Saint Louis University

School of Engineering & Architecture

Department of Chemical Engineering

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

By
BENDIOLA, Rochelle M.
BENINSIG, Kathleen G.
ELEJORDE, Melanie Grace G.
LEGEKEN, Efraim A.
LUCINA, Jaiza M.
PUA, Christiane Inah G.

December 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2: INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 4

Chapter 3: OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS 7

Chapter 4: PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PLAN 8

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20

REFERENCES 21
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
In all industries, water satisfies many roles and functions. Almost all industrial
plants produce wastewater. The discharge of the industrial wastewater in the
environment produces a substantial footprint and other dangers. Therefore, all
measures must be made to reduce the use of water and treat wastewater, so that it can
be recycled or at least make it safer for environmental discharge. In addition to the
specifics of pollutants they produce/discharge, environmental pollution control activities
are to be controlled by most water pollutants industries. These are also sectors where a
wastewater treatment, reuse policy is at utmost importance (Ranade & Bhandari, 2014).
The design of newly developed wastewater treatment technologies and future recycling
has been promoted by growing scientific knowledge concerning waterborne
microorganisms and constituents for the health of communities and the environment.
Wastewater comprises liquid waste and waste carried in homes, businesses and
industries, and storm water and other ground rushes. High levels of organic and
inorganic contaminants, bacteria, and toxic chemicals can be found in wastewater.
When sewage is discharged to a lake or river without treatment, the marine ecosystem
will be severely contaminated. Applying the principles of science and technology of
wastewater treatment to the prevention of pollutants is a sustainable wastewater
engineering solution (Riffat, 2013).
Wastewater for irrigation use is strongly recommended. Nonetheless, before
being used for that purpose, it has to undergo either aerobic or anaerobic therapy. For
example, wastewater generated following anaerobic digestion can directly be used for
irrigation purposes during biogas production. For irrigation purposes, direct use of the
sewage released from the sugar factory requires the storage of water for one to two
days in the lagoon system consisting of two lagoons (Delgado & Casanova, 2001). The
first step in finding solutions to their treatment, recycle and reuse is wastewater
characterization. Source detection is critical so that corrective action can be taken at
that level to eliminate or reduce contaminants even if this is from a system point of view,
such as process improvement or improved efficiency. The detection of the pollutant
character will assist in determining the hazard related to the mixture of the fluvial with
other plant effluents unless this is necessary (Ranade, et al.).
For thousands of years, sugar has been a part of our diet. It is a carbohydrate
that supplies our body with energy. Sugar is also used in a wide variety of foods and
beverages for most foods, such as fruit, vegetables and milk (“What is Sugar?”, n.d.). In
the food industry, sugar processing is one of the most energy-intensive processes. It is
one of the major industries that have high degree of pollution parameters (Sunitha &
Rafeeq, 2009). The effluent created in the sugar industry is mainly through cleaning.
Washing the milling house floor and several house units such as evaporators, clarifiers,
vacuum cups, centrifuge, etc. produce enormous effluent volumes (Purkait, Mondal, &
Chang, 2002). Volume of waste can be reduced by having floor washings using
controlled quantity of water and by recycling the water used for splashing (“Sugar
Industry: Process Description and Wastewater Treatment,” n.d). The industry’s
wastewater is distinguished by its brown color, low pH, high temperature, high biological
oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), unpleasant odor, total
solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and high percent
of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. It also holds an amount of carbohydrates,
nutrients, oil and grease, chlorides, sulfates, and heavy metals.
Preliminary tests are done to assess the physical state of the wastes such as
screening, grit removal, flow equalization, sedimentation, or dissolved air flotation for
the waste solids. Also, biological and physico-chemical methods are applied for organic
matters and disinfection. Some parameters are tested to verify and evaluate the sugar
industry’s effluent (Patil, Ghorpade, & Hugar, 2015). The floating rigid part of the liquid
is removed with coagulation and flocculation. The process of adherence and contact
enables them to be removed easily from water by settlement, flotation or filtration, by
the dispersed colloid particles form flocs. There are many forms of coagulants that can
be used for coagulation and flocculation to destabilize the particles and to agglomerate
the particles in floc shape to sediment and then be removed. In order to contain the
actual effluent to be treated, the design of a coagulation and flocculation tank in the
sugar industry is very important (Leentvaar, Koppers, & Buning, 1979).
Most sugar wastewater treatment plants use neutralization process as the
primary stage treatment that involves the addition of acid or alkali which causes side
