CFD ANALYSIS FOR

"L&T BASEMENT-2 "

Client Name- PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

Project Name- L&T

Date of Submission 20/04/2018

No. of Pages 30

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Nicotra India Pvt. Ltd. 28F & 29 Sec-31, Kasna, Greater Noida, Gautam Budha Nagar (U.P.)-India
Mail-sales@nicotraindia.com Web-www.nicotra-gebhardt.com
Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

U N D E R G R O U N D L E V E L PA R K I N G
1.INTRODUCTION:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can simultaneously predict airflow, heat transfer and contaminant

transport in and around buildings. A CFD model is built upon fundamental physical equations of fluid flow

and energy transfer. The technique is capable of providing time dependent and as well as steady state

solutions to the coupled differential equations that govern fluid flows.

2.Objective:
The objective of the present work is the design of ventilation system for the Under Ground Level car

parking area in the L&T Basement-2 using CFD. The specific aim is to find the optimal locations, number &

configuration of the jet fans required for the ventilation of the car parking lot, for the given positions of

inlets and exhaust, and given configuration of the exhaust fans, such that it meets requirements of CO

exposure limit set by health and safety regulations and also to check whether it is capable to extract the

smoke from entire Under Ground Level.

3.DESIGN CRITERIA :
3.1 Software
The CFD software is used to model airflow caused by both air movement equipment and convection from

heated surfaces. The basic equations used by the software are:

 Conservation of Mass (The continuity equation)

 Conservation of Linear Momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law)

 Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics)

These basic equations are represented collectively as partial differential equations.

Cont.........

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

The software uses the mathematical method of Finite Volume Analysis. The model is divided into adjoining

finite volumes with the conservation equations represented in algebraic form being solved iteratively for

each finite volume. A Cartesian grid built up in the solution domain determines the finite volumes, known

as grid cells. The grid is automatically lined up with the geometry of the structure and ventilation system

components in the model.

3.2 Geometry
The initial point for the construction of the geometric model is a hollow cuboids enclosure in includes

columns and/or beams. Into this enclosure solid cuboids and prisms are added to build up structures and

obstructions within the car park. Where appropriate the geometry of the car park has been simplified to

build-up the calculation and analysis time.

3.3 Ventilation system

The plots shown in this report demonstrate :
In Normal Mode: In Normal Ventilation Mode, Exhaust fan running at low speed.
Following plots generated after completion of simulation.
 Contour plot of CO concentration. (without working of jet fan).
 Contour plot of CO concentration. (with working of jet fan).
 Contour plot of jet fan velocity. (Jet fan working at low speed).

In Emergency Mode: In Emergency / Fire Ventilation Mode, All Ventilation System are running in high
speed. Heat source are 4 MW.
Following plots generated after completion of simulation.
 Contour plot of smoke distribution. (at different heights and times).
 Contour plot of jet fan velocity. (Jet fan working at high speed).

Cont.........

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

3.4 Pollution mode / Normal ventilation mode simulation:

Carbon Monoxide Simulation:

According to the ASHRAE 2015 Hand Book, acceptance level of the carbon monoxide is 40mg/m3 (35

ppm) for 1 Hour exposure with a maximum of 130 mg/m3 (120 ppm).

The mathematical modeling for the analysis involves a few simplifying assumptions and care has been

taken to be sufficiently conservative with the assumptions to meet the safety requirements. 1st

analysis was done with supply and exhaust fan in normal speed and no jet fans are working.

This provides an indication of stagnant areas in the car park. 2nd analysis is done with supply,

exhaust and jet Fans are working in normal mode. Jet Fans placed so as to remove the stagnant areas and

to reduce the concentrations of CO in the car park.

