11 Bolted Connections

Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures J Y R Liew & S D Pang
Connections
SS EN 1993-1-8: 2010
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures –
Part 1-8: Design of joints
1
Welded vs Bolted Connections
Connections made in a fabrication shop are called shop connections.

Connections made in the field by the steel erector are called field connections.
Field connections are typically bolted.
Welding may be used for field connections where bolting is either impractical or
undesirable.
Welding is better suited to the controlled environment of a fabrication shop. 2
Simple vs Rigid Connections

• Simple connections should be
capable of transmitting the
calculated forces and should also be
capable of accepting the resulting
rotation but they must not transmit
significant moments.
• Rigid connections must be capable
of transmitting the forces and
moments calculated in the global
analysis. The connection must also
be stiff enough to prevent joint
deformation.
3
Typical Simple Connections

Double Angle Connection
Double angles bolted to supported member
Supporting Supported
member member
Double angles bolted to supporting member

4

Partial Depth End Plate Connection
Single plate welded to supported member
Support
membered
p p o rting
Su er
memb
Single plate bolted to supporting member

5

Fin Plate Connection
Single plate bolted to supported member
Supported
member
Supportin
member g
Single plate welded to supporting member

6
Typical Rigid Connections

Extended End Plate Connection
Supporting
Single plate fully welded to supported member
member
Supported
member
Single plate bolted to supporting member

7
Typical Rigid Connections

Welded Flange Moment Connection
Flange of supported member welded to supporting member
Supporting
member
Supported
member
Single plate bolted to Flange of supported member Single plate fully welded
supported member welded to supporting member to supported member 8
Economy
• Rigid connections generally cost
considerably more than simple connections
• Connections which require a large amount
of stiffening are more expensive than those
which do not.
• Connections which require special jigs to
fabricate will be relatively expensive.
• Site welded connections are regarded as
being relatively expensive.
9
Bolted
Connection
SS EN 1993-1-8: 2010
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures –
Part 1-8: Design of joints
10
Outline
General information and detailing for bolted connection
General information
Detailing requirements
Design of Bolts
Non-preloaded bolts
Requirements for non-preloaded bolts
Shear resistance
Bearing resistance
Effect of steel packing
Effect of long joints
Block shear tearing
Bolts in tension
Preloaded bolts
Slip resistant at ultimate
Slip resistant at serviceability
11
General Information and

Detailing for Bolted Connection
12
General Information
Types of Bolts
1) Non–Preloaded Bolts
Class 4.6, Class 8.8, Class 10.9
2) Preloaded Bolts
Class 8.8, Class 10.9
What do the numbers on the head of a bolt indicate?

 The strength class which consists of two numbers separated by a decimal point.
Common classes are 4.6, 8.8, 10.9, and 12.9.
 The number of the left indicates 1% of the tensile strength in N/mm2.
 The number on the right indicates the proportion of the yield strength in relation to the
tensile strength.
Characteristic Values for Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile Strength
Bolt class 4.6 8.8 10.9
fyb (N/mm2) 240 640 900
fub (N/mm2) 400 800 1000
13
General Information
Tensile Stress Area
Diameter of Bolt Diameter of Holes Tensile Stress Area d0 = d+2mm for d ≤ 24mm
d d0 As d0 = d+3mm for d > 24mm
(mm) (mm) (mm2)
12 14 84.3
16 18 157
20 22 245
24 26 353
30 33 561
Shank
Nominal Diameter d / Area A
determined at shank
Thread
Tensile Area As determined
at thread region
14
Detailing Requirements
 Minimum end distance
 Minimum edge distance
 Maximum end and edge distances
 Minimum bolt spacing (pitch)
 Maximum bolt spacing (pitch)
15
Detailing Requirements
In the direction of load Hole diameter d0
Pitch: 2.2d0 ≤ p1 ≤ 14t or 200mm
End distance: 1.2d0 ≤ e1 ≤ 4t + 40mm
Perpendicular to the direction of load

