Teradata SQL

Class Outline
CoffingDW education has been customized for every customer
for the past 20 years. Our classes can be taught either on site or
remotely via the internet.

Education Contact: Thomas Coffing

513-300-0341
Tom.Coffing@coffingdw.com
CoffingDW.com
Description: In this course, students will learn SQL starting at
the most basic level and going to the most advanced level with
many examples.

Objective: At the completion of this course, students will have

a deeper knowledge and understanding of Teradata SQL and
how to write it.

Topics:
 Basic SQL Functions
 The WHERE Clause
 Distinct Vs. Group By
 The TOP Command
 Review
 HELP and SHOW
 Aggregation Function
 Join Functions
 Date Functions
 Format Functions
 OLAP Functions
 The Quantile Function
 Temporary Tables
 Sub-query Functions
 Substrings and Positioning Functions
 Interrogating the Data
 View Functions
 Macro Functions
  Set Operators Functions
 Creating Tables, Secondary Indexes, and Join Indexes
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Stored Procedure Functions
 Trigger Functions
 Math Functions
 Sample
 Statistical Aggregate Functions
 Explain
 Collect Statistics
 Hashing Functions
 BTEQ – Batch Teradata Query
 Top SQL Commands Cheat Sheet

Audience: This course is designed for anyone who has a desire

to learn Teradata SQL from beginners to an advanced audience.

Prerequisites: None

Duration: 1-5 Days

Course Outline:
Chapter 1 - Basic SQL Functions

Introduction
SELECT * (All Columns) in a Table
SELECT Specific Columns in a Table
Using the Best Form for Writing SQL
Commas in the Front or in the Back?
Place your Commas in front for better Debugging Capabilities
Sort the Data with the ORDER BY Keyword
ORDER BY Defaults to Ascending
Use the Name or the Number in your ORDER BY Statement
Two Examples of ORDER BY using Different Techniques
Changing the ORDER BY to Descending Order
NULL Values sort First in Ascending Mode (Default)
NULL Values sort Last in Descending Mode (DESC)
Major Sort vs. Minor Sorts
Multiple Sort Keys using Names vs. Numbers
Sorts are Alphabetical, NOT Logical
Using A CASE Statement to Sort Logically
How to ALIAS a Column Name
A Missing Comma can by Mistake become an Alias
The Title Command and Literal Data
Comments using Double Dashes are Single Line Comments
Comments for Multi-Lines
Comments for Multi-Lines as Double Dashes per Line
A Great Technique for Comments to Look for SQL Errors

Chapter 2 - The WHERE Clause

The WHERE Clause limits Returning Rows

Using a Column ALIAS throughout the SQL
Double Quoted Aliases are for Reserved Words and Spaces
Character Data needs Single Quotes in the WHERE Clause
Character Data needs Single Quotes, but Numbers Don’t
NULL means UNKNOWN DATA so Equal (=) won’t Work
Use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL when dealing with NULLs
NULL is UNKNOWN DATA so NOT Equal won’t Work
Use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL when dealing with NULLs
Using Greater Than OR Equal To (>=)
Using GE as Greater Than or Equal To (>=)
AND in the WHERE Clause
Troubleshooting AND
OR in the WHERE Clause
Troubleshooting OR
OR must utilize the Column Name Each Time
Troubleshooting Character Data
Using Different Columns in an AND Statement
Quiz – How many rows will return?
Answer to Quiz – How many rows will return?
What is the Order of Precedence?
Using Parentheses to change the Order of Precedence
Using an IN List in place of OR
The IN List is an Excellent Technique
IN List vs. OR brings the same Results
Using a NOT IN List
A Technique for Handling Nulls with a NOT IN List
An IN List with the Keyword ANY
A NOT IN List with the Keywords NOT = ALL
BETWEEN is Inclusive
BETWEEN Works for Character Data
LIKE uses Wildcards Percent ‘%’ and Underscore ‘_’
LIKE command Underscore is Wildcard for one Character
LIKE ALL means ALL conditions must be Met
LIKE ANY means ANY of the Conditions can be Met
IN ANSI Transaction Mode Case Matters
In Teradata Transaction Mode Case Doesn’t Matter
LIKE Command Works Differently on Char Vs. Varchar
Troubleshooting LIKE Command on Character Data
Introducing the TRIM Command
Quiz – Which Data is Left Justified and Which is Right?
Numbers are Right Justified and Character Data is Left
Answer – Which Data is Left Justified and Which is Right?
An Example of Data with Left and Right Justification
A Visual of CHARACTER Data vs. VARCHAR Data
Use the TRIM command to remove spaces on CHAR Data
TRIM Eliminates Leading and Trailing Spaces
Escape Character in the LIKE Command changes Wildcards
Escape Characters Turn off Wildcards in the LIKE Command
Quiz – Turn off that Wildcard
ANSWER – To Find that Wildcard

Chapter 3 - Distinct Vs. Group By

The Distinct Command

Distinct vs. GROUP BY
Rules of Thumb for DISTINCT vs. GROUP BY
GROUP BY Vs. DISTINCT – Good Advice
Quiz – How many rows come back from the Distinct?
Answer – How many rows come back from the Distinct?

