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    Numerical Analysis: Lecture - 3

    Uploaded by

    khizar
    This document discusses errors that occur in numerical calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums due to rounding of numbers. It provides formulas to calculate relative error, absolute error, and the range that the true answer lies within for different types of calculations. Several examples are worked through applying these formulas to estimate errors in calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums of rounded numbers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Numerical Analysis: Lecture - 3

    Uploaded by

    khizar
    441 views17 pages
    This document discusses errors that occur in numerical calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums due to rounding of numbers. It provides formulas to calculate relative error, absolute error, and the range that the true answer lies within for different types of calculations. Several examples are worked through applying these formulas to estimate errors in calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums of rounded numbers.

    Original Description:

    Numerical solved

    Original Title

    Lec03

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    This document discusses errors that occur in numerical calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums due to rounding of numbers. It provides formulas to calculate relative error, absolute error, and the range that the true answer lies within for different types of calculations. Several examples are worked through applying these formulas to estimate errors in calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums of rounded numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    441 views17 pages

    Numerical Analysis: Lecture - 3

    Uploaded by

    khizar
    This document discusses errors that occur in numerical calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums due to rounding of numbers. It provides formulas to calculate relative error, absolute error, and the range that the true answer lies within for different types of calculations. Several examples are worked through applying these formulas to estimate errors in calculations involving multiplication, division, powers, and sums of rounded numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

    Lecture -3

    Page 1 of 17
    ERROR IN MULTIPLICATION
    Suppose exact value of a number be= x1
    Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
    Suppose approximate value of a number be= x1
    Suppose approximate value of another number be= x2
    Error in first number: e1=x1-x1
    Error in second number:e2=x2-x2
    Let Z be the product of two numbers=Z=x1.x2
    Let Z be the product of approximate values=Z=x1.x2
    Error=ez=Z-Z
    = (x1.x2 )- (x1.x2)
    Page 2 of 17
    = x1.x2- (x1- e1)(x2-e2)
    =x1x2-( x1 x2- e1x2-e2x1-e1e2)
    = x1x2-( x1x2- e1x2-e2x1)
    Neglecting e1e2 as it is very small
    =x1x2-x1x2+e1x2+e2x1
    So ez =e1x2+e2x1
    Absolute error=|ez|=|e1x2+e2x1|≤|e1x2|+|e2x1|
    And =|ez|≤|e1x2|+|e2x1|
    Relative error= R.E=Absolute Error/|Z|
    =|e1x2+e2x1|/|x1x2|
    =| e1x2 +e2x1/x1x2 |
    Page 3 of 17
    =| e1x2/x1x2 + e2x1/x1x2 |
    R.E=| e1/x1 + e2/x2|≤| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
    So R.E≤| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
    ERROR IN QUOTIENT
    Suppose exact value of a number be= x1
    Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
    Suppose approximate value of 1st number be= x1
    Suppose approximate value of 2nd number be= x2
    Error in first number = e1=x1-x1
    Error in second number=e2=x2-x2
    Let Z be the quotient of two numbers=Z=x1/x2
    Page 4 of 17
    Let Z be the quotient of approximate values: Z=x1/x2
    Error=ez=Z-Z
    =x1/x2-x1/x2
    =x1/x2 - x1-e1/x2-e2
    = x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1)/x2(1-e2/x2)
    = x1/x2 -x1(1-e1/x1) × x2(1-e2/x2)-1
    = x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1) × x2(1- (-1 )e2/x2)
    [As (1+x)n=1+nx+…]
    = x1/x2-x1(1-e1/x1)×x2(1+e2/x2)
    = x1/x2-x1x2 (1-e1/x1+e2/x2)
    = x1/x2-x1/x2+e1/x2-x1/x2×e2
    Page 5 of 17
    = e1/x2 - x1/x22 × e2
    R.E=A.E/|Z|
    ≤| e1/x2-x1/x22. e2|/|x1/x2|
    ≤|(e1/x2-x1/x22. e2 )/ x1/x2|
    ≤|e1/x1 - e2/x2|≤|e1/x1| + |e2/x2|
    𝑒1 𝑒2
    ⟹ |𝑒𝑧 | ≤ | | + | |
    𝑥1 𝑥2
    ERROR IN POWER
    Let a number be=x
    Such that Z=xn
    Appraximate Value of ‘x’=x

