The document discusses IP addressing concepts like subnet masks, CIDR notation, and network vs host IDs. It provides solutions to questions about allocating IP address ranges from a larger CIDR block to different organizations, calculating maximum subnets and hosts, determining network and data link layer visits for a transmission, and optimizing packet size. subnet masks are used to split class B networks and allocate addresses from classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) blocks. The network and host ID portions are identified for sample IP addresses based on their class.
The document discusses IP addressing concepts like subnet masks, CIDR notation, and network vs host IDs. It provides solutions to questions about allocating IP address ranges from a larger CIDR block to different organizations, calculating maximum subnets and hosts, determining network and data link layer visits for a transmission, and optimizing packet size. subnet masks are used to split class B networks and allocate addresses from classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) blocks. The network and host ID portions are identified for sample IP addresses based on their class.
The document discusses IP addressing concepts like subnet masks, CIDR notation, and network vs host IDs. It provides solutions to questions about allocating IP address ranges from a larger CIDR block to different organizations, calculating maximum subnets and hosts, determining network and data link layer visits for a transmission, and optimizing packet size. subnet masks are used to split class B networks and allocate addresses from classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) blocks. The network and host ID portions are identified for sample IP addresses based on their class.
The document discusses IP addressing concepts like subnet masks, CIDR notation, and network vs host IDs. It provides solutions to questions about allocating IP address ranges from a larger CIDR block to different organizations, calculating maximum subnets and hosts, determining network and data link layer visits for a transmission, and optimizing packet size. subnet masks are used to split class B networks and allocate addresses from classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) blocks. The network and host ID portions are identified for sample IP addresses based on their class.
2. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) has the following chunk of CIDR-based IP addresses available with it: 245.248.128.0/20. The ISP wants to give half of this chunk of addresses to Organization A, and a quarter to Organization B, while retaining the remaining with itself. Which of the following is a valid allocation of addresses to A and B? A 245.248.136.0/21 and 245.248.128.0/22 B 245.248.128.0/21 and 245.248.128.0/22 C 245.248.132.0/22 and 245.248.132.0/21 D 245.248.136.0/24 and 245.248.132.0/21 Solution: Since routing prefix is 20, the ISP has 2^(32-20) or 2^12 addresses. Out of these 2^12 addresses, half (or 2^11) addresses have to be given to organization A and quarter (2^10) addresses have to be given to organization B. So routing prefix for organization A will be 21. For B, it will be 22. If we see all options given in question, only options (A) and (B) are left as only these options have same number of routing prefixes. Now we need to choose from option (A) and (B). To assign addresses to organization A, ISP needs to take first 20 bits from 245.248.128.0 and fix the 21st bit as 0 or 1. Similarly, ISP needs to fix 21st and 22nd bits for organization B. If we take a closer look at the options (A) and (B), we can see the 21st and 22nd bits for organization B are considered as 0 in both options. So 21st bit of organization A must be 1. Now take the first 20 bits from 245.248.128.0 and 21st bit as 1, we get addresses for organization A as 245.248.136.0/21
3. The address of a class B host is to be split into subnets with a 6-bit subnet number. What is the maximum number of subnets and the maximum number of hosts in each subnet? Solution: Maximum number of subnets = 26-2 =62. Maximum number of hosts is 210-2 = 1022. 4. Suppose computers A and B have IP addresses 10.105.1.113 and 10.105.1.91 respectively and they both use the same netmask N. What values of N should not be used if A and B should belong to the same network?
(D) The last octets of IP addresses of A and B are 113 (01110001) and 91 (01011011). The netmask in option (D) has first three bits set in last octet. If netmask has first 3 bits set, then these bits nmust be same in A and B, but that is not the case. In simple words, we can say option (D) is not a valid netmask because doing binary ‘&’ of it with addresses of A and B doesn’t give the same network address. It must be same address as A and B are on same network.