Chapter 4 - The TOP Command

TOP Command
TOP Command is brilliant when ORDER BY is used!
The TOP Command WITH TIES
How the TOP Command WITH TIES Decides
The TOP Command will NOT work with Certain Commands

Chapter 5 – Review

Testing Your Knowledge 1

Testing Your Knowledge 2
Testing Your Knowledge 3
Testing Your Knowledge 4
Testing Your Knowledge 5
Testing Your Knowledge 6
Testing Your Knowledge 7

Chapter 6 - HELP and SHOW

Determining the Release of your Teradata System

Basic HELP Commands
Other HELP Commands
HELP DATABASE
HELP USER
HELP TABLE
Adding a Comment to a Table
Adding a Comment to a View
SELECT SESSION
USER Information Functions
HELP SESSION
HELP SQL
A HELP SQL Example
Show Commands
SHOW Table command for Table DDL
SHOW View command for View Create Statement
SHOW Macro command for Macro Create Statement
SHOW Trigger command for Trigger Create Statement

Chapter 7 - Aggregation Function

Quiz – You calculate the Answer Set in your own Mind

Answer – You calculate the Answer Set in your own Mind
The 3 Rules of Aggregation
There are Five Aggregates
Quiz – How many rows come back?
Troubleshooting Aggregates
GROUP BY when Aggregates and Normal Columns Mix
GROUP BY Delivers one row per Group
GROUP BY Dept_No or GROUP BY 1 the same thing
Limiting Rows and Improving Performance with WHERE
WHERE Clause in Aggregation limits unneeded Calculations
Keyword HAVING tests Aggregates after they are Totaled
Keyword HAVING is like an Extra WHERE Clause for Totals
Getting the Average Values per Column
Average Values per Column for All Columns in a Table
Three types of Advanced Grouping
GROUP BY Grouping Sets
GROUP BY Rollup
GROUP BY Rollup Result Set
GROUP BY Cube
GROUP BY CUBE Result Set
Use the Nexus for all Groupings
Testing Your Knowledge – Basic Aggregation
Testing Your Knowledge – Multiple Aggregates
Testing Your Knowledge- Group By
Testing Your Knowledge – Using a Where Clause
Testing Your Knowledge- Using Having
Final Answer to Test Your Knowledge on Aggregates

Chapter 8 - Join Functions

A two-table join using Non-ANSI Syntax

A two-table join using Non-ANSI Syntax with Table Alias
Aliases and Fully Qualifying Columns
A two-table join using ANSI Syntax
Both Queries have the same Results and Performance
Quiz – Can You Finish the Join Syntax?
Answer to Quiz – Can You Finish the Join Syntax?
Quiz – Can You Find the Error?
Answer to Quiz – Can You Find the Error?
Quiz – Which rows from both tables Won’t Return?
Answer to Quiz – Which rows from both tables Won’t Return?
LEFT OUTER JOIN
LEFT OUTER JOIN Brings Back All Rows in the Left Table
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Brings Back All Rows in the RIGHT Table
FULL OUTER JOIN
FULL OUTER JOIN Brings Back All Rows in All Tables
Which Tables are the Left and which are the Right?
Answer - Which Tables are the Left and which are the Right?
INNER JOIN with Additional AND Clause
ANSI INNER JOIN with Additional AND Clause
ANSI INNER JOIN with Additional WHERE Clause
OUTER JOIN with Additional WHERE Clause
OUTER JOIN with Additional AND Clause
Results from OUTER JOIN with Additional AND Clause
Quiz – Why is this considered an INNER JOIN?
The DREADED Product Join
Result Set of the DREADED Product Join
The Horrifying Cartesian Product Join
The ANSI Cartesian Join will ERROR
Quiz – Do these Joins Return the Same Answer Set?
Answer – Do these Joins Return the Same Answer Set?
The CROSS JOIN
The CROSS JOIN Answer Set
The Self Join
The Self Join with ANSI Syntax
Quiz – Will both queries bring back the same Answer Set?
Answer – Will both queries bring back the same Answer Set?
Quiz – Will both queries bring back the same Answer Set?
Answer – Will both queries bring back the same Answer Set?
How would you Join these two tables?
How would you Join these two tables? You Can’t Yet!
An Associative Table is a Bridge that Joins Two Tables
Quiz – Can you Write the 3-Table Join?
Answer to Quiz – Can you Write the 3-Table Join?
Quiz – Can you Write the 3-Table Join to ANSI Syntax?
Answer – Can you Write the 3-Table Join to ANSI Syntax?
Quiz – Can you Place the ON Clauses at the End?
Answer – Can you Place the ON Clauses at the End?
The 5-Table Join – Logical Insurance Model
Quiz - Write a Five Table Join Using ANSI Syntax
Answer - Write a Five Table Join Using ANSI Syntax
Quiz - Write a Five Table Join Using ANSI Syntax
Answer - Write a Five Table Join Using ANSI Syntax
Quiz - Write a Five Table Join Using Non-ANSI Syntax
Answer - Write a Five Table Join Using Non-ANSI Syntax
Quiz –Re-Write this putting the ON clauses at the END
Answer –Re-Write this putting the ON clauses at the END
The Nexus Query Chameleon Writes the SQL for Users.

