Gravitation (2 Hours)
Gravitation (2 Hours)
Gravitation (2 Hours)
CHAPTER 7:
Gravitation
(2 Hours)
Chapter --- Gravitation
Overview:
Gravitation
m
(c) Derive and use the equation for gravitational field strength,
M
ag G 2
r
(d) Sketch a graph of ag against r and explain the change in ag
with altitude and depth from the surface of the earth
Chapter --- Gravitation
Fg Fg
gradient Gm1m2
1
0
Figure 7.2a r 0 Figure 7.2b
r2
Every spherical object with constant density can be reduced
to a point mass at the centre of the sphere
The gravitational forces always attractive in nature and the
forces always act along the line joining the two point masses
r2
their gravitational 8.32 10 10
r2 361.74
attraction to have
a magnitude of
2.3 10 12 2
FA
GmA mC
6.67 10 3.2 50 10
11 3
rAC
2
10 10
2 2
FA 1.07 10 9 N
FB
GmB mC
6.67 10 2.550 10
11 3
rBC
2
6 10
2 2
FB 2.32 10 9 N
Force x-component (N) y-component (N)
FA cos θ FA sin θ
FA
1.07 109 0.8 1.07 10 0.6
9
8.56 10 10 6.42 10 10
0 FB
FB
2.32 10 9
Fx 8.56 10 10 N
F F F
2 2
x y
8.56 10 2.96 10
10 2 9 2
F 3.08 10 N 9
y
and its direction is
x
1 y
F 2 .96 10 9
73.9
θ tan tan
1
F
8.56 10
10
x
θ 73.9
F
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
b. By using the Newton’s second law of motion, thus
F m a C
3.08 109 50 103 a
3.08 10 9
a
50 10 3
a 6.16 10 8 m s 2
and the direction of the acceleration in the same direction of the nett
force on the mC i.e y
x
73.9
a
Figure 7.6
Figure 7.7
In Figure 7.7, four spheres form the corners of a square
whose side is 2.0 cm long. Calculate the magnitude
and direction of the nett gravitational force on a central
sphere with mass of m5 = 250 kg.
ANS: 1.68102 N; 45
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
Gravitational force per unit mass ofaag body (test
mass) placed at a point
[It is also known as gravitational acceleration
(the free-fall acceleration)]
GM
ag 2
r
where
M : mass of the point mass Figure 7.8 r
r : distance between test mass and point mass
Figure 7.9
where R : radius of the Earth
g : gravitatio nal accelerati on 9.81 m s 2
M r
R
Figure 7.11
• The gravitational field strength GM 1
outside the Earth is ag 2 ag 2
r r
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
On the Earth ( r = R)
Figure 7.12 shows a test mass on the Earth’s surface.
M r
R
Figure 7.12
ag Figure 7.14
GM
ag 2
g
R
1
ag 2
ag r r
0 R
r
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
GM GM GM
ag 2 a g 2 g 9.81 m s 2 ag 3 r
r R R
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
r R 6.40 10 6 m; a g g
a. The gravitational field strength is
g
r GM 6.67 10 11 6.00 10 24
g 2
M R
6.40 10 6 2
R
g 9.77 N kg 1 OR 9.77 m s
2
b.
ag h r Rh
r 6.40 10 6 350 103
r 6.75 10 6 m
The gravitational field strength is given by
R M GM
ag 2
r
6.67 10 6.00 10
11 24
6.75 10 6 2
ag 8.78 m s 2
(Towards the centre of the Earth)
5 km
B
A
Figure 7.10
Figure 7.10 shows an object A at a distance of 5 km from
the object B. The mass A is four times of the mass B.