5. Choose the best matching between Group 1 and Group 2.
Group-1 Group-2 P. Data link 1. Ensures reliable transport of data over a physical point-to-point link Q. Network layer 2. Encoder/decodes data for physical transmission R. Transport layer 3. Allows end-to-end communication between two processes 4. Routes data from one network Solution:P-1,Q-4,R-3 6. Assume that source S and destination D are connected through two intermediate routers labeled R. Determine how many times each packet has to visit the network layer and the data link layer during a transmission from S to D.
Solution: Network layer – 4 times and Data link layer – 6 times
7. In a packet switching network, packets are routed from source to destination along a single path having two intermediate nodes. If the message size is 24 bytes and each packet contains a header of 3 bytes, What is the optimum packet size?
Solution: Dividing a message into packets may decrease the transmission time due to parallelism as shown in the following figure. But after a certain limit reducing the packet size may increase the transmission time also.
Following figure shows the situation given in question.
Let transmission time to transfer 1 byte for all nodes be t. The first packet will take time = (packet size)*3*t. After the first packet reaches the destination, remaining packets will take time equal to (packet size)*t due to parallelism.
If we use 4 bytes as packet size, there will be 24 packets
Total Transmission time = Time taken by first packet + Time taken by remaining packets = 3*4*t + 23*4*t = 104t
If we use 6 bytes as packet size, there will be 8 packets
Total Transmission time = 3*6*t + 7*6*t = 60t
If we use 7 bytes as packet size, there will be 6 packets
Total Transmission time = 3*7*t + 5*7*t = 56t
If we use 9 bytes as packet size, there will be 4 packets
Total Transmission time = 3*9*t + 3*9*t = 54t 8. Consider a token ring topology with N stations (numbered 1 to N) running token ring protocol where the stations are equally spaced. When a station gets the token it is allowed to send one frame of fixed size. Ring latency is t p, while the transmission time of a frame is tt. All other latencies can be neglected. What is the maximum utilization of the token ring when tt =3 ms, tp = 5 ms, N = 10?
Solution: Maximum efficiency of token ring = (tt)/(tt +( tp/n))
tt= 3 ms tp =5 ms and n=10, efficiency = 3/(3+.5)= .857 9. Consider a source computer (S) transmitting a file of size 106 bits to a destination computer (D) over a network of two routers (R1 and R2) and three links (L1, L2 and L3). L1 connects S to R1;L2 connects R1 to R2; and L3 connects R2 to D. Let each link be of length 100km. Assume signals travel over each link at a speed of 10^8 meters per second. Assume that the link bandwidth on each link is 1Mbps. Let the file be broken down into 1000 packets each of size 1000 bits. Find the total sum of transmission and propagation delays in transmitting the file from S to D? Solution:
Propagation delay to travel from S to R1 = (Distance) / (Link Speed) = 10^5/10^8 = 1ms
Total prorogation delay to travel from S to D = 3*1 ms = 3ms
Total Ttransmission delay for 1 packet = 3 * (Number of Bits) / Bandwidth =
3*(1000/10^6) = 3ms.
The first packet will take 6ms to reach D. While first packet was reaching D, other packets must have been processing in parallel. So D will receive remaining packets 1 packet per 1 ms from R2. So remaining 999 packets will take 999 ms. And total time will be 999 + 6 = 1005 ms
10. An organization has a class B network and wishes to form subnets for 64 departments. What would be the subnet mask ? Solution: The size of network ID is 16 bit in class B networks. So bits after 16th bit must be used to create 64 departments. Total 6 bits are needed to identify 64 different departments. Therefore, subnet mask will be 255.255.252.0.
11. What is the network ID of the IP address 225.100.123.70?
Solution: It is Class D IP and class D IP does not has any network ID part, i.e., no division of network ID and host ID part.
12. How many bits are allocated for network id (NID) and host id(HID) in the IP address 25.193.155.233? Solution: It is class A IP address and you know, that class A has 24 bits in HID and 8 bits in NID part.