effects of increasing the amount of suspended and total dissolved solids. Adsorption
can be useful as a primary stage treatment in lowering COD, BOD and pH (Sunitha, et
al, 2009). The main objective was to materialize inexpensive but good wastewater
treatment techniques to eliminate COD and BOD from sewage by means of
chlorination, activated carbon, sand filter, and activated sludge because usual
wastewater treatment technologies as developed in industrialized countries are costly to
build, operate and maintain (Lakdawala & Lakdawala, 2012).
It also involves filtering, in which the implementation of suitable technologies in a
system requires extensive filtration expertises. This method is known as a membrane
removal process, which involves processes such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration,
microfiltration and reverse osmosis. Some limitations occur due to high osmotic
pressure, high volumes pumped, and viscosity of sugar juices. The application of
membrane filtration has aimed at purification of juices from the extraction stage. It is the
stage where solid concentration, temperature, and viscosity are lower. Although the
conventional production of white sugar from either cane or beet has been well
established over the years, the sugar industry has to accommodate itself with the new
environmental regulations and to upgrade the quality of sugar with optimizing the
production cost (Hinkova, Bubnik, Kadlec, Pour, & Starhova, 2000).
Disinfection is also used in treating the industry’s wastewater. It is a mechanism
that destroys or regulates a significant percentage of pathogenic organisms.
("Disinfection of Water and Wastewater", n.d.). Chlorination is by far the most common
method of disinfecting sewage and is used worldwide for disinfecting pathogens until
discharged into streams, rivers or oceans. ("Wastewater Chlorination", n.d.). Effluent
discharges from sugar mills are a variety of chemical contaminants and many other
scopes of toxicants. ("Sugar Industry: Process Description and Wastewater Treatment",
n.d.). Instead of destroying pathogenic organisms, the sugar industry uses chlorination
more to remove these chemical pollutants.
 Chapter 2
INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
During the processing of sugar, different kind of wastes is generated like press
mud, bagasse, sugar cane trash, sugar beet mud, pulp, molasses etc. These wastes
are potential pollutants unless recycled (Bhat, Singh & Vig, 2016). Among all these
wastes, molasses and bagasse have become valuable by-products of the sugar
industry and cannot be termed as wastes ("Technologies for gainful utilisation of sugar
industry waste," n.d). Press mud is the solid waste obtained in the clarification process
of sugarcane juice. Each ton of processed sugarcane produces about 0.03 ton of press
mud. Press mud is insoluble, takes long time for natural decomposition and generates
intense heat with foul odor. Bagasse is the fibrous waste obtained during the process of
sugarcane juice extraction. Bagasse waste constitutes 50% cellulose, 25%
hemicelluloses and 25% lignin. About 0.30 ton of bagasse waste is obtained from 1 ton
of sugarcane (Bhat, Singh & Vig, 2016).
The industry’s wastewater is distinguished by its brown color, low pH, high
temperature, high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand
(COD), unpleasant odor, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended
solids (TSS), and high percent of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. It also holds
an amount of carbohydrates, nutrients, oil and grease, chlorides, sulfates, and heavy
metals.
Preliminary tests are done to assess the physical state of the wastes such as
screening, grit removal, flow equalization, sedimentation, or dissolved air flotation for
the waste solids. Also, biological and physico-chemical methods are applied for organic
matters and disinfection. Some parameters are tested to verify and evaluate the sugar
industry’s effluent. (Patil, Ghorpade, & Hugar, 2015).
Since bagasse is a loose material, almost in shredded form; it is expected that it
can be dried easily using microwave oven. A household oven has been used for this
purpose (S.I., 2010).
Carbon and nitrogen contents in the press mud were determined with the help of
a C-H-N elemental analyzer. Its moisture and ash contents were estimated by
gravimetric methods by drying at 105 o C and by complete combustion at 800o C,
respectively. Volatile matter and calorific value were determined according to IS:10158-
1982 and IS:1350(Part 4)-197 by bomb calorimeter, respectively. For estimation of fibre
content, about 20 gm of press mud was weighed accurately and washed over a tared
200 mesh sieve until the water run clear. Excess water is drained off and the sieve
along with its contents was dried in an oven at 105 o C to a constant weight. Sugar
content in the press mud sample was determined by measuring the optical rotation of
the filtrate solution of 25 gm press mud in 200 mL water using polarimeter (Rouf, Bajpai
& Jotshi, 1970).
During the duration of production, a massive amount of waste of organic nature
is produced. These are usually small streams and practically without pre-treatment.
Various chemical pollutants such as bicarbonate, carbonate, oil and grease, phosphate,
nitrite, in addition to total suspend solids, dissolved solids and volatile solids are present
from the effluent discharges from sugar mills. These various chemical pollutants could
produce changes in the humidity, oxygen supply, temperature, pesticide, stress, etc.,
amounting to a partial or complete modification in the physical, chemical and
physiological spheres of the biota.