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 Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Pollution mode Simulation was done according to the following input &
assumptions :
Table-1

Parameter Formula Used Value

Surface area of a horizontal plane in Input by client

5170 m2
concerned geometry (A)
Height of the roof (H) Input by client 3.8 m
Total Volume to be concerned (V) AXH 19646 m3
Per vehicle CO emitted (CE) (31.5 +61)/2* 46.25 mg/sec
Total no. of cars in concerned geometry (N) Input by client 173
Total CO emitted (CT) N X CE X 10% 800.125 mg/sec
3
Total CO concentration in concerned CT (Kg/sec) / V 4.07271E-08kg/m -sec
geometry (CC)

 A vehicle emits CO in two conditions. When vehicle is being started (Cold Emission), it emits 61

mg/sec(3.66 g/min). In running state (Hot Emission), vehicle emits 31.5 Mg/sec (1.89 g/min). We take

average of both conditions. Refer to “2015 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Applications (SI)-Chapter 13”.

 To be on safe side we have taken 10% of total vehicle have been considered in average conditions, for

simulation. Refer to “2015 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Applications (SI)-Chapter 13”. b

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

3.5 Smoke mode / Emergency ventilation mode simulation:

Fire safety in underground car parking is important ,as accidental fires can be dangerous. When a fire

breaks out in an underground car park, a large amount of smoke is generated at high temperature and

difficulty in evacuation. In most cases, the victims are poisoned or starved of oxygen by the smoke. In

addition, the smoke also cause most of the damage to the vehicles. In the event of a fire the 1 st priority

is to expel the smoke from the car parking and installed ventilation system should work efficiently,

thereby enabling the quick and safe evacuation of people from the car park and also providing the

smoke free area for fire fighter to control the fire .

Simulation of smoke propagation inside a car park involves modeling heat generation by fire , effects

of buoyancy due to temperature and smoke species concentrations and the velocity and pressure

variations caused by mechanical ventilation system in operation. CFD analysis provides a detailed

picture of the smoke path inside the car park and important parameter like smoke distribution at

different times and height in side building .this is difficult to obtain by experiments, because

experiments can be time consuming , costly and sometimes fire and smoke related experiments inside

the building can be dangerous as well.

In this works fire is modeled as combustion of gasoline fuel in the car fire with a heat release rate of

4 MW with convective & radiation effects (Refer to "BS 7346"). The fire source is represented as

rectangular block of length 4.0 m, width 1.5m and height 1.3m situated in the car park area. During fire

simulation, however, As per client specifications, After that, all ventilation system.

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Fig-01 Layout of Under Ground Level – L&T Basement-2 (TOP VIEW)

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Fig-02 Model of Under Ground Level – L&T Basement-2 (ISOMETRIC VIEW)

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Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Fig-03 Location of Fans of Under Ground Level – L&T Basement-2 (ISOMETRIC VIEW)

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Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-04(a) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust air fans are running in normal mode &
Jet Fans are not running) at 1.5 M. (TOP VIEW)
Maximum- 94.2630 ppm

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-04(b) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust air fans are running in normal mode &
Jet Fans are not running) at 0.75 M (TOP VIEW)
Maximum: 94.2630 ppm

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-04(b) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust air fans are running in normal mode &
Jet Fans are not running) at 4.3 M (TOP VIEW)
Maximum: 94.2630 ppm

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 Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-05(a) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 0.75 M (TOP VIEW)
Maximum: 6.7200 ppm

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 Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-05(a) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 1.5 M (TOP VIEW)
Maximum: 6.7200 ppm

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Mass Fraction: CO

Fig-05(b) Contour Plot of Mass Fraction of CO (Exhaust and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 4.3 M
Maximum: 6.7200 ppm

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Velocity (in m/s)

Fig-06: Contour Plot of Jet Fan Velocity(Exhaust air fans and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 0.75 M

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Project Name: L&T
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Velocity (in m/s)

Fig-06: Contour Plot of Jet Fan Velocity(Exhaust air fans and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 1.5 M

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Velocity (in m/s)

Fig-06: Contour Plot of Jet Fan Velocity(Exhaust air fans and Jet fans are running in normal
mode) at 4.3 M

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(a).Fire (Smoke) Test Results

Smoke distribution at the start of fire incident (Exhaust fans and jet fans are running in high
speed, Fire Capacity 4.5MW)

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Smoke distribution after 1 minutes

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Smoke distribution after 2 minutes

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Smoke distribution after 3 minutes

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Smoke distribution after 4 minutes

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Project Name: L&T
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Smoke distribution after 5 minutes-Flow stabilized and fan are extracting smoke
(Exhaust Fans, Fresh air fans and Jet Fans are running at high speed)

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Smoke distribution at 1 minute after the smoke source was turned off.