Determine the location of a point on the line joining both
objects from B at which the nett gravitational field strength
is zero.
a g nett 0
7.1: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE & FIELD STRENGTH
Chapter --- Gravitation
r 5 103 m; M A 4 M B
At point C
A
a g1 C a g 2 B
a g nett 0
a g1 a g 2
rx x GM A GM B
2
r
r x 2 x
4M B MB
2
5 10 3
x
2
x
x 1.67 103 m
where
W
V m : mass of the test mass
m V : gravitational potential at a point
W : work done in bringing a test mass
from infinity to a point
R A B
m = 1 kg
r
x
Move m from C to B dW Fdx
r
1 1 1
r
W GM dx GM GM 0
x r
x 2
GM where
V r : distance between the point
r and the point mass, M
Decrease, V decrease towards the Earth
m=2kg
Determine the
gravitational h=8×106
r
potential at height
R
8.0 x 106 m above the
surface of the Earth. Earth
GM
given: G = 6.67 x 10–11 N V
r
6.67 10 6 10
kg–2 m–2; Mass of the 11 24
earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg;
Radius of Earth = 6.4 x 8 10 6 6.4 10 6
106 m
V 2.78 107 J kg 1
Determine the
gravitational potential GM
V
at a point 5000 km r
above the surface of 6.7 10 11 7.32 10 22
the Moon. 5 1.74 106
given: G = 6.67 x 10–11 N
kg–2 m–2; Mass of the 7.2 10 J kg
5 -1
5.45 10 7
6.67 10 5.98 10
11 24
r
r 7.32 10 6 m
Therefore the satellite’s distance from the Earth’s
surface is
r hR
7.32 10 6 h 6.38 10 6
h 9.4 105 m
GMm
Fg 2
r
19 103
6.67 10 5.98 10 m
11 24
7.32 10
6 2
m 2552 kg
R
r1 m
The gravitational M h 2R
potential at the surface r2
of a planet of radius R
is 12.8 MJ kg1.
Determine the work
On the surface of the planet, the
done in overcoming
the gravitational force gravitational potential is
when a space probe of GM
V
mass 1000 kg is lifted r1
to a height of 2R from GM
the surface of the 12.8 10
6
planet. R
GM
12.8 10 6
R
7.2: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
Chapter --- Gravitation
V
GM 1 1
r1 W GMm
GM r1 r2
12.8 10
6
R 1 1
GM GMm
12.8 10 6 R 3R
R 2m GM
The final distance of the 3 R
21000
space probe from the centre
of the Earth is 12.8 10 6
r2 R h 3R 3 9
W 8.53 10 J
7.2: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
Chapter --- Gravitation
7.3 Satellite Motion In a
Circular Orbit
Explain and use equation for satellite motion:
– velocity,
GM
v
r
– period,
r3
T 2
GM
Chapter --- Gravitation
• Consider a satellite
of mass, m travelling
around the Earth of
mass, M, radius, R, in
a circular orbit of
radius, r with
constant tangential
(orbital) speed, v as
shown in Figure 7.18
Figure 7.18
A satellite travels at a
height from the center T 2
r3
2
2R
3
satellite.
22289.16
(Radius of Earth: T 14.39 103 s 4.0 hour
6.4×106 m; mass of
Earth: 6.0×1024 kg)
R 2
GM gR 2 (2) r 3 9.86.37 10 6 1.41 1011
r 3 56.07 10 24
r 3.8 108 m
Q2
the Earth in a circular mass 2400 kg is placed
35.92 Mm from the Earth’s
orbit whose radius is five surface orbits the Earth
times that of the radius of along a circular path.
the Earth. The Determine
gravitational field (a) the angular velocity of the
strength at the surface satellite,
of the Earth is 9.81 N (b) the tangential speed of
the satellite,
kg1. Determine (c) the acceleration of the
(a) the tangential speed satellite,
of the satellite in the (d) the force of attraction
orbit, between the Earth and the
(b) the angular frequency satellite,
of the satellite. (e) the mass of the Earth.
ANS: 7.27105 rad s1;
ANS: 3538 m s1; 3.08103 m s1; 0.224 m s2;
1.11104 rad s1 537 N; 6.001024 kg
Chapter --- Gravitation
THE END.
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 8 :
Rotation of a rigid body