Rekayasa Teknologi

Arsitektur 4
Dr. Ir. Fermanto Lianto MT.

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 High-rise Structure Systems
A building structure can be visualized as consisting of
horizontal planes or floor framing, and the supporting vertical
planes of walls and/or frames. The horizontal planes tie the
vertical planes together, as to achieve a box effect and a certain
degree of compactness. It is quite obvious that a slender, tall
tower building must be a compact, three-dimensional closed
structure, where the entire system acts as a unit. The tubular,
core-interactive, and staggered truss buildings are typical
examples of 3-D. structures.
On the other hand, a massive building block only need
some stiff, stabilizing elements that give lateral support to the
rest of the building. In this sense, the building structure
represents an open system where separate vertical planar
structure systems, such as a solid walls, rigid frames, and braced
frames are located at various places and form stand-alone
systems that provide the lateral stability. Str-IV/Fer/1999
 High-rise Structure Systems
Every building consists of the load-bearing structure and non-
load-bearing portion. The main load-bearing structure, in turn, is
subdivided into the gravity structure, which carries only the gravity
loads, and the lateral-force resisting structure, which supports gravity
forces, but also provide stability to the building. The non-load-bearing
structural building elements include wind bracing, as well as the
membranes & skins, that is the curtains, ceiling, & partitions, which
cover the structure & subdivide the space.
The lateral-force resisting structure in a building tower may be
concentrated entirely in the central core.
The structure represents an assembly system that consists of
components & their linkages. The basic elements are line (columns,
beams), grids (floor frameworks, frames), surfaces (slabs, walls, plates),
spatial units (cells, tubes) and combination of the above. The interaction
or degree of continuity between these elements depends on the type of
linkage (hinge, semi-rigid, or rigid). Naturally, these basic components
can be combined in an endless variety to form a building. Str-IV/Fer/1999
Classification of the various systems
Two-dimensional structures:
• Bearing wall structures: combinations of single walls and connected
walls, cross walls, long-walls, two-way walls, stacked boxes
• Skeleton (frame) structures: rigid frame, braced frame, truss, flat
slab, Vierendeel wall beam (interspatial, bridge type)
• Connected walls and frames
• Core structures: They may be considered three-dimensional from
a structural element point of view, but do not
necessarily integrate the entire building shape: cantilevered slab,
bridge structures (multi core), cores with outriggers on top
(suspension), at the bottom, & at intermediate levels.
• Combinations of the above systems

Str-IV/Fer/1999
Classification of the various systems
Three-dimensional structures:
• Staggered wall beams
• Cores plus outriggers plus belt trusses: single, double and multiple
outrigger systems
• Tubes: Vierendeel tube deep-spandrel tube, perforated wall/shell
tube, trussed tube, tube with belt trusses and head, etc
• Mega-structure: superframe, superdiagonals
• Hybrid structures
Typical combinations of structure systems are:
• Walls + core(s)
• Frames + core(s)
• Tube + frame(s) or wall(s)
• Tube + core (tube-in-tube)
• Tube + tube (bunled tubes)
Str-IV/Fer/1999
Structure systems

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 Skeleton Buildings
A typical skeleton structure consist of
parallel plane frames in the longitudinal &
transverse directions (fig.7.12. Bottom left)
1. Continuous rigid frames:
In steel or cast-in-place reinforced concrete
generally consist of a rectangular grid of
horizontal beams and vertical columns
connected together in the same plane by
means of rigid joints.
Flat slab buildings can be treated as
consisting of rigid frames with imaginary
wide shallow slab beams, which may not,
however, provide much lateral stiffness as
they increase in span.
The rigid frame principle seems to be
economical for steel framing up to about 30
stories, and for concrete framing up to 15
stories for office buildings and 20 stories for
1. Wolfgang hal 475
residential construction1.
Str-IV/Fer/1999
Skeleton Buildings
2. Hinged frames:
In steel and precast concrete consists
of basic component kits (fig. 7.14, top)
such as frame units or beam-column
components that are pin jointed,
(pin-joints transfer only shear and
axial forces). Depending on the
arrangement and number of hinges,
the frame may resist lateral forces,
although it is quite flexible because
of lack of continuity of its members.
It allows for free movement under
temperature changes, in contrast to
the restraint provided by the rigid
frame. Often, the hinged frame only
carries gravity loads and is stabilized
by rigid frames or other lateral force
resisting structural systems.
2. Wolfgang hal 480
Str-IV/Fer/1999
Skeleton Buildings
3. Braced frames
may be a more economical solution,
or they may be necessary because
of lateral stiffness requirements.
Any of the frames may be laterally
braced by shear walls (e.g., vertical
trusses) or other methods.
4. Combinations of
rigid frame and hinged frames

3. Wolfgang hal 242

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 Skeleton Buildings
Gravity Load Action

For regular frames under

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 Skeleton Buildings
Lateral Load Action

Lateral loads due to wind and

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 Skeleton Buildings
Portal & Cantilever Method
The portal and cantilever methods may be
used for the quick approximate analysis of
rigid frames. In the cantilever method, the
frame is treated as a flexural cantilever
controlled by bending action, whereas in
the portal method it is treated as a shear
cantilever dominated by shear wracking.
Both methods assume points of contra-
flexure at mid-length of all members. The
portal method assumes a certain shear
distribution.
The portal method is used, which is
considered reasonable for conventional
rigid frames up to about 25 stories4.
The cantilever method is often applied to
taller frames and to the approximate
analysis of framed tubes.
4. Wolfgang hal 488 Str-IV/Fer/1999
Skeleton Buildings
Steel connections for frame

Str-IV/Fer/1999
 Skeleton Buildings
Segi positif dan negatif Sistem Struktur Rangka

• Segi positif :
• Pemodelan yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan
struktur dinding
• Flexible dalam meletakan bukaan-bukaan vertikal seperti
lubang pintu, jendela dan lain-lain

• Segi negatif :
• Kurang dapat menyalurkan beban lateral akibat gempa dan
angin
• Dapat diterapkan secara murni sebagai sistem portal,
pada bangunan dengan tinggi sedang Str-IV/Fer/1999