The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1: Characteristics of, sugarcane bagasse and press mud, the sugar industry
wastes

Component
Old Sample Fresh
Bagasse Press mud Bagasse Press mud
Moisture Content (%) 68 59 74 76
Unit weight (kg/m³)
98.08 533.17 124.96 369.12
Residual sugar (gm/kg) 0.032 0.041 6.24 15.84
Cellulose (%)

20.60

11.25

38.33

26.60

Alpha cellulose (%) 14 5.50 16 12.67

Hemi cellulose (%)

6.60

5.75

22.83

13.93

The results show that the moisture contents of fresh sugarcane bagasse and
press mud are 74% and 76%,
respectively while these are reduced to 68% and 59%, respectively due to the storage
for long period of time in
open space. On the other hand, the unit weight of press mud is increased to 533
kg/m³ from 369 kg/m³ due to
storage while bagasse shows the same trend of reduction as moisture content. The
increment of unit weight of
press mud is due to the decomposition and reduction of volume for getting compacted
though it is becoming a
little dried up. However, the degradation of bagasse is usually taken place less
compared to press mud due the
presence of lignin content in bagasse which is less biodegradable though it is also lost
the moisture content (Bari
and Islam, 2014)
The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of, sugarcane bagasse and press mud, the sugar industry
wastes

Component
Old Sample Fresh
Bagasse Press mud Bagasse Press mud
Moisture Content (%) 68 59 74 76
Unit weight (kg/m³)
98.08 533.17 124.96 369.12
Residual sugar (gm/kg) 0.032 0.041 6.24 15.84
Cellulose (%)

20.60

11.25

38.33

26.60

Alpha cellulose (%) 14 5.50 16 12.67

Hemi cellulose (%)

6.60

5.75

22.83

13.93

The results show that the moisture contents of fresh sugarcane bagasse and
press mud are 74% and 76%,
respectively while these are reduced to 68% and 59%, respectively due to the storage
for long period of time in
open space. On the other hand, the unit weight of press mud is increased to 533
kg/m³ from 369 kg/m³ due to
storage while bagasse shows the same trend of reduction as moisture content. The
increment of unit weight of
press mud is due to the decomposition and reduction of volume for getting compacted
though it is becoming a
little dried up. However, the degradation of bagasse is usually taken place less
compared to press mud due the
presence of lignin content in bagasse which is less biodegradable though it is also lost
the moisture content (Bari
and Islam, 2014)
The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of, sugarcane bagasse and press mud, the sugar industry
wastes