Chapter 9 - Date Functions

Date, Time, and Current_Timestamp Keywords

Dates are stored internally as INTEGERS from a Formula
Displaying Dates for INTEGERDATE and ANSIDATE
DATEFORM
Changing the DATEFORM in Client Utilities such as BTEQ
Date, Time, and Timestamp Recap
Timestamp Differences
Finding the Number of Hours between Timestamps
Troubleshooting Timestamp
Add or Subtract Days from a date
A Summary of Math Operations on Dates
Using a Math Operation to find your Age in Years
Find What Day of the week you were Born
The ADD_MONTHS Command
Using the ADD_MONTHS Command to Add 1 Year
Using the ADD_MONTHS Command to Add 5 Years
The EXTRACT Command
EXTRACT from DATES and TIME
CURRENT_DATE and EXTRACT or Current_Date and Math
CAST the Date of January 1, 2011 and the Year 1800
The System Calendar
Using the System Calendar in Its Simplest Form
How to really use the Sys_Calendar.Calendar
Storing Dates Internally
Storing Time Internally
Storing TIME with TIME ZONE Internally
Storing Timestamp Internally
Storing Timestamp with TIME ZONE Internally
Storing Date, Time, and Timestamp with Zone Internally
Time Zones
Setting Time Zones
Seeing your Time Zone
Creating a Sample Table for Time Zone Examples
Inserting Rows in the Sample Table for Time Zone Examples
Selecting the Data from our Time Zone Table
Normalizing our Time Zone Table with a CAST
Intervals for Date, Time and Timestamp
Interval Data Types and the Bytes to Store Them
The Basics of a Simple Interval
Troubleshooting the Basics of a Simple Interval
Interval Arithmetic Results
A Date Interval Example
A Time Interval Example
A - DATE Interval Example
A Complex Time Interval Example using CAST
A Complex Time Interval Example using CAST
The OVERLAPS Command
An OVERLAPS Example that Returns No Rows
The OVERLAPS Command using TIME
The OVERLAPS Command using a NULL Value

Chapter 10 - Format Functions

The FORMAT Command

The Basics of the FORMAT Command
Quiz – How will the Date Appear after Formatting
Answer to Quiz – How will the Date Appear after Formatting
Quiz – How will the Date Appear after Formatting
Answer to Quiz – How will the Date Appear after Formatting
Formatting with MMM for the Abbreviated Month
Answer to Quiz – How will the Date Appear after Formatting
Formatting with MMMM for the Full Month Name
Formatting with MMMM for the Full Month
Formatting with DDD for the Julian Day
Formatting with DDD for the Julian Day
Formatting with EEE or EEEE for the Day of the Week
EEEE for the Abbreviated or Full Day of the Week
Placing Spaces inside your Formatting Commands with a B
Formatting Spaces with B or b
Formatting with 9
Formatting with 9 Results
Troubleshooting when Formatted Data Overflows
Troubleshooting when Formatted Data Overflows
Formatting with X or x
Formatting with Z
Formatting with Z Visual
Formatting with 9
Formatting with 9 Visual
Formatting with $
Formatting with $ Visual
Formatting with $ and Commas
Formatting with $ and Commas Visual
Formatting with $ and Commas and 9
Formatting with $ and Commas and 9 with Zero Dollars
A Great Formatting Example
A Great Formatting Example for Day, Month, and Year
A Trick to get SQL Assistant to Format Data
Using the CASESPECIFIC (CS) Command in Teradata Mode
Using NOT CASESPECIFIC (CS) in ANSI Mode
Using the LOWER Command
Using the UPPER Command

