UNIT'2

NAGEMENT
Structure
2.0 Learning outcome
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Disaster Management
2.3 Disaster Management in India
2.3.1 At the Central Level
2.3.2 At the State Level
2.3.3 At the District Level

2.4 Disaster Management : Financial Arrangements

2.5 Role of Non-Goyernmental Organisations, Community Based Organisations,
Media and Communications in Disaster Management
2.6 Review of Existing Disaster ManagementSystem
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 Key Concepts
2.9 References and Further Reading
2.10 Activity

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

After studying this Unit, you should be able to:
9. understand the concept of disaster management;
discuss disaster management in India at the Central, State and.Districtlevels;
r explain the financial arrangementsfor disaster management;and
appreciate the role of hon-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based
Organisations (CBOs), and Media in disaster management.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
It is evident from the first Unit on Understanding Natural Disasters that India is vulnerable to all
types of natural disasters. These inflict serious damage to life and property of the affected people,
destroy the infrastructure, set-back the development process and upset the budgetary provisions.
It is in this context that Disaster Management assumes cohsiderable importance especially for a
developing country like India, which is high on population density and short on infrastructural and
financial resources. In tbjc Unit, we'will begin with the concept of disaster management and goes
on to discuss the national djsaster management framework, financial arrangements, and role ~f
NGOs, CBOs and media. In the end, we will review and analyse the way the disaster management
system is evolving in India.
 26 Understanding Natural Disasters

It wi 11 be seen from the Disaster Management Cycle as depicted in the diagram that it consists of
six broad stages. To begin with, a disaster event occurs and creates the associated disaster
impacts. The duration of the event depends on the type of the hazard. For example, during an
earthquake, ground shaking may occur for seconds, while flooding may take place over a longer
sustained period.
Response and Relief refer to the first stage response to any disaster, which includes setting up
control roorns, putting the contingency plan in action, issuing warning, taking action for evacuation
i.e. taking people to safer areas, and rendering medical aid simultaneously providing food, drinking
water, clothing etc. to the homeless, restoration of communication, anddisbursement of assistance
ill cash or kind.

The recovery stage includes activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency
re1ief, rehabilitation and 1-econstmction.Emergency relief activity such as immediate relief, rescue,
damage assessment, and debris clearance are undertaken during and immediately following a
disaster. Taking pl-ecautionsagainst spread of diseases is also an impo tant activity during this
stage. Rehabilitation includes the provision of camps with temporasy publicutilities and shelter as
interim measures to assist long-term recovery. Reconstruction efforts are made to return
communities to improved pre-disaster functioning, which include repair and reconstruction of
buildings, infrash~lctu~e and lifeline facilities so that long-te~mdevelopment prospects are enhanced.
The next stage of development process is an ongoing activity which has to be resumed. It deals
with long-term prevention/disasterreduction measures. In this regard, construction of embankments
against Illooding, in-igation facilities as drought proofing measures, landuse planning, construction
of houses capable of withstanding the onslaught of future disasters are taken up as part of
development plans.
I Thereafter comes the stage of prevention and mitigation which refer to such preventive actions
d~lringdisaster free period that would lessen the impact if a disaster recurs. Thus, mitigation
ernbraces all measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard itself and the vulnerable
conditions of the coxnlnunity in order to reduce the adverse impacts of a future disaster. Lastly, the .
preparedness process embraces measures that enable the government,communityr and individuals
to respond rapidly to disaster situation in order to cope with them effectively. It includes the
f o ~ ~ nation
u l of viableemergency plans,development of warning systems,maintenance of inventoks,
mock drills, and training of personnel.
For effective disaster management, it is essential to have workable action plans at all levels from
colnlnunity level upwards. The aim is to have a tested and tried system in place, which comes into
action at very short notice. This system becomes apowel-ful risk reduction tool. A wide range of
tasks needs to be addressed in the planning sequence for disaster management, and the plan will
need regular checking andupdating.

DISASTER MANAGE NT TN INDIA.