Component
Old Sample Fresh
Bagasse Press mud Bagasse Press mud
Moisture Content (%) 68 59 74 76
Unit weight (kg/m³)
98.08 533.17 124.96 369.12
Residual sugar (gm/kg) 0.032 0.041 6.24 15.84
Cellulose (%)

20.60

11.25

38.33

26.60

Alpha cellulose (%) 14 5.50 16 12.67

Hemi cellulose (%)

6.60

5.75

22.83

13.93

The results show that the moisture contents of fresh sugarcane bagasse and
press mud are 74% and 76%,
respectively while these are reduced to 68% and 59%, respectively due to the storage
for long period of time in
open space. On the other hand, the unit weight of press mud is increased to 533
kg/m³ from 369 kg/m³ due to
storage while bagasse shows the same trend of reduction as moisture content. The
increment of unit weight of
press mud is due to the decomposition and reduction of volume for getting compacted
though it is becoming a
little dried up. However, the degradation of bagasse is usually taken place less
compared to press mud due the
presence of lignin content in bagasse which is less biodegradable though it is also lost
the moisture content (Bari
and Islam, 2014)
The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of, sugarcane bagasse and press mud, the sugar industry
wastes

Component
Old Sample Fresh
Bagasse Press mud Bagasse Press mud
Moisture Content (%) 68 59 74 76
Unit weight (kg/m³)
98.08 533.17 124.96 369.12
Residual sugar (gm/kg) 0.032 0.041 6.24 15.84
Cellulose (%)

20.60

11.25

38.33

26.60

Alpha cellulose (%) 14 5.50 16 12.67

Hemi cellulose (%)

6.60

5.75

22.83
13.93

The results show that the moisture contents of fresh sugarcane bagasse and
press mud are 74% and 76%,
respectively while these are reduced to 68% and 59%, respectively due to the storage
for long period of time in
open space. On the other hand, the unit weight of press mud is increased to 533
kg/m³ from 369 kg/m³ due to
storage while bagasse shows the same trend of reduction as moisture content. The
increment of unit weight of
press mud is due to the decomposition and reduction of volume for getting compacted
though it is becoming a
little dried up. However, the degradation of bagasse is usually taken place less
compared to press mud due the
presence of lignin content in bagasse which is less biodegradable though it is also lost
the moisture content (Bari
and Islam, 2014)
The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Table 1
The Characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press mud
such as moisture content, unit
weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content, hemicellulose content are determined.
The results are presented in
Tabl
The characteristics of old and fresh sugarcane bagasse as well as press
mud such as moisture content, unit weight, total residual sugar, cellulose content,
hemicellulose content are determined. The results are presented in Table 1.
Component
Old Sample Fresh
Bagasse Press mud Bagasse Press mud
Moisture Content (%) 68 59 74 76
Unit weight (kg/m³)
98.08 533.17 124.96 369.12
Residual sugar (gm/kg) 0.032 0.041 6.24 15.84
Cellulose (%)

20.60

11.25

38.33
26.60

Alpha cellulose (%) 14 5.50 16 12.67

Hemi cellulose (%)