Gauge: 2.4d0 ≤ p2 ≤ 14t or 200mm
Edge distance: 1.2d0 ≤ e2 ≤ 4t + 40mm Plate thickness t
Bolt resistances for non-preloaded Class 4.6 bolts connecting plies in S275 steel
 Minimum spacing requirement guards against crushing of a bolt that affect the next bolt in line.
 Maximum spacing requirement are loosely based on local buckling requirement to ensure that connected elements
remain flat and in contact.
 Minimum edge/end distances are given to ensure smooth flow or stress and prevent edge and end splitting of the
connected parts.
 Maximum edge distances are specified to prevent curling or lifting of the plate. 16
P363 Steel Building Design: Design Data
The design tables for bolted and welded

connections have been uploaded to the IVLE
Page C-302 to C-316 for S275 Steel

Page D-302 to D-316 for S355 Steel
17
Consequences of End Spacing
Inadequate End Spacing

(end failure)
Adequate End Spacing

(net section failure)
18
Design of Bolts
19
Design of Bolts
 Non-preloaded bolts
➥ Bolts in shear
➥ Bearing of bolts and connected parts
➥ Block shear
➥ Bolts in tension
➥ Bolts in combined shear and tension
➥ Bolts in combined shear and torsion
 Preloaded (HSFG) bolts

20
Non-Preloaded Bolts
Non-Preloaded bolts in Shear & Bearing
 Resistance (shear and bearing)
 Reduction of resistance for
➥ Packing
➥ Long joints
➥ Non standard holes
Shear Bearing
21
Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection

F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2
Clearance Holes
Double Shear 
Washer
Applied load F results in
F F the direct Bearing between
the bolt and the ply.
F F
Bolt
Nut
Single Shear 
F Before Loading F
Bearing stresses on bolt Bearing stresses on plates
22
Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection

F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2
Double
Shear in
bolt
Double Shear 
F F Bearing between the bolts F

and the ply are transferred to
F F Shear in the bolts. F
Single Shear 
Single
Shear in
F F bolt
F
Even though the shear plane can be in the shank area, common practice is to take the tensile area of the threaded region for shear area
Washer – to create a better bearing surface between the plate and the bolt/nut 23
Single / Double Shear
p2
e2
e1 p1 e1
e1
Single Shear Double Shear
24
Requirements for Non-Preloaded Bolts
Check Formula
Shear resistance of bolt normally Fv , Rd   v f ub As /  M 2
Shear resistance to be reduced by
With Packing p = (9d)/(8d+3tp)
Long joint L = [1 – (Lj – 15d)/200d]
As is the shear area, usually the tensile stress area.
Bearing resistance of bolt Fb , Rd  k1 b f u dt /  M 2

For non-standard hole, bearing resistance should be reduced by kbs.
kbs = 1.0 for standard clearance holes
= 0.8 for oversized and short slotted holes
= 0.6 for long slotted and kidney shaped holes Slotted Hole Kidney Hole
25
M0 = 1.0, M1 = 1.0, M2 = 1.1
26
Shear Resistance
 v f ub As Class 4.6 bolts
Fv , Rd 
M2  M 2  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
Shear resistance per shear plane

where v = 0.6 for class 4.6 and 8.8
v = 0.5 for class 10.9 Class 8.8 bolts
Ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub

Bolt Class fub (N/mm2)
4.6 400
8.8 800
10.9 1000 Class 10.9 bolts
27
Effect of Steel Packing

When the thickness of steel packing tp exceeds d/3, the shear capacity Fv,Rd should be reduced
by p which is given by:
 9d 
 p   
 where d is the nominal diameter of the bolts
 8 d  3t p 
tp tp
P P P P
fillers/packing
Without filler/packing With filler/packing
M1 M2
P P
2P
2P
P
Idealized bending
moment in bolt Idealized bending
P
Even though the plates are subjected to equal loads, the moment in bolt
connection with fillers/packing would be subjected to higher
bending stresses since M2 > M1 28
Effect of Long Joints