Chapter 11 - OLAP Functions

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) or Ordered Analytics

Cumulative Sum (CSUM) Command and how OLAP Works
OLAP Commands always Sort (ORDER BY) in the Command
Calculate the Cumulative Sum (CSUM) after Sorting the Data
The OLAP Major Sort Key
The OLAP Major Sort Key and the Minor Sort Key(s)
Troubleshooting OLAP – My Data isn’t coming back correct
GROUP BY in Teradata OLAP Syntax Resets on the Group
CSUM the Number 1 to get a Sequential Number
A Single GROUP BY Resets each OLAP with Teradata Syntax
A Better Choice – The ANSI Version of CSUM
The ANSI Version of CSUM – The Sort Explained
The ANSI CSUM – Rows Unbounded Preceding Explained
The ANSI CSUM – Making Sense of the Data
The ANSI CSUM – Making Even More Sense of the Data
The ANSI CSUM – The Major and Minor Sort Key(s)
The ANSI CSUM – Getting a Sequential Number
Troubleshooting the ANSI OLAP on a GROUP BY
The ANSI OLAP – Reset with a PARTITION BY Statement
PARTITION BY only Resets a Single OLAP not ALL of them
The Moving SUM (MSUM) and Moving Window
How the Moving Sum is calculated
How the Sort works for Moving SUM (MSUM)
GROUP BY in the Moving SUM does a Reset
Quiz – Can you make the Advanced Calculation in your mind?
Answer to Quiz for the Advanced Calculation in your mind?
Quiz – Write that Teradata Moving Average in ANSI Syntax
Both the Teradata Moving SUM and ANSI Version
The ANSI Moving Window is Current Row and Preceding
How ANSI Moving Average Handles the Sort
Quiz – How is that Total Calculated?
Answer to Quiz – How is that Total Calculated?
Moving SUM every 3-rows Vs. a Continuous Average
Partition BY Resets an ANSI OLAP
The Moving Average (MAVG) and Moving Window
How the Moving Average is calculated
How the Sort works for Moving Average (MAVG)
GROUP BY in the Moving Average does a Reset
Quiz – Can you make the Advanced Calculation in your mind?
Answer to Quiz for the Advanced Calculation in your mind?
Quiz – Write that Teradata Moving Average in ANSI Syntax
Both the Teradata Moving Average and ANSI Version
The ANSI Moving Window is Current Row and Preceding
How ANSI Moving Average Handles the Sort
Quiz – How is that Total Calculated?
Answer to Quiz – How is that Total Calculated?
Quiz – How is that 4th Row Calculated?
Answer to Quiz – How is that 4th Row Calculated?
Moving Average every 3-rows Vs. a Continuous Average
Partition BY Resets an ANSI OLAP
The Moving Difference (MDIFF)
Moving Difference (MDIFF) Visual
Moving Difference using ANSI Syntax
Moving Difference using ANSI Syntax with Partition By
Trouble Shooting the Moving Difference (MDIFF)
Using the RESET WHEN Option in Teradata (V13)
How Many Months per Product_ID has Revenue Increased?
The RANK Command
How to get Rank to Sort in Ascending Order
Two ways to get Rank to Sort in Ascending Order
RANK using ANSI Syntax Defaults to Ascending Order
Getting RANK using ANSI Syntax to Sort in DESC Order
RANK () OVER and PARTITION BY
RANK () OVER and QUALIFY
RANK () OVER and PARTITION BY with a QUALIFY
QUALIFY and WHERE
Quiz – How can you simplify the QUALIFY Statement
Answer to Quiz –Can you simplify the QUALIFY Statement
The QUALIFY Statement without Ties
The QUALIFY Statement with Ties
The QUALIFY Statement with Ties Brings back Extra Rows
Mixing Sort Order for QUALIFY Statement
Quiz – What Caused the RANK to Reset?
Answer to Quiz – What Caused the RANK to Reset?
Quiz – Name those Sort Orders
Answer to Quiz – Name those Sort Orders
PERCENT_RANK () OVER
PERCENT_RANK () OVER with 14 rows in Calculation
PERCENT_RANK () OVER with 21 rows in Calculation
Quiz – What Cause the Product_ID to Reset
Answer to Quiz – What Causes the Product_ID to Reset
Answer to Quiz – What Causes the Product_ID to Reset
COUNT OVER for a Sequential Number
Troubleshooting COUNT OVER
Quiz – What caused the COUNT OVER to Reset?
Answer to Quiz – What caused the COUNT OVER to Reset?
The MAX OVER Command
MAX OVER with PARTITION BY Reset
Troubleshooting MAX OVER
The MIN OVER Command
Troubleshooting MIN OVER
Finding a Value of a Column in the Next Row with MIN
Finding a Value of a Date in the Next Row with MIN
Finding Gaps between Dates
The CSUM for Each Product_ID for the First 3 Days
Quiz – Fill in the Blank
Answer to Quiz – Fill in the Blank
The Row_Number Command
Quiz – How did the Row_Number Reset?
Quiz – How did the Row_Number Reset?
Row_Number with Qualify to get the Typical Rows per Value
A Second Typical Rows per Value Query on Sale_Date
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge

Chapter 12 - The Quantile Function

The Quantile Function and Syntax

A Quantile Example
A Quantile Example using DESC Mode
QUALIFY to find Products in the top Partitions
QUALIFY to find Products in the top Partitions Sorted DESC
QUALIFY to find Products in the top Partitions Sorted ASC
QUALIFY to find Products in top Partitions with Tiebreaker
Using Tertiles (Partitions of Four)
How Quantile Works

Chapter 13 - Temporary Tables

There are three types of Temporary Tables

CREATING A Derived Table
Naming the Derived Table
Aliasing the Column Names in the Derived Table
Most Derived Tables Are Used To Join To Other Tables
Multiple Ways to Alias the Columns in a Derived Table
Our Join Example with a Different Column Aliasing Style
Column Aliasing Can Default for Normal Columns
CREATING a Derived Table using the WITH Command
Our Join Example With the WITH Syntax
The Same Derived Query shown Three Different Ways
Quiz - Answer the Questions
Answer to Quiz - Answer the Questions
Clever Tricks on Aliasing Columns in a Derived Table
A Derived Table lives only for the lifetime of a single query
An Example of Two Derived Tables in a Single Query
WITH RECURSIVE Derived Table
Defining the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Looping Through the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Looping Through the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Looping Through the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Looping Through the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Looping Through the WITH Recursive Derived Table
Creating a Volatile Table
You Populate a Volatile Table with an INSERT/SELECT
The Three Steps to Use a Volatile Table
Why Would You Use the ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS?
The HELP Volatile Table Command Shows your Volatiles
A Volatile Table with a Primary Index
The Joining of Two Tables Using a Volatile Table
You Can Collect Statistics on Volatile Tables
The New Teradata V14 Way to Collect Statistics
Four Examples of Creating a Volatile Table Quickly
Four Advanced Examples of Creating a Volatile Table Quickly
Creating Partitioned Primary Index (PPI) Volatile Tables
Using a Volatile Table to Get Rid of Duplicate Rows
Using a Simple Global Temporary Table
Two Brilliant Techniques for Global Temporary Tables
The Joining of Two Tables Using a Global Temporary Table
CREATING A Global Temporary Table