    Page 6 of 17
    Error in x: e=x-x
    Error in Z: e=Z-Z
    =xn-(x)n
    =xn-(x-e)n
    =xn-xn(1 - e/x)n
    =xn-xn(1+n(-e/x))
    =xn-xn+nexn-1
    So ez = nexn-1
    R.E=|nexn-1|/|xn|
    =| nexn-1/xn|
    =|ne/x| =|n||e/x|
    Page 7 of 17
    EXAMPLE # 1
    4.0643
    Given the data then estimate the relative error, maximum
    37.487
    absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.
    Solution:
    Let x1=4.0643 e1=1/2×10-4
    Let x2=37.487 e=1/2×10-3
    Z=x1/x2
    = 4.0643/37.487
    = 0.1084.
    R.E≤ e1/x1 + e2/x2
    ≤ 1/2×10-3/4.0643 + 1/2×10-3/37.487
    Page 8 of 17
    ≤ 2.5640 × 10-5
    A.E ≤ R.E×ǀ Zǀ

    ≤ 0.1084×2.5640×10-5
    ≤ 2.779376×10-6
    Max. Absolute Error=2.779376×10-6
    The range in which true answer lies
    Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
    0.1084-2.7794×10-6≤Z≤0.1084+2.7794×10-6
    0.108397 ≤ Z ≤ 0.108402
    (Correct to 3 d.p)

    Page 9 of 17
    EXAMPLE # 2
    Given the data √48.425 the estimate the relative error ,
    maximum Absolute error and the range in which answer lies.
    Solution:
    Z=(48.425)1/2
    =6.9588.
    LET x=48.425 e=1/2×10-3
    R.E=ǀn ǀ × |𝑒/𝑥 |

    =ǀ1/2ǀ(1×10/2×48.425)

    = 5.1626×10-6

    Page 10 of 17
    Maximum Absolute error = R.E × ǀZǀ

    =5.1626×10×6.9588
    = 3.5925×10-5
    The range in which true answers lie:
    Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
    6.9588- 3.5925× 10-5 ≤ Z ≤ 6.9588- 3.5925 ×10-5
    6.9518 ≤ Z ≤ 6.9588
    (Correct to 2 d.p)
    EXAMPLE # 3
    If given numbers are rounded estimate the relative error and
    absolute error in the product 4.0643×0.37487
    Page 11 of 17
    Solution:
    Let x1=4.0643 e1=1/2×10-4
    Let x2=0.37487 e2=1/2×10-5
    Let Z= x1 × x2
    = 4.0643×0.377487
    = 1.52358.
    A.E : ez ≤ ǀx1 . e2 ǀ +ǀ x2 . e1ǀ

    ≤ (4.0643×1/2×10-3)+(0.37487×1/2×10-4)
    ≤ 3.9065×10-5
    R.E ≤ ǀ e1/x1 ǀ + ǀe2/x2 |

    Page 12 of 17
    ≤
    1×10-4 / 2×4.0643 + 1×10-5 / 2×0.37487
    ≤ 2.5640 × 10-5
    EXAMPLE # 4
    6.2343×0.82135
    Given √ find relative error, absolute error and the
    2.7268
    range in which true answer lies.
    Solution:
    6.2343×0.82135
    Z= √
    2.7268

    = √1.8778
    = (1.8778)1/2

    Page 13 of 17
    Z = 1.37034 n=1/2 e=1/2×10-4
    R.E≤1/2×1/2×10-4/1.8778
    A.E ≤1.33134×10-5
    ≤R.E×|Z |
    ≤1.33134×10-5× 1.37034
    ≤1.82438×10-5
    Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
    1.37034-1.82438×10-5≤Z≤ 1.37034+1.82438×10-5
    1.37032 ≤ Z ≤ 1.370358
    (correct to 4 d.p)

    Page 14 of 17
    EXAMPLE # 5. Let 65.43 and 17.0591 be correctly rounded to
    the number of digits shown. What is the smallest interval in
    which the exact sum of numbers lies.
    SOL: x1=65.43 e1=1/2×10-2
    x2=17.0591 e2= 1/2×10-4
    Let Z=x1+x2
    =65.43+17.0591
    =82.4891.
    A.E≤ez≤e1+e2
    ≤5×10-3+5×10-5
    ≤5×10-3

    Page 15 of 17
    R.E ≤A.E/|Z|
    ≤5×10-3/|82.4891|
    ≤6.06×10-5
    Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
    82.4891-5×10-3 ≤ Z ≤ 82.4891+5×10-3
    82.4841 ≤ Z ≤ 82.4941

    Page 16 of 17
    Exercise
    Q # 1:Given the data 1.57695 × 2.65897 .Then estimate the
    relative error, maximum absolute error, the range in which true
    answers lies.
    2.0793
    Q #2:Given the data then estimate the relative error,
    47.345
    maximum absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.
    2.1254×0.7435
    Q # 3:Given √ find relative error, absolute error
    5.2745×1.2548
    and the range in which true answer lies.
    3.1354
    Q #4:Given √ find relative error, absolute error
    2.5428×3.2561
    and the range in which true answer lies.
    Page 17 of 17

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