Due to highly variable nature of monsoon rains, there have always been droughts or drought
like conditions in some parts of India. Traditionally ours has been an agricultural economy, which
was gseatly affected by droughts, disaster management was vested'in the Ministry of Agriculture
both at the Centre and States. However, conditions changqd with the economy getting more
wide based and a more central location seemed desirable for responsibilities related to disaster
~nanagement.Therefore, the Ministry of Home Affairs is now the Central Ministry of the ,
Government of India for disaster management since 2002. However, the drought
management remains with the Ministry of Agriculture. Similarly, other Ministries have been
Understa~adingDisaster Management 27

assigned nodal responsibilities for specific disasters. Detailed organisation is described below.

2.3.1 At the Central Level

~t the Central level, depending on the type of disaster, a nodal ministry is assigned the task of
coordinating all activities of the State and District Administration and the other support DepiutmentsJ
Ministry. The nodal ministry for each type of disaster is indicated in table 2.1. The nodal ministries
form part of the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC). They prepare detailed
'ContingencyPlans for each type of disaster falling in their area of responsibility.
Table: 2.1 Type of Disaster and the Nodal Central Ministry
Type of DisasteriCrisis Nodal Ministry
Air Accident Ministry of Civil Aviation
1 Biological Disaster 1 Ministry of Health
I
1 Chemical Disaster 1 Ministry of Environment
I
Natural Disasters except drought and Ministry of Home Affairs
overall coordination
I Drought . 1 Ministry of Agriculture 1
Major breakdown of any of the Concerned Ministries
esse~~tial
services posing problems ..a

Nuclear Accident inside or outside Department of Atomic Energy

the country which poses health or
orher hazards to people in India

So~lrce:Ministry of Home Anairs

Ministry of Home Affairs

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)is the nodal ministry for managing natural disaster situations,
at the Central level, it is supported by ocher Ministries.In the MHA, the Central ~ e l i e~omtnissioner
f
filnctions as the Nodal Officer to coordinate relief operations for natural disasters. The MHA
deals with disasters like Floods, Earthquake, Cyclone, Landslide, Forest Fire, Avalanches, etc.
The Centrial Relief Commissionerreceives information about forecasting/warningof disastersfrom
the IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment (IMD)or from the Central Water Commission (CWC) on a
continuing basis and channels the information and coordinates action.
The National Crises Management Committee (NCMC) is well informed by MHA through the
Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, He disseminates the information to different Central
Government Ministies/Departrnentsand the State Governments for the appropriatefollow-upaction,
While the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal ministry managingdisaster situations, other ministries
support it as well. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare through the Emergency Medical
Relief Division of the Directorate General of Health Services makes an important contribution. In
a typical disaster situation, this Division gets in touch with the Central Control Room in Home
Ministry and obtains feedback on the extent of disaster situation like details of a particular day,
number of people affected and the health profile of the victims. On the basis of such data and
information, the concerned medical agencies are put into action for providing medical relief to the
victims.
 Understanding Natural Disasters

0ther Committees
The various~ommitteesinvolved in co-ordination for disaster management at the Central and
, State Levels are:
\
e Cabinet Committee @

r, National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC)