Where the distance Lj between the centres of
the end fasters in a joint, measured in the
direction of force transfer is more than 15d, the
design shear resistance Fv,Rd should be reduced
by a reduction factor Lf which is given as:
 L j  15d 
 Lf  1  
 200d 
The shear load distribution is assumed to be uniform Bolt shear load distribution Plastic load distribution in bolts
but in reality, the extreme bolts are subjected to in long joints (Actual distribution at ultimate load)
higher loads as compared to the internal bolts.
At ultimate load, the extreme bolts would have P/9
undergone too high deformation and subsequent Idealized shear load distribution in bolts
failure before the internal bolts can even reach their (Assumed distribution in bolts)
shear capacity.
For short lap length, the variation of shear load in
bolts at failure is quite uniform and correction is not
required but correction is essential in long joints.
29
Bearing Resistance
Bearing failure
k1 b f u dt
Fb , Rd 
where d is the bolt diameter

t is the nominal thickness of the connected ply
 e1 p1 1 f ub 
 b  min ;  ; ; 1.0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u 
 e2 p2 
k1  min 2.8  1.7; 1.4  1.7; 2.5 
 d0 d0 
d0 = diameter of hole
Ultimate tensile strength of the connected ply fu Ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub
Grade t ≤ 100mm Bolt Class fub (N/mm2)
S275 410 4.6 400
S355 470 8.8 800
For other grades and for thickness t > 100mm, 10.9 1000
refer to EN 10025-2:2004
30
e1 = 2d
Page C-302
e1 = 2d used in computing the bearing resistance

BUT
e1 is rounded up to the nearest 5mm in detailing
31
e1 = 2d
e1 = 3d
Page C-303
32
e1 = 2d
e1 = 3d
Page D-303
33
Example BBC-1: Bolted tie connection with non-preloaded bolts

A tie carrying 380kN requires a splice within its length. The grade of steel and cross section of
the tie are S275 and 120x20mm. Design a suitable arrangement using 20mm non-preloaded
bolts of Grade 4.6. Determine if the dimension of the tie is adequate.
t = 20
380kN
380kN
380kN 120 380kN
In the direction of load

Detailing Pitch: 2.2d0 ≤ p1 ≤ 14t or 200mm
End distance: 1.2d0 ≤ e1 ≤ 4t + 40mm
t = 20mm, d = 20mm, d0 = 22mm Perpendicular to the direction of load
Gauge: 2.4d0 ≤ p2 ≤ 14t or 200mm
Edge distance: 1.2d0 ≤ e2 ≤ 4t + 40mm
Min p1 = 2.2d0 = 48.4mm Use p1 = 60mm Bolt resistances for non-preloaded Class 4.6 bolts connecting plies in S275 steel
Min p2 = 2.4d0 = 52.8mm Use p2 = 60mm
Max p1/p2 = 14t or 200 mm: 200mm e1 = 2d
Min e1/e2 = 1.2d0 = 26.4mm Use e1 = 40mm, e2 = 30mm

Max e1/e2 = 4t+40 = 120mm
Page C-302 34
Shear Capacity
 v f ub As d (mm) As (mm2) Bolt Class fub (N/mm2)
Fv , Rd  where v = 0.6 for class 4.6
M2
12 84.3 4.6 400
0.6 * 400 * 245 16 157 8.8 800
 * 10 3
1.25
20 245 10.9 1000
 47.0 kN
24 353
30 561
If you use the table from

Steel Building Design: Design Data,
you will get the same value of 47.0kN.
Page C-302
35
Bearing Capacity
 e2 p2 
k1  min 2.8  1.7; 1.4  1.7; 2.5 
 d0 d0 
 30 60 
 min 2.8  1.7; 1.4  1.7; 2.5   2.12
 22 22 
 e1 p1 1 f ub 
 b  min
 ;  ; ; 1.0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u 
 40 60 1 400 
 min ;  ; ; 1.0   0.606
 3 * 22 3 * 22 4 410 
k1 b f u dt 2.12 * 0.606 * 410 * 20 * 20
Fb , Rd   * 10  3  168kN
M2 1.25
Ultimate tensile strength of the connected ply fu Ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub
Grade t ≤ 100mm Bolt Class fub (N/mm2)
S275 410 4.6 400
S355 470 8.8 800
10.9 1000
36
Page C-302
If you use the table from Steel Building Design: Design Data, you will get the same value.
Design Capacity for Each Bolt

t
FRd  smallest { Fv , Rd , Fb , Rd }  47.0kN
380
Number of bolts required   8.1
47.0 30
Use 2 x 5 bolts 60
L j  4 * 60  240mm  15 d  300mm 30
No reduction required for Fv,Rd 40 60 60 60 60 40
37
Tension Capacity of Plate with Holes

