of the ratings are good or better. Comparing these ratings with previous
results will show whether or not the restaurant is making improvements in its ratings of
food quality.
27. a.
Book Frequency Percentage Frequency
7 Habits 10 16.66
Millionaire 16 26.67
Motley 9 15.00
Dad 13 21.67
WSJ Guide 6 10.00
Other 6 10.00
Total: 60 100.00
The Ernst & Young Tax Guide 2000 with a frequency of 3, Investing for Dummies with a
frequency of 2, and What Color is Your Parachute? 2000 with a frequency of 1 are grouped
in the "Other" category.
b. The rank order from first to fifth is: Millionaire, Dad, 7 Habits, Motley, and WSJ Guide.
c. The percentage of sales represented by The Millionaire Next Door and Rich Dad, Poor Dad
is 48.33%.
28. a. Qualitative
b.
Relative Percentage
50 1.00 100%
c.
d. Most popular was The X Factor. Tied second were Coronation Street and Strictly Come Dancing.
29. a.
c.
30. a/b.
c.
Bar Chart of Industry Category
2
Count
0
Banks Food Media Oil Pharmaceuticals Retail Tobacco Water
Industry Category
d.
Pie Chart of Industry Category
Water (2)
Banks (3)
Tobacco (2)
Food (3)
Retail (3)
Media (3)
Pharma (2)
Oil (2)
31. a.
b. Poor short game, poor mental approach, lack of accuracy, and limited practice.
32. a.
The histogram clearly shows that the annual adjusted gross incomes are skewed to the
right. And, of course, if annual gross incomes are skewed to the right, so are annual
incomes. This makes sense because the vast majority of annual incomes are less than
€100,000. But, there are a few individuals with very large incomes.
b.
The histogram shows that the distribution of exam scores is skewed to the left. This is to
be expected. It is our experience that there are frequently a few very low scores causing
such a pattern to appear.
33. a.
0-99 5 0.20
100-199 5 0.20
200-299 8 0.32
300-399 4 0.16
400-499 3 0.12
25 1.00
b.
b.
Salary Relative Percentage
(€000s) Frequency Frequency
Frequency
91-105 4 0.08 8
106-120 5 0.10 10
121-135 11 0.22 22
136-150 18 0.36 36
151-165 9 0.18 18
166-180 3 0.06 6
Total 50 1.00 100
e.
Salary (€000s)
c.
d. From the ogive, 50% cumulative corresponds to an estimated median of about 17 years.
36.
9 8 9
10 2 4 6 6
11 4 5 7 8 8 9
12 2 4 5 7
13 1 2
14 4
15 1
This stem-and-leaf display shows that the trading prices are closely grouped together. Rotating the stem-
and-leaf display counter clockwise shows a histogram that is slightly skewed to the left.
This stretched stem-and-leaf display shows that the distribution of online trading prices for most of
the brokers for 500 shares are lower than the trading prices for broker assisted trades of 100 shares.
There are a couple of outliers. York Securities charges $36 for an online trade and Investors National
charges much more than the other brokers: $62.50 for an online trade.
38. a.
0 5 8
1 1 1 3 3 4 4
1 5 6 7 8 9 9
2 2 3 3 3 5 5
2 6 8
3
3 6 7 7 9
4 0
4 7 8
5
5
6 0
b.
2000 P/E Percentage
Forecast Frequency
Frequency
5-9 2 6.7
10 - 14 6 20.0
15 - 19 6 20.0
20 - 24 6 20.0
25 - 29 2 6.7
30 - 34 0 0.0
35 - 39 4 13.3
40 - 44 1 3.3
45 - 49 2 6.7
50 - 54 0 0.0
55 - 59 0 0.0
60 - 64 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0
39. a.
Satisfaction Score
Occupation 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Total
Cabinet-maker 2 4 3 1 10
Lawyer 1 5 2 1 1 10
Physical Therapist 5 2 1 2 10
Systems Analyst 2 1 4 3 10
Total 1 7 10 11 8 3 40
b.
Satisfaction Score
Occupation 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Total
Cabinet-maker 20 40 30 10 100
Lawyer 10 50 20 10 10 100
Physical Therapist 50 20 10 20 100
Systems Analyst 20 10 40 30 100
c. Each row of the percentage cross-tabulation shows a percentage frequency distribution for
an occupation. Cabinet-makers seem to have the higher job satisfaction scores while
lawyers seem to have the lowest. Fifty per cent of the physical therapists have mediocre
scores but the rest are rather high.
Profits ($000)
Stockholders' Equity 0- 200- 400- 600- 800- 1000-1200 Total
($000s) 200 400 600 800 1000
0-1200 10 1 1 12
1200-2400 4 10 2 16
2400-3600 4 3 3 1 1 1 13
3600-4800 1 2 3
4800-6000 2 3 1 6
Total 18 16 6 2 4 4 50
b. Row Percentages
Profits ($000)
Stockholders' Equity 0-200 200- 400-600 600- 800- 1000- Total
($000s) 400 800 1000 1200
0-1200 83.33 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 100
1200-2400 25.00 62.50 0.00 0.00 12.50 0.00 100
2400-3600 30.77 23.08 23.08 7.69 7.69 7.69 100
3600-4800 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67 100
4800-6000 0.00 33.33 50.00 16.67 0.00 0.00 100
c. Stockholder's equity and profit seem to be related. As profit goes up, stockholder's equity
goes up. The relationship, however, is not very strong.
Profit ($1000s)
Market Value ($000s) 0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 Total
0-8000 23 4 27
8000-16000 4 4 2 2 12
16000-24000 2 1 1 4
24000-32000 1 2 1 4
32000-40000 2 1 3
Total 27 13 6 4 50
b. Row Percentages.
Profit ($1000s)
Market Value 0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 Total
($000s)
0-8000 85.19 14.81 0.00 0.00 100
8000-16000 33.33 33.33 16.67 16.67 100
16000-24000 0.00 50.00 25.00 25.00 100
24000-32000 0.00 25.00 50.00 25.00 100
32000-40000 0.00 66.67 33.33 0.00 100
c. There appears to be a positive relationship between Profit and Market Value. As profit
goes up, Market Value goes up.
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
Profit ($1000s)
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0
Stockholder's Equity ($1000s)
Scatterplot of High vs Low
35
25
High
20
43. a.
15
5 10 15 20 25
Low
b. There is clearly a positive relationship between high and low temperature for cities. As one
goes up so does the other.
44. a. Qualitative
b.
Apple 16 32
Nokia 6 12
Symbian 11 22
c.
d. Android most popular, Apple close second.
45. a/b.
c.
e. Dropping a vertical from the 50% point on the ogive indicates a median age of around 19
years.