Chapter 14 - Sub-query Functions

An IN List is much like a Subquery

An IN List Never has Duplicates – Just like a Subquery
An IN List Ignores Duplicates
The Subquery
How a Basic Subquery Works
The Final Answer Set from the Subquery
Quiz- Answer the Difficult Question
Answer to Quiz- Answer the Difficult Question
Should you use a Subquery of a Join?
Quiz- Write the Subquery
Answer to Quiz- Write the Subquery
Quiz- Write the More Difficult Subquery
Answer to Quiz- Write the More Difficult Subquery
Quiz- Write the Subquery with an Aggregate
Answer to Quiz- Write the Subquery with an Aggregate
Quiz- Write the Correlated Subquery
Answer to Quiz- Write the Correlated Subquery
The Basics of a Correlated Subquery
The Top Query always runs first in a Correlated Subquery
The Bottom Query runs last in a Correlated Subquery
Quiz- Who is coming back in the Final Answer Set?
Answer- Who is coming back in the Final Answer Set?
Correlated Subquery Example vs. a Join with a Derived Table
Quiz- A Second Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Answer - A Second Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Quiz- A Third Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Answer - A Third Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Quiz- Last Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Answer – Last Chance to Write a Correlated Subquery
Correlated Subquery that Finds Duplicates
Quiz- Write the NOT Subquery
Answer to Quiz- Write the NOT Subquery
Quiz- Write the Subquery using a WHERE Clause
Answer - Write the Subquery using a WHERE Clause
Quiz- Write the Subquery with Two Parameters
Answer to Quiz- Write the Subquery with Two Parameters
How the Double Parameter Subquery Works
More on how the Double Parameter Subquery Works
Quiz – Write the Triple Subquery
Answer to Quiz – Write the Triple Subquery
Quiz – How many rows return on a NOT IN with a NULL?
How to handle a NOT IN with Potential NULL Values
IN is equivalent to =ANY
Using a Correlated Exists
How a Correlated Exists matches up
The Correlated NOT Exists
The Correlated NOT Exists Answer Set
Quiz – How many rows come back from this NOT Exists?
Answer – How many rows come back from this NOT Exists?

Chapter 15 - Substrings and Positioning Functions

The CHARACTERS Command Counts Characters

The CHARACTERS Command – Spaces can Count too
The CHARACTERS Command and Char (20) Data
Troubleshooting the CHARACTERS Command
TRIM for Troubleshooting the CHARACTERS Command
CHARACTERS and CHARACTER_LENGTH equivalent
OCTET_LENGTH
The TRIM Command trims both Leading and Trailing Spaces
Trim and Trailing is Case Sensitive
Trim and Trailing works if Case right
Trim Combined with the CHARACTERS Command
How to TRIM only the Trailing Spaces
How to TRIM Trailing Letters
How to TRIM Trailing Letters and use CHARACTER_Length
The SUBSTRING Command
How SUBSTRING Works with NO ENDING POSITION
Using SUBSTRING to move Backwards
How SUBSTRING Works with a Starting Position of -1
How SUBSTRING Works with an Ending Position of 0
An Example using SUBSTRING, TRIM and CHAR Together
SUBSTRING and SUBSTR are equal, but use differe,nt syntax
The POSITION Command finds a Letters Position
The POSITION Command is brilliant with SUBSTRING
Quiz – Name that SUBSTRING Starting and For Length
The POSITION Command is brilliant with SUBSTRING
Quiz – Name that SUBSTRING Starting and For Length
Answer to Quiz – Name that Starting and For Length
Answer to Quiz – Name that Starting and For Length
Using the SUBSTRING to Find the Second Word On
Quiz – Why did only one Row Return
Answer to Quiz – Why Did only one Row Return
Concatenation
Concatenation and SUBSTRING
Four Concatenations Together
Troubleshooting Concatenation

Chapter 16 - Interrogating the Data

Quiz – What would the Answer be?

Answer to Quiz – What would the Answer be?
The NULLIFZERO Command
Quiz – Fill in the Blank Values in the Answer Set
Answer to Quiz – Fill in the Blank Values in the Answer Set
Answer to Quiz – Fill in the Blank Values in the Answer Set
Quiz – Fill in the Answers for the NULLIF Command
Quiz – Fill in the Answers for the NULLIF Command
The ZEROIFNULL Command
Answer to the ZEROIFNULL Question
The COALESCE Command
The COALESCE Answer Set
The Coalesce Quiz
Answers to the Coalesce Quiz
The Basics of CAST (Convert and Store)
Some Great CAST (Convert and Store) Examples
Some Great CAST (Convert and Store) Examples
Some Great CAST (Convert and Store) Examples
A Teradata Extension – The Implied Cast
The Basics of the CASE Statements
The Basics of the CASE Statement shown visually
Valued Case vs. Searched Case
Quiz - Valued Case Statement
Answer - Valued Case Statement
Quiz - Searched Case Statement
Answer - Searched Case Statement
Quiz - When NO ELSE is present in CASE Statement
Answer - When NO ELSE is present in CASE Statement
When an ELSE is present in CASE Statement
When NO ELSE is present in CASE Statement
When an Alias is NOT used in a CASE Statement
When an Alias is NOT used in a CASE Statement
When NO ELSE is present in CASE Statement
Combining Searched Case and Valued Case
A Trick for getting a Horizontal Case
Nested Case
Put a CASE in the ORDER BY