Af y (120 * 20) * 265 Nominal S275 S355
N pl , Rd   * 10 3  636kN Thickness fy fu fy fu
M0 1.0 [mm] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
Anet f u 20 * (120  2 * 22) * 410 t ≤ 16 275 355
N u , Rd  0.9  0.9 * * 10 3  510kN
M2 1.10 16 < t ≤ 40 265 410 345 470
40 < t ≤ 63 255 335

N t , Rd  smallest { N pl , Rd , N u , Rd }  510kN  N Ed  380kN OK!
400k 120mm
N Most critical section
20mm
m m
2 2
m m
2 2
38
Block Shear Tearing

Block tearing failure through a group of bolt holes (consisting of failure in shear at the
row of bolt holes along the shear face of the hole group, accompanied by tensile
rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tensile face of the hole group) should be
prevented by checking that the reaction VEd does not exceed the block tearing
resistance given by:
f u Ant f y Anv
Veff ,1, Rd   Symmetric bolt group subject to CONCENTRIC loading
M2 3 M 0
f u Ant f y Anv
Veff , 2, Rd   Bolt group subject to ECCENTRIC loading
2 M 2 3 M 0
Nominal S275 S355
where Ant is the net area subjected to tension Thickness fy fu fy fu
Anv is the net area subjected to shear [mm] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
t ≤ 16 275 355
M0 = 1.0, M2 = 1.1
16 < t ≤ 40 265 410 345 470
40 < t ≤ 63 255 335
39
Example of Block Shear Tearing – Gusset Plate Connection

NEd Subject to
NEd shear
Subject to
tension
NEd
Tensile failure of gusset plate Block shear tearing of gusset plate
Shear edge Shear edge
tension edge 40
Example of Block Shear Tearing – Fin Plate Connection
Block Shear in Fin Plate Block Shear in Beam Web
Plain Shear in Fin Plate Plain Shear in Beam Web

41
Example BBC-2:
Determine the block shear tearing resistance of the gusset plate shown below.
The 20mm thick gusset plate is in S275 steel and the diameter of the bolt hole is 22mm.
The bolt group is subject to concentric loading 400kN
f u Ant f y Anv
Veff ,1, Rd  
M2 3 M 0
40
Ant  (60  22) * 20  760mm 2
60
30
60
60
Anv  2((2 * 60  40)  2.5 * 22) * 20  4200mm2
30
40
400kN
f u  410N/mm2
f y  265N/mm 2
400kN
 410 * 760 265 * 4200 

Veff ,1, Rd    * 10  3
29
 1.10 3 
38
 926kN  N Ed  400kN
38
38
42
Bolts in Tension
 Simple method – ignores prying

➥ Bolt capacity down-rated
– as current standard
 More exact method Prying Action

➥ Full bolt capacity used 2Ft
k2 f ub As Ft+Q Ft+Q
Ft , Rd   M 2  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
M2
where k2 = 0.63 for countersunk bolt,
k2 = 0.9 otherwise. Q s Q
b
Countersunk bolt: a bolt having a circular head with a flat top and a conical bearing
surface which tapers in from the top; when in place, the head is flush-mounted.
43
Bolt Tension
 Simple method (Ignore prying action)
Nominal Tension Resistance
k2 f ub As
Ft , Rd ,nom  0.8  M 2  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
M2
where k2 = 0.63 for countersunk bolt,
k2 = 0.9 otherwise.
Combined Shear and Tension

Ft , Ed Fv , Ed Ft , Ed
Check  1.0 &   1.0
Ft , Rd ,nom Fv , Rd 1.4 Ft , Rd ,nom
44
Analysis for Bolted Connections

 Identify the centroid of the bolt group.
 Identify the forces and the point of applications of the forces.
 Move the forces to the centroid of bolt group.
 Resolve the forces in the bolt group.