r, Crisis Management Group (CMG)
r, State Crisis Management Group (SCMG).
Cabinet Committee
The Cabinet may set up a committee for effective implementationof relief measures in the wake of
a disaster. The Secretary in the MHA acts as the Secretary of this Committee. In the absence of
such a committee, all the matters related to the relief are reported to the Cabinet Secretary.
National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC)
The NCMC has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat. It works under the Chairmanship of
the Cabinet Secretary, and the other members of this committee are the Secretary to the Prime
Minister, Secretaries of the Ministries of Home Affairs, Agriculture andDefence along with the
Directors of Intelligence Bureau, Research and Analysis Wing, and an officer of the Cabinet
Secretariat. The NCMC committee is a High Power Committee which comes into action
immediately in case of an anticipated or actual disaster in the country. It gives direction to the
, Crisis Management Group as deemed necessary.
Crisis Management Group (CMG)
This is a group under the Chairmanship of the Central Relief Commissionercomprising the senior
I officers from the various ministries and other concerned departments. Its function is to review
every year contingency plans formulated by the Central MinistriesDepartments In addition, it
also reviews the measures requiredfor dealing with a natural disaster; co-ordinatethe activities of
the Central Ministries and the State Governments in relation to disaster preparedness and relief,
and to obtain information from the nodal officers on measures relating to the above. The CMG
meets at least twice a year under the Central Relief Commissioner. In case of disaster, it meets
daily or as frequently as the situation demands.
Central Control Room
An Emergency Operations Centre (Control Room) in the Ministry of Home Affairs assists the
Central Relief Colnrnissioner in the discharge of his duties. The Control Room finctions round-
the-clock, with ah11 complement of staff after receipt of first information about the occurrence of
a major natural calamity. It remains operational for aperiod specified by the Relief Commissioner
for dealing effectively with the crisis arising out of a natural calamity. The Control Room is intended
to be the nerve centre of all emergency situations. Thus, it is adequately equipped and optimally
located for collectionand transmission of information concerningnatural calamity and reliefi keeping '--
in close contact with the affected State Government; interaction with other Central Ministries /
Departments; maintaining records containing all relevant inforrnation regarding action points and
contact points in /Central Ministries /Departments / State Government; and performing duties as
may be entrusted by the Relief Commissioner.
Important Note: The changing demographic and sbcio-economicconditions and the unfortunate ;
occurrence of anumber of serious disasters in the recent years have necessitated further tightening
of the Disaster Management Organisation. Now there exists an apex body viz., the National
i
Understanding Disaster Managentent 29

Disaster Management Authority under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. Orissaand Gujarat
have their State Disaster Management Authorities and other States would follow. A comprehensive
central legislation on Disaster Management has been approved by the Parliament.

2.3.2 At the State Level

State Govemment is responsible to formulate its response to a disaster situation and also for long-
term preparedness and rehabilitation measures. However, the Central Government has a limited
role with its resources, physical and financial, in providing needed help and assistance to buttress
relief efforts of the State Government in the wake of natural disasters. The dimensions of the
response at the Central Govemment level are determined according to the existing policy of financing
the relief expenditure and keeping in view the gravity of situation, scale of relief operations, and
requirements of the central assistance for augmenting the financial resources of the State
Government.
In a State, the Relief Commissioileris in charge of relief measures in the wake of natural disasters
in his State. In his absence the Chief Secretary or an officer nominated by him is in overall charge
of relief operations. Every State has important Departments in State administration under the
overall supervision and control of the concerned Chief Secretary. The State deals with disaster
through their Revenue Department or Relief Department. The organisation at State level is depicted
in Chart 2.1.
Chart 2.1: Disaster Management at the State Level

1 State Government I
Chief Secretary
State Crisis
Relief Commissioner

(District)
Magistrate

(Sub-Division) I Sub-Divisional
Magistrate I
I
(Tehsil) Tehsildars

Patwari

Source: Ministry of Honze Affairs

It may be noted that Uttaranchal has taken the initiative to establish a Ministry of Disaster
Management. It is a laudableeffort in the right direction and other States, especially those vulnerable
to natural disasters of severe nhture, may follow Uttaranchal's example.
 30 Understanding Natural Disasters

State Crisis Management Group

A State Crisis Management Group (SCMG) functions under the Chairmanshipof Chief Secretary
/Relief Commissioner. It comprisesSenior officers from the Departmentsof RevenueRelief,Home,
Civil Supplies, Power, h-rigation, Water Supply, Rural Development, Agriculture, Forest, Health,
Public Works; and Finance. The SCMG is expected to take into consideration the infrastructure
and guidance received from the Government of India and formulate action plans accordingly for
dealing with differentdisasters. This group is primarily involved in coordinating efforts at the State
level and maintaining liaison with the Central Government.
State Control Room
The Relief Co~nmissionerof the State establishes an Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) or a
Control Room as soon as disaster situation develops. The EOC collects and disseminates the
latest information on forecasting and warning of the anticipated disaster. It functions as the contact
point for coordinating disaster relief efforts with the other concerned Agencies and the Central
Government.

