Kuliah 3. Porifera PDF

Phylum
Porifera
Sponges
Phylum Porifera
 Pronounced (po-rif'-er-a): it means “bearing
pores”; 5,000 living species
• Three Distinct Classses:
Hexactinellida (glass sponges)
Demospongia
Calcarea (calcareous sponges)
• Most primitive of all animals
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic – filter feeder
• Lack symmetry
• Matrix – mass of cells
Major Characteristics of Phylum Porifera
 Cellular level of organization

 They have no organs or true tissues.
 No Gastrovascular Cavity
 Digestion, respiration, and excretion all occur by simple diffusion
directly into and out of the cells.
 No nervous system,
 Most sponges are asymmetrical Occasionally radial symmetry
Major Characteristics:
 Sponges are made up of a system of tiny pores called ostia,

canals, and chambers that make up an intricate filter feeding
system.
Sponge Ecology
 Adults are always attached to other objects. (rocks, corals,

submerged objects etc.)
 Many other organisms such as crab and fish live symbiotically in
or on sponges.
 Some sponges live on other organisms like mollusk shells and
corals.
Sponge Skeletons
 An important structural protein in the animal kingdom is called

collagen.
 Sponges in class of Demospongia produces a form of collagen
known as spongin.
 Various forms of spicules are found throughout the different
classes of sponges. They are made up of silica or Calcium
Carbonate.
Sponge Skeleton
 Silaceous spicules  Spongin

Calcaerous
spicules:
Sponge Canal Systems
 Sponges have three

types of canal
systems (body
types); Asconoid,
Syconoid, and
Leuconoid.
Asconoid Sponges
(Leucosolenia sp.)
Syconoid Sponges (Sycon sp.)
Leuconoid Sponges
Structure/General Anatomy:
OSCULUM -
• Opening at top called the opening
osculum
• Gelatinous interior called the
mesohyl
• The interior cavity called the
SPONGOCOEL
spongocoel
• Epidermis covering the
outside
MESOHYL
Porifera – Structur Anatomy
Osculum
Choanocytes
Osculum – water– cells leaves
that usethrough
a flagellum to hole
this moveat
a
steady current of water through the sponge; also
trap food &the
Amoebocytes
Mesenchyme toplike
––begin
cells
jelly ofmiddle
that the sponge
digestion process
complete
layer
digestion
where of food
Choanocyte
particles & transfer nutrients throughout the sponge;
amoebocytes pick upMesenchyme
nutrients
also help make spicules Epidermis
Spicule – spike-shaped structure that makes up the
skeletons of harder sponges; made of either chalklike
calcium carbonate of glasslike silica Amoebocyte
Pore
Spicule
Central Cavity
Cellular Structure of Sponges
 Pinacocytes are epithelial cells of sponges; play a role in trapping

food particles.
 Porocytes make up the ostia ; allow the passage of water into the
spongocoel.
 Archeoocytes or amoeboid cells are cells in the mesohyl that
perform a variety of functions including digestion and production
of spicules and collagen
 Choanocytes or collar cells are flagellated and trap food particles.
Cellular Structure of a Sponge
Feeding Method
1. Brought in by choanocytes (collar
cells) & digestion begins
intracellular (inside cell)
2. Choanocytes release nutrients into
mesenchyme
3. Amoebocytes pick up nutrients,
complete digestion, deliver
nutrients to the sponge, & pick up
wastes
4. Waste removed by pores
Sponge Digestion
Digestive/Circuatory/Excretory:
• NO GVC ( gastrovascular cavity) –
food is digested intracellularly
• Collar cells engulf and digest
food vacuoles
• Amoebocytes in the mesohyl
transport food and nutrients
• All wastes are purged through the
main pore called the osculum
Sexual
Reproduction
• The general life cycle of a
sponge
• Most sponges are
hermaphrodites, but an
individual will usually only
make one type of gamete at
a time, so they are not able
to self-fertilize.
https://youtu.be/mVavqt4Sbyo
Sexual Reproduction
 Sperm cells develop from choanocytes.
 Egg cells can develop from choanocytes in some species and from
archaeocytes in others.
 Fertilization can be internal – sperm release by one sponge enter
the canal system of another sponge –or-
 External Fertilization – releasing both eggs and sperm into the
water.
 After fertilization, the zygotes develop into a free-swimming
flagellated larva called a parenchymula.
 Paranchymula break off and are carried away by ocean currents.
Asexual Reproduction
 Sponges can reproduce asexually by fragmentation and

budding.
 Fragmentation occurs when a fragment is broken off from the
main body of the sponge and develops into an individual
sponge
 External budding occurs when a small sponge develops on the
epidermal surface of the adult sponge then breaks off and
regenerates.
Fragmentation
Budding
Asexual Reproduction
 Internal buds called gemmules
are formed during unfavorable
conditions like extreme
temperatures and anoxia (absence
of oxygen) for long periods of time
 They usually remain dormant and
contain masses of archaeocytes.
 After the unfavorable conditions
pass, the archaeocytes can then be
released from the gemmules to
regenerate into a new adult
sponge.
Parenchymula and Gemmules
Class Calcarea
 Spicules made of calcium

Example (Clathrina)
carbonate (calcite and limestone)
 All three types of canals
represented (asconoid, syconoid,
and leuconoid).
 All marine
Class Hexactinellida
Example, Venus Flower
 Six-rayed spicules made of Basket (Euplectella)
silica (same substance as

glass)
 Body often cylindrical and
funnel shaped
 Syconoid or leuconoid
 All Marine
Class Demospongia
Very diverse group of
sponges
 Skeleton made of silica
spicules that are not six-
rayed, or a skeleton made
of spongin, or both.
 Leuconoid type canal
systems only.
 One family freshwater, all
others are marine.

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Phylum

 Cellular level of organization

 Sponges are made up of a system of tiny pores called ostia,

 Adults are always attached to other objects. (rocks, corals,

 An important structural protein in the animal kingdom is called

 Silaceous spicules  Spongin

 Sponges have three

 Pinacocytes are epithelial cells of sponges; play a role in trapping

 Sponges can reproduce asexually by fragmentation and

 Spicules made of calcium

silica (same substance as

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