 Shear force in bolt group will be distributed equally to all bolts.
 Moment in bolt group can be resisted by
 uneven tension in bolts and compression in plates, OR
 uneven shear in bolts.
45
Analysis for Bolted Connections – Bolts in Shear

P
P
s
r1
s
x x
46
3-D Illustration of the Connection

The forces in the bolts and holes are not shown in this diagram for clarity
Bolt group 
Bolt group 
Note that the columns are removed to show the bolt groups
47
Analysis for Bolted Connections – Bolts in Shear and Tension

P
F1
y1 yi Fi
48
Example BBC-2: Design of a Bracket

Check the adequacy of the bolts in the bracket shown below.
525
Design Load = 402kN
50 A
15
305.16
175
105
35
5@70 2 No.
254x254x89UC
B
50 All bolts 24mm dia.
57.9 250 250 57.9 In Grade 4.6 steel
Design Load = 402kN

Design Moment = 402 x 525 x 10-3 = 211kNm
49
3-D Illustration of the Connection

The forces in the bolts and holes are not shown in this diagram for clarity
Design load = 402kN

Bolt group 
Bolt group 
Note that the columns are removed to show the bolt groups
Design load = 402kN for 2 bolt groups
For each bolt group, design load = 201kN
50
Grade 4.6 bolts in S275 Steel
51
Bolt Group: x2 = 12 x 2502 = 750 x 103 A

y2 = 4(352 + 1052 + 1752) = 171.5 x 103 
Ftor
x2 + y2 = 921.5 x 103 Fs
cos = 250/305.6 = 0.819
Fr
Bolt A and B are subjected to maximum forces:
Force due to moment 
= (105.5 x 103 x 305.16)/(921.5 x 103) = 34.9kN
O 
Force due to shear
= 201/12 = 16.75kN
Resultant shear force on bolt
= [(34.9 x 0.573)2 + (34.9 x 0.819 + 16.75)2]0.5 = 49.5kN
Shear resistance = 67.8kN > 49.5kN OK! B
Bearing resistance = 150kN > 49.5kN OK! Ftor
Strength of joint is controlled by single shear of bolt. 
The joint is satisfactory. Fs
Fr
52
Importance of Using Matching Nut
Tension failure of thread core
Thread stripping failure
53
Preloaded/Friction Grip Bolts

Differences between Preloaded and Non-preloaded bolts
Preloaded bolts Non-preloaded bolts
The load is transferred between The load is transferred between
members by friction in the joint members by bearing on the bolts
54
Friction-Grip Bolts
Compression
between
plates
Tension in
bolt
• The bolts are fully pretensioned to create a clamping force between the connected parts.
• This clamping force develops frictional resistance between the connected parts.
• The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without slipping into bearing against
the body of the bolt, but the bolts must still be designed for bearing.
bearing
• The faying surfaces (planes of friction) require special preparation.
preparation
55
CE3166 Structural Steel Design S D Pang
Comparison of Non-preloaded & Preloaded Bolts

After Installation Bearing and Shear at Design Load
F
Non-Preloaded Bolts
F
Preloading the Bolts No Slip
F
Frictional stresses
between connected
parts
Preloaded Bolts
Compressive stresses
on connected parts
F 56
Slip Resistant at Ultimate (for info)
Design Slip Resistance at Ultimate (for info)
k s n Shear check is replaced by slip resistance check

Fs , Rd  Fp , C
For bolts to pass the check, it has to satisfy Fs,Rd  Fv,Ed
where ks = 1.0 for bolts in normal holes

(for other types of holes, refer to Table 3.6 in EN 1993-1-8)
n = number of friction surfaces
Fp,C = 0.7 fubAs is the preloading force
Ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub Slip factor  for preloaded bolts
Bolt Class fub (N/mm2) Surface Treatment Class 
4.6 400 Surfaces blasted with shot or grit with loose rust removed, not pitted. A 0.5
8.8 800 Surfaces blasted with shot or grit: B 0.4

a) spray-metallized with a aluminum or zinc based product;
10.9 1000 b) with alkali-zinc silicate paint with a thickness of 50mm to 80mm.
Surfaces cleaned by wire-brushing or flame cleaning, with loose rust removed. C 0.3
Surfaces as rolled. D 0.2 57
EN 1993-1-8 (Table 3.6: Values of ks)
Description ks
Bolts in normal holes. 1.00
Bolts in either oversized holes or short slotted holes with the