Chapter 17 - View Functions

Creating a Simple View

Basic Rules for Views
How to Modify a View
Exceptions to the ORDER BY Rule inside a View
How to Get HELP with a View
Views sometimes CREATED for Formatting or Row Security
Another Way to Alias Columns in a View CREATE
Resolving Aliasing Problems in a View CREATE
Resolving Aliasing Problems in a View CREATE
Resolving Aliasing Problems in a View CREATE
CREATING Views for Complex SQL such as Joins
WHY certain columns need Aliasing in a View
Aggregates on View Aggregates
Locking Row for Access
Creating Views for Temporal Tables
Altering a Table
Altering a Table after a View has been created
A View that errors After an ALTER
Troubleshooting a View
Updating Data in a Table through a View
Maintenance Restrictions on a Table through a View

Chapter 18 - Macro Functions

The 14 rules of Macros

CREATING and EXECUTING a Simple Macro
Multiple SQL Statements inside a Macro
Complex Joins inside a Macro
Passing an INPUT Parameter to a Macro
Troubleshooting a Macro with INPUT Parameters
Troubleshooting a Macro with INPUT Parameters
An UPDATE Macro with Two Input Parameters
Executing a Macro with Named (Not Positional) Parameters
Troubleshooting a Macro
Chapter 19 - Set Operators Functions
Rules of Set Operators
INTERSECT Explained Logically
INTERSECT Explained Logically
UNION Explained Logically
UNION Explained Logically
UNION ALL Explained Logically
UNION Explained Logically
EXCEPT Explained Logically
EXCEPT Explained Logically
Minus Explained Logically
Minus Explained Logically
Testing Your Knowledge
Testing Your Knowledge
An Equal Amount of Columns in both SELECT List
Columns in the SELECT list should be from the same Domain
The Top Query handles all Aliases
The Bottom Query does the ORDER BY (a Number)
Great Trick: Place your Set Operator in a Derived Table
UNION vs. UNION ALL
UNION vs. UNION ALL Example
Using UNION ALL and Literals
A Great Example of how EXCEPT works
USING Multiple SET Operators in a Single Request
Changing the Order of Precedence with Parentheses
Using UNION ALL for speed in Merging Data Sets
Using UNION to be same as GROUP BY GROUPING SETS
Using UNION to be same as GROUP BY ROLLUP
Using UNION to be the same as GROUP BY Cube
Using UNION to be same as GROUP BY Cube
Using UNION to be same as GROUP BY Cube

Chapter 20 – Creating Tables, Secondary Indexes, and Join

Indexes

Creating a Table with a Unique Primary Index

Creating a Table with a Non-Unique Primary Index
Creating a Table without entering a Primary Index
Creating a Table with NO Primary Index
Creating a Set Table
Creating a Multiset Table
Creating a Set Table with a Unique Primary Index
Creating a Set Table with a Unique Secondary Index
Creating a Table with an UPI and USI
Creating a Table with a Multicolumn Primary Index
Creating a Unique Secondary Index (USI) after a table is created
Creating a Non-Unique Secondary Index (NUSI) after a table is created
Creating a Value-Ordered NUSI
Data Types
Data Types Continued
Data Types Continued
Major Data Types and the number of Bytes they take up
Making an exact copy a Table
Making a NOT-So-Exact Copy a Table
Copying a Table
Troubleshooting Copying and Changing the Primary Index
Copying only specific columns of a table
Copying a Table and Keeping the Statistics
Copying a Table with Statistics
Copying a table Structure with NO Data but Statistics
Creating a Table with Fallback
Creating a Table with No Fallback
Creating a Table with a Before Journal
Creating a Table with a Dual Before Journal
Creating a Table with an After Journal
Creating a Table with a Dual After Journal
Creating a Table with a Journal Keyword Alone
Why Use Journaling?
Why Use Journaling?
Creating a Table with Customization of the Data Block Size
Creating a Table with Customization with FREESPACE Percent
Creating a QUEUE Table
Example of how a Queue Table Works
Example of how a Queue Table Works
Creating a Columnar Table
Creating a Columnar Table with Multi-Column Containers
Creating a Columnar Table with a Row Hybrid
Creating a Columnar Table with both Row and Column Partitions
How to Load into a Columnar Table
Creating a Columnar Table with NO AUTO COMPRESS
CREATING a Bi-Temporal Table
Explaining Bi-Temporal PERIOD Data Types
Creating a PPI Table with Simple Partitioning
Creating a PPI Table with RANGE_N Partitioning per Day
Creating a PPI Table with RANGE_N Partitioning per Month
A Visual of One Year of Data with Range_N per Month
Creating a PPI Table with RANGE_N Partitioning per Week
A Clever Range_N Option
Creating a PPI Table with CASE_N
A Visual of Case_N Partitioning
Number of PPI Partitions Allowed
NO CASE and UNKNOWN Partitions Together
Combining Older Data and Newer Data in PPI
A Visual for Combining Older Data and Newer Data in PPI
Multi-Level Partitioning Combining Range_N and Case_N
A Visual of Multi-Level Partitioning
NON-Unique Primary Indexes (NUPI) in PPI
PPI Table with a Unique Primary Index (UPI)
Tricks for Non-Unique Primary Indexes (NUPI)
A Brilliant Technique for a Unique Secondary Index
A Brilliant Technique for a Non-Unique Secondary Index
Character Based PPI for RANGE_N
Character-Based PPI for CASE_N
Dates and Character-Based Multi-Level PPI
TIMESTAMP Partitioning
Using CURRENT_DATE to define a PPI
ALTER to CURRENT_DATE the next year
ALTER to CURRENT_DATE with Save
Altering a PPI Table to Add or Drop Partitions
Deleting a Partition
Deleting a Partition and saving its contents
Using the PARTITION Keyword in your SQL
SQL for RANGE_N
SQL for CASE_N
SQL – User Defined Functions (UDF)
User Defined Functions
Creating a Multi-Table Join Index
Visual of a Join Index
Outer Join Multi-Table Join Index
Visual of a Left Outer Join Index
Compressed Multi-Table Join Index
Creating a Single-Table Join Index
Compressed Single-Table Join Index
Aggregate Join Index
Sparse Join Index
A Global Multi-Table Join Index
Creating a Hash Index