6.60

5.75

22.83

13.93

The results show that the moisture contents of fresh sugarcane bagasse and
press mud are 74% and 76%, respectively while these are reduced to 68% and
59%, respectively due to the storage for long period of time in open space. On the
other hand, the unit weight of press mud is increased to 533 kg/m³ from 369 kg/m³
due to storage while bagasse shows the same trend of reduction as moisture
content. The increment of unit weight of press mud is due to the decomposition and
reduction of volume for getting compacted though it is becoming a little dried up.
However, the degradation of bagasse is usually taken place less compared to press
mud due the presence of lignin content in bagasse which is less biodegradable though it
is also lost the moisture content (Bari and Islam, 2014).
None of the process streams involved in sugar manufacture generate toxic
effluents and can be used for irrigation purpose at lower concentrations so transitory
events seldom happen. Most of the solid waste generated is utilized and used by other
industries. Therefore, solid waste and wastewater disposal is not a big problem for a
sugar industry ("Sugar Industry: Process Description and Wastewater Treatment," n.d.).
 Chapter 3
OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS

Like any other industry, the pollution load from Sugar mills can also be reduced
with a better water and material economy practiced in the plant. Judicious use of water
in various plant practices, and its recycle, wherever practicable, will reduce the volume
of waste to a great extent. Volume of mill house waste can be reduced by recycling the
water used for splashing.

Dry cleaning of floors or floor washings using controlled quantity of water will also
reduce the volume of waste to a certain extent. The organic load of the waste can only
be reduced by a proper control of the operations. Overloading of the evaporators and
the vacuum pans and the extensive boiling of the syrup lead to a loss of sugar through
condenser water, this in turn increases both volume and strength of the waste effluent.

Conventional Treatment Method:

The conventional system of treating wastewater is by Activated Sludge Process
(ASP) from various units of a sugar plant is shown in Fig. 3. The various units include
Bar Screen, Skimming Tank, Equalization Basin, Aeration Unit, Clarifier and Sludge
Drying Beds.

Chapter 4
PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PLAN
The main processes involved in the wastewater treatment for the sugar industry
effluent are coagulation and flocculation, and adsorption.
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the
water. It is a process of adhesion and contact where the dispersed colloid particles form
flocs enables them to be removed from water easily by settling, flotation or filtration. In
coagulation and flocculation process, there are many types of coagulant that can be
used to destabilize the particles and agglomerating the particles into floc form so that it
can later be sedimented and separated from the liquid. Designing a coagulation and a
flocculation tank for sugar industry is very important in order to contain the actual
amounts of effluent to be treated. For a given flow rate, these measurements for design
can be proposed:
Assumptions:
Influent data: From reference:
Q = 5000 m3/day Np = 660 rpm
ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3 t = 60 sec
µH2O = 1 × 10-3 Pa‧s G = 680/s
Computations:
*Coagulation starting with 1 tank

m3 hr day
Vtank = 5000 × 60 s × × = 3.4722 m3
d 3600 s 24 hrs
 H
Assume from table: =2; H = 2T
T
π
V = T 2(2 T )
4
π
3.4722 m3 = T 2 (2 T ) ; T =1.3027 m
4
H = 2T = 2(1.3027m) = 2.6054 m
*with freeboard: HT = (2.6054m)(1.2) = 3.1265 m
1 1 1
Assume B = H: B= H = ( 2.6054 )=0.8685 m=B
3 3 3

Impeller: RADIAL (assume impeller diameter)

GEOMETRIC
0.25 m 0.5 m 1m RANGE
RATIO
D 0.1919 0.3838 0.7676
0.14 — 0.5
T ✔ ✔ ✘
H 2 2 2
0.28 — 2.0
T ✔ ✔ ✔
H 10.4216 5.2108 2.6054
2—4
D ✘ ✘ ✔
B 3.4740 1.3737 0.8685
0.7 — 1.6
D ✘ ✔ ✔

Dimpeller = 1 m

P = G2µV (assume 80% efficiency)

680 2 (
P=
( )
s
1 ×10−3 Pa ∙ s ) ( 3.4722 m 3 )
=
1.6055 KW
=2.0069 KW =Pactual
1000 W 0.8
1
Pactual
N= (
ρNp D5 ) 3

1
2006.9 W rev 60 s

[( ]
3
N= =0.1449 × =8.6925 rpm
kg s min
)
1000 3 ( 660 ) ( 1m )
m
5
DESIGN:

P = 2.0069 KW

2.6054 m

∞
N = 8.6925 rpm

1m 0.8685 m

1.3027 m

Assumptions:
Influent data: From reference:
Q = 5000 m3/day t = 30 min
ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3 Np = 67 rpm
µH2O = 1 × 10-3 Pa‧s G = 63, 50, 22, 10/s
Place impeller @ 1/3 the water depth
From design table:
Depth = 3.6 m
L : W ratio = 4 : 1
Computations:
*Flocculation with four-reactor plug-flow flocculator
*Two flocculation basins are provided for redundancy

m3 hr day
Vtank = 5000 × 30 min× × = 104.1667 m3
d 60 min 24 hrs
104.1667
V1tank = = 52.0834 m3
2
Assume compartments have equal volume
52.0834
Vcompartment = = 13.0209 m3
4
Assume H = 3.6 m
1 1 1
Assume B = H: B= H= (3.6 m) =1.2m
3 3 3
V T 52.0834 2
AT = = =14.4676 m
H 3.6
L:W=4:1
AT = 4W2
14.4676 = 4W2 ; W = 1.9018 m
4 L
= ; L=7.6072 m
1 1.9018
π
Acompartment = T 2
4
14.4676 π 2
= T ;T =2.1460m
4 4
Impeller: AXIAL
Assume impeller diameter:
GEOMETRIC
0.5 m 1m 1.5 m RANGE
RATIO
D 0.2330 0.4660 0.6990
0.17 — 0.4
T ✔ ✘ ✘
H 1.6775 1.6775 1.6775
0.34 — 1.6
T ✘ ✘ ✘
H 7.2 3.6 2.4
2—4
D ✘ ✔ ✔
B 2.4 1.2 0.8
0.7 — 1.6
D ✘ ✔ ✔

Dimpeller = 1 m

P = G2µV (assume 80% efficiency)

63 2 (
P 1=
( )
s
1 ×10−3 Pa∙ s ) ( 13.0209 m3)
=
0.5170 KW
=0.6463 KW
1000W 0.8
 50 2 (
P 2=
s ( ) −3 3
1 ×10 Pa∙ s ) ( 13.0209 m )
=
0.0326 KW
=0.0408 KW
1000W 0.8

22 2 (
P 3=
( )
s
−3 3
1× 10 Pa∙ s ) ( 13.0209 m )
=
6.3021 ×10−3 KW
=7.8776 ×10−3 KW
1000W 0.8

10 2 (
P4 =
( )
s
−3 3
1×10 Pa ∙ s )( 13.0209 m )
=
1.3021×10−3 KW
=1.6276 ×10−3 KW
1000 W 0.8
1
P
N= ( ρNp D5 ) 3

1
646.3 W rev 60 s

[( ]
3
N 1= =0.2129 × =12.7724 rpm
kg s min
)
1000 3 ( 67 ) ( 1m )
m
5

1
40.8 W rev 60 s

[( ]
3
N 2= =0.0848 × =5.0856 rpm
kg s min
)
1000 3 ( 67 ) ( 1m )
m
5

1
6.3021 W rev 60 s

[( ]
3
N 3= =0.0455 × =2.7287 rpm
kg s min
)
1000 3 ( 67 ) ( 1m )
m
5

1
1.3021W rev 60 s

[( ]
3
N4= =0.0269 × =1.6131rpm
kg s min
)
1000 3 ( 67 )( 1 m )
m
5

DESIGN:

P1 = 0.6463 KW P2 = 0.0408 KW P3 = 7.8776×10-3 KW P4 = 1.6276×10-3 KW

3.6 m

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
N1 = 12.7724 rpm N2 = 5.0856 rpm N3 = 2.7287 rpm N1 = 1.6131 rpm