0.85
axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load transfer.
Bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of the slot Slotted Hole
0.70
perpendicular to the direction of load transfer.
Bolts in short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to
0.76
the direction of load transfer.
Bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to
0.63
the direction of load transfer.
Kidney Hole
58
Bearing Resistance (for info)

k1 b f u dt
Fb , Rd 
M2
Bearing check is carried out together with slip resistance check.
Bearing resistance is same as non-preloaded bolts!
For bolts to pass bearing check, it has to satisfy Fb,Rd  Fv,Ed
Tension Resistance (for info)

k2 f ub As
Ft , Rd ,nom  0.8
M2
Tension check is required ONLY IF bolt is subjected to tension.
Tension resistance is same as non-preloaded bolts!
For bolts to pass tension check, it has to satisfy Ft,Rd  Ft,Ed
Combined Shear and Tension (for info)

k s n ( Fp ,C  0.8 Ft , Ed )
Fs , Rd   M 3  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
M3
For bolts to pass this check, it has to satisfy Fs,Rd  Fv,Ed
59
Slip Resistant at Serviceability (for info)

Design Slip Resistance at Serviceability (for info)
k s n
Fs , Rd , ser  Fp ,C  M 3 , ser  1.1 (refer to NA to SS)
 M 3, ser
For bolts to pass the check, it has to satisfy Fs,Rd,ser  Fv,Ed,ser
Shear Resistance (for info)

 v f ub As
Fv , Rd 
M2
Shear check is carried out together with slip resistance check.
Shear resistance is the same as non-preloaded bolts!
For bolts to pass shear check, it has to satisfy Fv,Rd  Fv,Ed
60
Bearing Resistance (for info)

k1 b f u dt
Fb , Rd 
M2
Bearing check is carried out together with slip resistance check.
Shear resistance is the same as non-preloaded bolts!
For bolts to pass bearing check, it has to satisfy Fb,Rd  Fv,Ed
Tension Resistance (for info)

k2 f ub As
Ft , Rd ,nom  0.8
M2
Tension check is required ONLY IF bolt is subjected to tension.
Tension resistance is same as non-preloaded bolts!
For bolts to pass tension check, it has to satisfy Ft,Rd  Ft,Ed
Combined Shear and Tension (for info)

k s n ( Fp ,C  0.8 Ft , Ed , ser )
Fs , Rd , ser   M 3 , ser  1.1 (refer to NA to SS)
 M 3, ser
For bolts to pass the check, it has to satisfy Fs,Rd,ser  Fv,Ed,ser
61
When do we need Preloading?

The use of slip resistant connections is very expensive. In addition to the
costly tightening procedures, special care should be taken for the control of
friction surfaces. Below are some of the situations where the use of
preloaded bolts may be necessary.
1. Slip-critical connections.
2. Connections where the bolts are subject to direct tension loading
(bolts need to be pretensioned but surfaces do not need to be treated,
i.e. need not be slip-resistant).
62

Slip-critical connections are required in the following applications:
• Joints in which slip would be detrimental to the performance (e.g.
reduction of stiffness) of the structure, e.g. when the deformation
criteria are very stringent. (e.g. column splice connections for slender
structures, connections for bridges).
• Joints subject to frequent reversal
of load, such as the bracing of a
crane-runway. For wind and stability
bracing, you can use bearing type
connections.
• Joints that utilize oversize or slotted
holes. Such holes are sometimes
used to compensate tolerances on
site to facilitate easy erection.
63

Preloaded bolts are required in the following situations where the bolts are
subject to direct tension loading :
•Preloading bolts to eliminate variation of bolt forces and hence improve
their fatigue resistance.
64
Example BBC-5: Bolted tie connection with preloaded bolts

A tie carrying 380kN requires a splice within its length. The grade of steel and cross section of
the tie are S275 and 120x20mm respectively. Design a suitable arrangement using M20
preloaded bolts of Grade 8.8.
t = 20
380kN
380kN
380kN 120 380kN
Detailing Requirement
Same as Example BBC-2 for non-preloaded bolts
Bearing Capacity
Same as Example BBC-2 for non-preloaded bolts if the same end distance e1 = 40mm is used.
Fb , Rd  168kN
65
Design Slip Resistance at Ultimate

k s n Shear check is replaced by slip resistance check
Fs , Rd  Fp ,C  M 3  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
M3
Class 8.8 bolts
where ks = 1.0 for bolts in normal holes
n = 1 is the number of friction surfaces
 = 0.4
Fp,C = 0.7 fubAs = 0.7 x 800 x 0.245
= 137 kN is the preloading force
 1.0 * 1 * 0.4 
Fs , Rd    * 137  43.9kN
 1.25 
Slip resistance Fs,Rd = 43.9kN
Class 8.8 bolts connecting plies in S275 steel

Bearing resistance Fb,Rd = 168kN
Slip resistance controls.