2.3.3 At the District Level

An effective and accountable district administration is the single most important entity for field level
organisations,and implementation of all government contingency plans. Thus, considerable authority
is vested in the District Collector to carry out disaster management operations. The district's day-
to-day administration centres around the District Collector, (in some states he is also known as
Distiict Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner) who heads the administrativeorganisationin adistrict.
He is responsible for administeringrelief or implementingcontingency plans for disaster mitigation
at the field level.
The Collector exercises co-ordinating and supervisory power over functionaries of all the
Departments in his area. During actual operationsfor disaster mitigation or relief, the power of the
Collector are considerably enhanced by standing instructionsor specific government orders. The
District Collector is entitled to seek the help of defence services in disaster situations.
Contingency Plans
The District Collector develops a contingency plan for the district, which is submitted to the State
Governmentfor approval. These plans lay down specific action points, key personnel, and contact
points i n relation to all aspects of disaster management. Police plays a very important role in
preparation and execution of contingency plans.
District Relief Committee
The various relief measures undertaken at the district level are establishment of Control Room;
administration of relief, medical care, epidemics, salvage, disposal of the dead, outside relief,
special relief; and proper informationincluding interaction with the Media. These measures are
reviewed by the district level Relief Committee consisting of official and non-official members
including the local Legislators andMembers of Parliament.
District Control Room
A Control Room is established immediately after receipt of warning in the district as soon as a
natural disaster is anticipated. The Control Room monitors the overall situation including rescue
and ref ief effortson a continuing basis. I tkeeps close liaison with the State Government Headquarters,
NGOs, and other agencies involved in disaster management.
I
Understanding Disaster Management 31

2,4 DISASTER
FIINANCZAL A
The financial policy framework for expenditure to provide relief to the victims of natural disasters
is based on the reco~nmendationsof the successive Finance Commissions. For meeting the relief
expenditures,two types of funds are provided by the Goveinmentof India viz., the Calamity Relief
Fund (CRF) and National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF). The CRF is usedfor meeting the
necessary expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims in cases of cyclone, drought,
earthquake, fire, hailstorm and flood. The atnount of annual contribution to the CRF of each State
is as indicated by the Finance Commission. A total of Rs. 11,007.59 crore was provided for the
CRFfroin 2000-05. Of the total contribution, the Government of Indiacontributes 75 percent of
the total yearly allocation in the form of non-plan grant, and the balance amount is contributed by
the State Governments.
Apart from the C W , a National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) scheme came into force
with effect from 2000-01 and would be operative till the end of the financial year 2004-05. It is
intended to cover calamities such as drought, earthquake, cyclone, fire, hailstom and flood, which
are considered to be of severe nature requiring expenditure by the State Government in excess of
the balance available in its own Calamity Relief Fund. The assistance fsom this fund is used only.for
immediate relief and rehabilitation.
In the context of disaster management, any reconstsuction of assets or restoration of damaged
capital should be financed through re-allocation of Plan Fund. In this regard, the initial corpus of
lhe National Fund is Rs. 500 crore, which is provided by the Government of India. Assistance
provided by the Central Government to the concerned State Government from the National Fund
may be financed by levy of a special surcharge on the centsal taxes for a limited period. Assistance
is also provided from the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund according to the merits of the
situiition.
The ~overntnent of India has a long history of using funds from the Five Year Plans for disaster
~iianagement.The funds are availableunderPlanSchemes of Govelnmentof India, say fordlinking
wtltel; employment generation, inputs for agriculture, and flood control measures etc. The schemes
that help in reducing disaster vulnerability are : Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP),Desert
Developlnent Programrne (DDP), Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP), Food
For Work (FEW), Sainpu~nGrameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Wasteland Development Programme

%
(W RLIn addition, there are facilities, specially for rescheduling of short-term loans taken for
agric tuse purposes upon certification by the District 1State Administration.
Tlie Central Government assets I infrastri~ctureare to be repaired / rectified by the respective
Ministry /Department of'Government of India. In addition, at the occunence of a calamity of great
magnitudefunds flow fsom donors at the national and international level for relief and rehabilitation
and in few cases for long-term preparedness /preventive ineasures also. Funds for the latter
pusposes are also availablefrom multilateral funding agencies like the World Bank. These types of
funds form part of the State Plan.