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

1m 1m 1m 1m

1.9018 m
3 3 3 3
13.0209 m 13.0209 m 13.0209 m 13.0209 m
VT = 52.0834 m3
L = 7.6072 m
ADSORPTION
Most sugar wastewater treatment plants use neutralization process as the
primary stage treatment that involves the addition of acid or alkali which causes side
effects of increasing the amount of suspended and total dissolved solids. This impact on
the effectiveness of further treatment in decreasing the BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, and
amounts of oil and grease. It has been proved that adsorption can be useful as a
primary stage treatment in lowering COD, BOD and pH. It helps to remove 80% of TDS,
TSS, oil and grease, as also eliminates BOD, COD, colors and smell by using various
adsorbents including activated carbon, lignite, bentonite, MgO and fly ash (Sunitha &
Rafeeq, 2009).
The main objective was to materialize inexpensive but good wastewater
treatment techniques to eliminate COD and BOD from sewage by means of
chlorination, activated carbon, sand filter, and activated sludge because usual
wastewater treatment technologies as developed in industrialized countries are costly to
build, operate and maintain. In the past few years, the adsorption system has been one
of the most cost-effective and efficient methods for extracting organic pollutants from
industrial waste water. Present-day research has centered on innovative approach that
sufficiently addresses the dislodging of the organic pollutants. The adsorbent activated
carbon from wood apple pods can also be used to extract organic solution as a cost-
effective Cr (VI) adsorbent. Coal fly ash was used as an adsorber of cadmium in aquatic
solutions.
97% BOD, 95% COD, and 99% oil and grease are reduced effluent treatment in
a column with fly ash, lime, and activated carbon. The technique is not only attainable
but also practical. At present, the goal was to conduct tests using cheaper materials
such as fly ash from thermal power plants to remove organic contaminants primarily
BOD, which contributes parts to the wastewater combined from the sugar industry.
The ash fly may be used as a suitable adsorbent to extract different
contaminants from wastewater. Bagasse fly ash, manufacturing waste materials and
jute waste — economic adsorbents from diverse sources can also remove organic
matter from The fly ash can be used for the removal of various pollutants from
wastewater as a suitable adsorbent wastewater (Lakdawala et. al, 2012).
CALCULATIONS:
Given: Adsorbent = Fly Ash Surface Area = 6177.15 cm2/g
Temperature = 25 ± 1 ºC Contact duration = 24 hrs
PARAMETE 2
UNTREATED 10 20 50 100 150 200
R gm/L
pH 7.05 7.55 7.6 7.68 7.71 7.84 7.05 6.97
Conductanc
3.92 3.75 3.7 3.61 3.2 3.33 353 3.26
e, m mho
4841. 4633.7 4426.2 4149. 3872. 3803. 3734.6
COD, mg/L 4979.52
2 2 4 6 5 8 4
1317. 1193. 1147.
BOD, mg/L 1410.5 1302 1263.5 1196 1116
5 5 5
Alkalinity,
2625 2250 2100 2000 1825 1800 1750 1700
mg/L
Hardness,
2610 2375 2300 2250 2060 2060 2060 2060
mg/L
Chloride, 199.9 187.4 187.4 187.4
204.93 187.44 187.44 187.44
mg/L 3 4 4 4
Table 1: The effect on different physico-chemical properties of sugar industry
wastewater from the dosage variability of fly ash. (Data from Lakdawala et. al)
 FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM:
x 1
log
=log k f + log Ceq
m n
y=a+bx
X Y
logCeq log(x/m)
3.1197 1.6674
3.1146 1.0354
3.0988 0.8893
3.0768 0.6375
3.0545 0.4208
3.0476 0.2929
3.0476 0.1680
Table 2: Freundlich Data — logCeq vs log(x/m)
a = logkf = - 47.05312824
kf = 8.8485×10-48
b = 1/n = 15.51435081 ; n = 0.0645
 Cm f Cm f 1116
min CUR= = 1
= 15.51435081
=658.0564
Qe ( 8.8485× 10−48
) ( 1116 )
k f Cen