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Project Name: L&T
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Smoke distribution at 2 min after the smoke source was turned off

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Smoke distribution at 3 min after the smoke source was turned off.

At 0.75 M At 1.5 M

At 4.3 M

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Table-02 'Fire/Smoke V/S Time'

TIME SMOKE CONDITIONS

0 minutes Fire incidence occurred

1 minutes Smoke distribution started, (fire source on)

2 minutes Smoke expanding, (fire source on)

3 minutes Smoke expanding, (fire source on)

4 minutes Smoke expanding, (fire source on)

5 minutes Smoke expanding, (fire source on)

6 minutes Fire source turned off

7 minutes Smoke volume decreasing

8 minutes Smoke extracted from Under Ground Level

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Project Name: L&T
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Velocity (in m/s)

Fig-07: Contour Plot of Jet Fan Velocity(Exhaust air fans and Jet fans are running in high
speed mode) at 4.3 M

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 Detail Jet Fan Positions were presented in AutoCAD format attached with this report.

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 Project Name: L&T
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TABLE-02

Without Jet Fans With Jet Fans

Positions of Exhaust Outlet As shown in Fig-2 & 3 As shown in Fig-2 & 3

Positions of Fresh Air Inlets As shown in Fig-2 & 3 As shown in Fig-2 & 3
No. of Jet Fans N.A. 15 No's
Type of Jet fans N.A. Nicotra’s AGM -0400-C
Positions of the Jet fans N.A. As shown in Attached AutoCAD
drawing.
Highest CO concentration 94.2630 ppm 6.7200 ppm

Mode of Fresh Air Supply Mechanical

Mode of Exhaust Outlet Mechanical

FANS SPECIFICATIONS:-
TABLE-03
Sl. No. Fans Normal Mode Fire Mode

1. Fresh Air 02,22000 CFM 02,22000 CFM

2. Exhaust Fans 4 No's, 31500 CFM

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Project Name: L&T
Client Name: PROLOFIC SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD

Conclusion
The following conclusions can be drawn from the CFD simulations of Jet Fan Ventilation system for (Under Ground

Level parking) L&T Basement-2:

1. Ventilation System in the car park area has been designed to reduce the CO level within the acceptable limits. This

has been done with the help of CFD tools.

2. All assumptions have been taken according to client requirements & Industrial Standards.

3. The CO concentrations from the CFD simulations, without using Jet Fans, have been obtained as 94.2630 ppm

which is higher than the safest limit for human beings.

4. Car park Ventilation System has been designed for 15 No's Jet Fans after simulating the whole car park area with

CFD.

5. After conducting CFD analysis with placing Jet Fans in car park area, maximum CO level found to be as 6.7200 ppm

and all the area of the Under Ground Level, the CO level found to be below 35 ppm, which is within the safest limit of

CO level for human beings.

6. Finally, we conclude that proposed Jet Fan Ventilation System is essential to extract the CO from the car park area

efficiently and effectively.

7. With the Smoke Simulation, It has been observed that, till the flow has been stabilized (5 minutes from start) by

the jet fan system, smoke was not spreading into the plane of At 1.5 M level from ground which is human height

level.

8. Smoke propagation was observed to be not blocking the means of escape for the Under Ground Level.

9. With the simulation results for smoke propagation while jet fans are in working status, the ventilation system is

proved to effective. Hence total smoke extract from parking lot in 03 minutes after turning off the smoke source.

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