2.5 ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS,

C0IMM:UNITYBASED ORGANISATIONS, MEDIA AND
COMMUNICATIONS XN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The important function of the Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs) and Community Based
~ r ~ s n i s ~ t i(CBOs)
o n s is that of being a link between the Government and the Community. It I's
 Understanding Natural Disasters

i~nportantthat this link is maintained effectively at all the three stages of disaster management viz.
pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster stage. This function is rendered through different
~nechanismsas per the requirements of a situation such as distributionof relief material, ensuring
sanitation and hygiene, and damage assessment. The various other functions that these organisations
are perfol-ming in disaster management are listed in table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Role of NGOs and CBOs in Disaster Management

Stages of Disaster Management Activities performed by NGOsICBOs

Pre-Disaster Generating awareness
Providing training to local volunteers
Advocacy and local planning
During Disaster Providing immediate rescue and first-aid
Prevention of rumours with help from Media
Supply of water, food, medicines, and temporary
shelters.
Maintaining sanitation and hygiene
Help in disposing dead bodies
Help in damage assessment
Post-Disaster Providing technical and material aid and guidance
in reconstruction and rehabilitation
Assistance in arranging and distribution of financial
aid to disadvantaged groups,such as orphans,widows
9 Monitoring of relief and rehabilitation work
S o ~ ~ r c eMalzual
: 01% Natuml Disaster Mnnagenzent in India, Ministry of Agriculture .

The activities mentioned in table 2.2 indicate that the NGOs and CBOs are playing important role
in disaster management specially in assistance and co-ordination. They can contributeeffectively in
colnmunication with local people, iumging man-power, mobilising resources, and providing technjcal
and professional services. In addition,they are the vital link between the Government and Community.
Role of Media in Disaster Management
Media in the fonn of print material, broadcast and display is user friendly. It can reach millions of
people in short-time specially in emergency. Audio-video media transcends the limits of illitesacy
and at the time of disaster helps in mobilising resources and outside help also.
Role of Effective Communications in Disaster Management
Effective and reliable communications are necessary for disaster reduction. In this regard, new
colnmunication technologies play a very significant role because the traditional colnmunication
channels like landline are easily disturbed during djsasters. In this context, the contribution of
amateur radio (HAM) operators in providing emergency communication during disaster situations
has been spontaneous, useful and praiseworthy. Now that India operates its own amateur radio
satellite (HAMSET),this sector of volunteereffort, which hasprovedits worth in disaster situations,
would prove to be even more effective in overall disaster management.
Undrrstundirzg Disaster M~lnugement 33

REVIEW OF EXISTING DISASTER NAGEMENT

SYSTEM
It is evident that facing natural disasters by way of preparedness, mitigation,evacuation, relief and
issues relevant to the main themeviz., Disaster Management has been part of administrativeethos
and has come to be its sub-culture. The State, now a days, has the support in technological,
material, and financial terms, and the will of the leadership as well: Legal and Administrative
frameworks are also in place and are being strengthened. However, there is need to make the
system react more quickly and more effectively. This objective demands that the Disaster
Management system at all levels, from Community to the Central Government, be subject to
frequent trial, review and updating.
Most of the States still have antiquated Scarcity Manuals, though most of them issued delailed
instructionsfor dealing with disaster situations. A lead was taken by the States of Maharashtraand
Andhra Pradesh who prepared coinprehensive preparedness manuals'for dealing with earthquake
and flood/cyclone respectively. It is essential that comprehensive and actionable Manuals are
readied by all the States and Union Territories at the earliest and these are reviewed and updated
at least once a year.
A1l the district administrations were required to prepare District Disaster Management Plans. The
exercise is not complete as yet for many districts in the country and it needs to be completed ftst.
It has been commented upon by several study teams that the Ievel of requisite preparedness to
deal with a disaster often left much to be desired. The main flaw could be that the revenue
administration is fully apt to face situations like droughtlacutescarcities, where there is enough time
to prepare and provide relief and succour. However, the response is not adequate with regard to
the quick onset contingencies like flood, earthquake etc. The administrativesystems ethos change
slowly while the disaster situation warranting aquick response has movedlnuch faster, thus leaving
the ~nanageinentsystem far behind both in the matter of preparedness and relief. If adisaster is
followed by widespread disease or breakout of epidemic, the gap in the response ofthe disaster
managernen t system becomes all the more appasent.
It is essential that all the States, which are vulnerable to one or more types of disaster draw
preparedness plans / action plans to deal with each type of disaster. Needless toemphasise,
action plans against each disaster have to be different even if the government machinery and
support organisations to implement the action plan may be the same.
It is essential that the DisasterManagement Plan, at all levels, should be fully known to all the stake
holders including the public. It will be helpful if these are subject to citizens scrutiny and audit.
Expert NGOs and CBOs can, and should, play a leading role in such exercises and provide vesy
useful feedback. Such a review system will ensure public participation and support, and will
generate confidence and cooperation.