380
Number of bolts required   8.7 Use 10 bolts
43.9
66
Methods for Tensioning Friction-Grip Bolts
〄 turn-of-nut
〄 calibrated wrench
〄 tension control bolt
〄 direct tension indicator
67
Methods for Tensioning Friction-Grip Bolts

Turn-of-nut method
The bolt is first snug tight, which can be achieved by “full effort of a man with an ordinary spud wrench”
to bring the connected plies into firm contact.
Matchmarks are placed on nut and bolt in a straight line.
The part not turned by the wrench is prevented from turning.
The bolt is tightened with a prescribed rotation past the snug-tight condition.
The specified rotation varies by diameter and length (between 1/3 and 1 turn).
68
Calibrated Wrench method

Calibrated Wrench pretensioning uses an impact wrench to tighten the bolt to a specified tension.
A Skidmore-Wilhelm calibration
device is used to calibrate the
wrench to the torque level which
will achieve the specified tension.
69
Tension control bolt
Inner chuck Outer chuck
• The tension control bolts are pretensioned with a tension-control bolt installation wrench that has two
coaxial chucks.
• The inner chuck engages the splined end of the bolt.
• The outer chuck envelopes the nut.
• The two chucks turn opposite to one another to tighten the bolt.
• The splined end of the tension control bolt shears off at a specified tension. Splined end of bolt
70
Direct Tension Indicators
DTI
Feeler Gage
 Another way to pretension a bolt is through the use of direct tension indicators (DTIs).
 These washers have protrusions that must bear against the unturned element.
 As the bolt is tightened the clamping force flattens the protrusions and reduces the gap.
 The gap is measured with a feeler gage.
 When the gap reaches the specified size, the bolt is properly pretensioned.
 It is important to note that DTI washers can only indicate the minimum tension required to close the gap.
71

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Welded vs Bolted Connections

Connections made in a fabrication shop are called shop connections.

Simple vs Rigid Connections

Typical Simple Connections

Double angles bolted to supporting member

Typical Simple Connections

Single plate bolted to supporting member

Typical Simple Connections

Single plate welded to supporting member

Typical Rigid Connections

Single plate bolted to supporting member

Typical Rigid Connections

General Information and

What do the numbers on the head of a bolt indicate?

Perpendicular to the direction of load

P363 Steel Building Design: Design Data

The design tables for bolted and welded

Page C-302 to C-316 for S275 Steel

Consequences of End Spacing

Inadequate End Spacing

Adequate End Spacing

 Preloaded (HSFG) bolts

Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection

Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection

F F Bearing between the bolts F

Single / Double Shear

Single Shear Double Shear

Requirements for Non-Preloaded Bolts

Bearing resistance of bolt Fb , Rd  k1 b f u dt /  M 2

M0 = 1.0, M1 = 1.0, M2 = 1.1

Shear resistance per shear plane

Ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub

Effect of Steel Packing

Effect of Long Joints

where d is the bolt diameter

e1 = 2d used in computing the bearing resistance

Example BBC-1: Bolted tie connection with non-preloaded bolts

380kN 120 380kN

In the direction of load

Min e1/e2 = 1.2d0 = 26.4mm Use e1 = 40mm, e2 = 30mm

If you use the table from

Design Capacity for Each Bolt

Tension Capacity of Plate with Holes

40 < t ≤ 63 255 335

Block Shear Tearing

Example of Block Shear Tearing – Gusset Plate Connection

Tensile failure of gusset plate Block shear tearing of gusset plate

Shear edge Shear edge

Example of Block Shear Tearing – Fin Plate Connection

Block Shear in Fin Plate Block Shear in Beam Web

Plain Shear in Fin Plate Plain Shear in Beam Web

 410 * 760 265 * 4200 

 Simple method – ignores prying

 More exact method Prying Action

Combined Shear and Tension

Analysis for Bolted Connections

 Identify the forces and the point of applications of the forces.

 Move the forces to the centroid of bolt group.

 Resolve the forces in the bolt group.