Chapter 21 - Data Manipulation Language (DML)

INSERT Syntax # 1
INSERT Example with Syntax 1
INSERT Syntax # 2
INSERT Example with Syntax 2
INSERT Example with Syntax 3
Using NULL for Default Values
INSERT/SELECT Command
INSERT/SELECT Example using All Columns (*)
INSERT/SELECT Example with Less Columns
INSERT/SELECT to Build a Data Mart
Fast Path INSERT/SELECT
NOT quite the Fast Path INSERT/SELECT
UNION for the Fast Path INSERT/SELECT
BTEQ for the Fast Path INSERT/SELECT
The UPDATE Command Basic Syntax
Two UPDATE Examples
Subquery UPDATE Command Syntax
Example of Subquery UPDATE Command
Join UPDATE Command Syntax
Example of an UPDATE Join Command
Fast Path UPDATE
The DELETE Command Basic Syntax
Two DELETE Examples to DELETE ALL Rows in a Table
A DELETE Example Deleting only Some of the Rows
Subquery and Join DELETE Command Syntax
Example of Subquery DELETE Command
Example of Join DELETE Command
Fast Path DELETE
Fast Path DELETE Example # 1
Fast Path DELETE Example # 2
Fast Path DELETE Example # 3
MERGE INTO
MERGE INTO Example that Matches
MERGE INTO Example that does NOT Match
OReplace

Chapter 22 - Stored Procedure Functions

Stored Procedures vs. Macros
Creating a Stored Procedure
How you CALL a Stored Procedure
Label all BEGIN and END statements except the first ones
How to Declare a Variable
How to Declare a Variable and then SET the Variable
An IN Variable is passed to the Procedure during the CALL
The IN, OUT and INOUT Parameters
Using IF inside a Stored Procedure
Example of two Stored Procedures with different techniques
Using Loops in Stored Procedures
You can Name the First Begin and End if you choose
Using Keywords LEAVE vs. UNTIL for LEAVE vs. REPEAT
Stored Procedure Basic Assignment
Answer - Stored Procedure Basic Assignment
Stored Procedure Advanced Assignment
Answer - Stored Advanced Assignment

Chapter 23 - Trigger Functions

The Fundamentals of Triggers

CREATING A Trigger
FOR EACH STATEMENT vs. FOR EACH ROW
Using ORDER when Similar Triggers Exist
Chapter 24 - Math Functions

What is the Order of Precedents?

What is the Answer to this Math Question?
What is the Answer to this Math Question?
What is the Answer to this Math Question?

Chapter 25 - Sample

The SAMPLE Function and Syntax

SAMPLE Function Examples
A SAMPLE Example that asks for Multiple Samples
A SAMPLE Example with the SAMPLEID
A SAMPLE Example WITH REPLACEMENT
A SAMPLE Example with Four 10% Samples
A Randomized SAMPLE
A SAMPLE with Conditional Logic
Aggregates and A SAMPLE using a Derived Table
Random Number Generator
Using Random to SELECT a Percentage of Rows
Using Random and Aggregations
Chapter 26 - Statistical Aggregate Functions

The Stats Table

The KURTOSIS Function
A Kurtosis Example
The SKEW Function
A SKEW Example
The STDDEV_POP Function
A STDDEV_POP Example
The STDDEV_SAMP Function
A STDDEV_SAMP Example
The VAR_POP Function
A VAR_POP Example
The VAR_SAMP Function
A VAR_SAMP Example
The CORR Function
A CORR Example
Another CORR Example so you can compare
The COVAR_POP Function
A COVAR_POP Example
Another COVAR_POP Example so you can Compare
The REGR_INTERCEPT Function
A REGR_INTERCEPT Example
Another REGR_INTERCEPT Example so you can compare
The REGR_SLOPE Function
A REGR_SLOPE Example
Another REGR_SLOPE Example so you can compare
Using GROUP BY
No Having Clause vs. Use of HAVING