2.7 CONCLUSION
In this Unit, we have discussed the basic concept of disaster management and the need for
improvement in all related aspects for keeping the human and material sufferings to the minimum.
This Unit highlighted the fact that in order to move towards safer and sustaiilable national
development, disaster preparedness and mitigation aspects should be built in developmentprojects.
Disaster management system in India at the Central, State and District levels, and the financial
arrangements have been explained. The importance of the roles of NGOs, CBOs, Media and
Communications have been described briefly. Finally; a review is made of the existing disaster
management system and it is suggested that a citizens' scrutiny and auditof the Disaster Management
System at all levels will go a long way to make the system more effective and acceptable.
 34 U~aderstandingNat~~ral
Disasters

2.8 KEY CONCEPTS

Contingency Plan : This plan is linked with disaster that might happen in future. At the
district level, the Administration is required to prepare an advance
Contingency Plan dependi.ngon the type of disaster likely to affect the
distticj.
Nodal Ministry : The ministry mainly responsible for Disaster-Management. At the
Central Government level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the Nodal
Ministryfor natural disaster management excluding droughts for which
the Ministry of Agriculture is the Nodal Ministry.

2.9 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

- - - -- -
'

Carter, W. Nick, 1992, Disaster Management: A Disas'ter Manager's Handbook, Asian

DevelopmentBank, Manila.
Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, 2001 Annual Report, New Delhi.
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Disaster ManagementDivision, 2005,
Disaster Risk Reduction: The Indian Model, New Delhi.
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2002-2003 A~znualReport, New Delhi.
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, NDM Division, August 2004, Disaster
Management in India : A Status Report, New Delhi.
Govetnment of Maharashtra,MaharashtraDisaster Management Plan, July 1998, RiskAssessrize?zt
and VulnerabilityAnalysis, Murnbai.
NCDM, 200 1, Manual on Nutuml Disaster Management in India, IIPA, New Delhi.
Sahni, Pardeep and Madhavi Malagoda Ariyuabandu (Eds.), 2003 Disaster Risklieduction irz
S O L LAsia,
~ ~ ZPrentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
S atendra, 2003, Disaster Management in the Hills, Concept, New Delhi.
/

Sharrna, Vinod K.(Ed.),1995, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Public Administration,

New Delhi.
Singh, D.K. 2002-2002, District DisasterMangeinentPlan, District Control Room, Emergency
Section, Mayurbhanj.
Sinha, D.K., 2006, Towards Basics ofNatura1 Disaster Reduction, Researchco. Book Centre,
New Delhi.
Sinha, P.C. (Ed.), 1998, Encyclopaedia bf Disaster Management, Vol. 1, Introduction to
Disaster Management, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd,, New Delhi.
Taori, 2005, Disaster Management through Panchyati Raj, Concept, New Delhi.

2.10 ACTIVITY
1) Prepare a list of NGOs and CBOs in your area and analyse their activities in disaster
management.
2) What specific remedies would you suggest for evolving a desirablepattern of inter-relationship,
between the various levels of Government andNGOs for better development work in your
area?
3) In your area, what: kind of preparedness and support is needed to strengthen the disaster I
management? Illustrate with suitableexarnples. I
I
;I