LANGMUIR ISOTHERM:
Ce 1 1
= +Ce
x ab a
m
y=a+bx
Y
X
x/m Ce/
Ce
(x/m)
1317 28.333
46.5
.5 3
1302 10.8
120
.0 5
1255
7.75 162
.5
1193
4.34 275
.5
1147 2.63 435.29
.0 50 41
1116 1.96 568.43
.0 33 07
1116 1.47 757.89
.0 25 47
Table 3: Langmuir Data — Ce vs. Ce/(x/m)
a = 1/ab = |3841.381797|
b = 7.5631×10-4
b = 1/a = |-2.905323443| ; a = 0.3442
log(x/m) 1.8
1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 logCeq
3.05 3.05 3.05 3.08 3.1 3.11 3.12

Figure 1: Freundlich isotherm graph

Ce/(x/m) 800
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 Ce
1116 1116 1147 1193.5 1255.5 1302 1317.5
Figure 2: Langmuir isotherm graph
 Remov
Adsorbe Eq.Con
al qc=x/m Remov
nt c. logC logx/ 1/Ceq 1/qc
# x=Co- (mg/g al
Dosage Ceq eq m ×103 ×102
Ceq m) %
(gm/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L)
3.149 0.708
1 0 1410.5 — — — — —
4 9
3.119 1.667 0.759
2 2 1317.5 93.0 46.5 6.59 2.1505
7 4 0
3.114 1.035 0.768
3 10 1302.0 108.5 10.85 7.69 9.2166
6 4 0
3.098 0.889 0.796 12.903
4 20 1255.5 155.0 7.75 10.99
8 3 5 2
3.076 0.637 0.837 23.041
5 50 1193.5 217.0 4.34 15.38
8 5 9 5
3.054 0.420 0.871
6 100 1147.0 263.5 2.6350 18.68 37.95
5 8 8
3.047 0.292 0.896
7 150 1116.0 294.5 1.9633 20.88 50.93
6 9 0
3.047 0.168 0.896
8 200 1116.0 294.5 1.4725 20.88 67.91
6 0 0
Table 4: Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms data for BOD removal with fly ash
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Sugar industry operates seasonally so wastewater production is also seasonal.
Varieties in the quantity and quality of wastewater are produced from sugar mills. The
effluent water contains high suspended solids, BOD and COD. Preliminary tests are
done to assess the physical state of the wastes such as screening, grit removal, flow
equalization, sedimentation, or dissolved air flotation for the waste solids. Also,
biological and physico-chemical methods are applied for organic matters and
disinfection

Coagulation, flocculation and adsorption are the major processes in sugar

industry’s wastewater treatment. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the
suspended solids portion from the water. It is a process of adhesion and contact where
the dispersed colloid particles form flocs enables them to be removed from water easily
by settling, flotation or filtration. Adsorption system then has been one of the most cost-
effective and efficient methods for extracting organic pollutants from industrial waste
water by adhesion.

The primary goal in designing a wastewater treatment plant was for it to be

efficient and economical. The proposed waste management plan presented for sugar
industry was considered and incorporated its pollutants in the treatment process. With
coagulation and flocculation and adsorption processes proposed, the contaminants are
removed or then reduced to the acceptable concentrations required by the water quality
guidelines and effluent standards. The geometries of the equipments were chosen to
suit a lesser lot area to save space and energy consumption. In terms of chemical
agents, coagulants are easy to procure and use (and also cheap) as well as absorbents
for adsorption such as activated carbon to use in the treatment. With this, the primary
goal is achieved.

As a recommendation, the waste management proposal studied can be adjusted

to meet the varying demands of the effluent concentrations since every industry has
different parameters such as influent flowrate and desired areas and techniques for
design. Advanced technologies to improve the design can also be considered if the
adjusted wastewater treatment proposal is not at optimum.

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