Chapter 27 - Explain

EXPLAIN Keywords
EXPLAIN Keywords Continued
Explain Example – Full Table Scan
Explain Example – Unique Primary Index (UPI)
Explain Example – Non-Unique Primary Index (NUPI)
Explain Example – Unique Secondary Index (USI)
Explain Example – Redistributed to All-AMPs
Explain Example – Row Hash Match Scan
Explain Example – Duplicated on All-AMPs
Explain Example –Low Confidence
Explain Example – High Confidence
Explain Example – Product Join
Explain Example – BMSMS
Explain Terminology for Partitioned Primary Index Tables
Explain Example – From a Single Partition
Explain Example – From N Partitions
Explain Example – Partitions and Current_Date

Chapter 28 - Collect Statistics

The Teradata Parsing Engine (Optimizer) is Cost Based

The Purpose of Collect Statistics
When Teradata Collects Statistics, it creates a Histogram
The Interval of the Collect Statistics Histogram
Histogram Quiz
Answers to Histogram Quiz
What to COLLECT STATISTICS On?
Why Collect Statistics?
How do you know if Statistics were collected on a Table?
A Huge Hint that No Statistics Have Been Collected
The Basic Syntax for COLLECT STATISTICS
COLLECT STATISTICS Examples for a better Understanding
The New Teradata V14 Way to Collect Statistics
Where Does Teradata Keep the Collected Statistics?
The Official Syntaxes for COLLECT STATISTICS
How to Recollect STATISTICS on a Table
Teradata Always Does a Random AMP Sample
Random Sample is kept in the Table Header in FSG Cache
Multiple Random AMP Samplings
How a Random AMP gets a Table Row count
Random AMP Estimates for NUSI Secondary Indexes
USI Random AMP Samples are Not Considered
There’s No Random AMP Estimate for Non-Indexed Columns
Summary of the PE Plan if No Statistics Were Collected
Stale Statistics Detection and Extrapolation
Extrapolation for Future Dates
How to Copy a Table with Data and the Statistics?
COLLECT STATISTICS Directly From another Table
How to Copy a Table with NO Data and the Statistics?
When to COLLECT STATISTICS Using only a SAMPLE
Examples of COLLECT STATISTICS Using only a SAMPLE
Examples of COLLECT STATISTICS for V14
How to Collect Statistics on a PPI Table on the Partition
Teradata V12 and V13 Statistics Enhancements
Teradata V14 Statistics Enhancements
Teradata V14 Summary Statistics
Teradata V14 MaxValueLength
Teradata V14 MaxIntervals
Teradata V14 Sample N Percent
Teradata Statistics Wizard

Chapter 29 - Hashing Functions

Hashing Functions on Teradata

The HASHROW Function
The HASHROW Function in a real-world Example
The HASHBUCKET Function
The HASHBUCKET Function in a real-world Example
The HASHAMP Function
The HASHAMP Function in a real-world Example
A Great HASHAMP Function for Large Tables
The HASHBAKAMP Function
A Real-World HASBAKHAMP Function Example
A Great way to see distribution for Primary and Fallback rows

Chapter 30 - BTEQ – Batch Teradata Query

BTEQ – Batch Teradata Query Tool

How to Logon to BTEQ in Interactive Mode
Running Queries in BTEQ in Interactive Mode
BTEQ Commands vs. BTEQ SQL Statements
WITH BY Command for Subtotals
WITH Command for a Grand Total
WITH and WITH BY Together for Subtotals and Grand Totals
How to Logon to BTEQ in a SCRIPT
Running Queries in BTEQ through a Batch Script
Running a BTEQ Batch Script through the Command Prompt
Running a BTEQ Batch Script through the Run Command
Using Nexus to Build Your BTEQ Scripts
Using Nexus to Build Your BTEQ Scripts
Using BTEQ Scripts to IMPORT Data
What Keywords Mean in a BTEQ Script
Creating a BTEQ IMPORT for a Comma Separated Value File
Four Great Examples/Ways to Run a Teradata BTEQ Script
BTEQ Export – Four types of Export Variations
Creating a BTEQ Export Script in Record Mode
Creating a BTEQ Export Script in Report Mode
The Appearance of Record Mode Vs Report Mode Data
Using Report Mode to Create a Comma Separated Report
Creating a BTEQ IMPORT for a Comma Separated Value File
Using Multiple Sessions in BTEQ
BTEQ Fast Path Inserts
BTEQ Can Use Conditional Logic
Using a BTEQ Export and Setting a Limit In a UNIX System

Chapter 31 – Top SQL Commands Cheat Sheet

SELECT All Columns from a Table and Sort

Select Specific Columns and Limiting the Rows
Changing your Default Database
Keywords that describe you
Select TOP Rows in a Rank Order
A Sample number of rows
Getting a Sample Percentage of rows
Find Information about a Database
Find information about a Table
Using Aggregates
Performing a Join
Performing a Join using ANSI Syntax
Using Date, Time and Timestamp
Using Date Functions
Using the System Calendar
Using the System Calendar in a Query
Formatting Data
Using Rank
Using a Derived Table
Using a Subquery
Correlated Subquery
Using Substring
Basic CASE Statement
Advanced CASE Statement
Using an Access Lock in your SQL
Collect Statistics
CREATING a Volatile Table with a Primary Index
CREATING a Volatile Table that is Partitioned (PPI)
CREATING a Volatile Table that is deleted after the Query
Finding the Typical Rows per Value for specific column
Finding out how much Space you have
How much Space you have Per AMP
Finding your Space
Finding Space Skew in Tables in a Database
Finding the Number of rows per AMP for a Column
Finding Account Information
Ordered Analytics