Longitudinal Fissure

Contains the ACA and Falx Cerebri

Superior
Superior Frontal Gyrus
Frontal Sulcus
Middle Frontal
Gyrus

Precentral Precentral
Sulcus Gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex - BA 4

Central Sulcus Postcentral

Gyrus
PostCentral Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Sulcus BA 3,1,2
 Connected to Broca’s via Arcuate
Precentral Central Sulcus Postcentral fasciculus
Wernicke’s Area
Gyrus Gyrus Speech Comprehension

Middle Frontal BA - 22,39,40

Gyrus Supramarginal
Gyrus

Inferior Frontal
Sulcus Angular
Gyrus

Pars orbitalis Pars opercularis

Lateral
BA 44

Pars triangularis
BA 45
Sulcus
a.k.a Sylvian fissure
Contains the MCA

Inferior Frontal Gyrus Damage —> Broca’s Aphasia (“Telegraph Style Speech”)
Pars Opercularis + Pars triangularis = Broca’s Area
 Primary Auditory Cortex BA 41/42

Superior
Temporal
Gyrus
Contains Primary Auditory
Cortex - BA 41,42

Superior
Temporal
Sulcus

Middle
Temporal
Gyrus

Inferior
Lateral Temporal
Sulcus
Gyrus
 Connects posterior frontal lobes,
parietal lobes, + ant. temporal lobes
Body of Cingulate Cingulate
the Corpus Gyrus Sulcus Marginal Sulcus
Anterior nucleus of the

Genu of Callosum thalamus projects here via

internal capsule.

the Corpus Splenium of the

Corpus Callosum
Callosum Connects Occipital Lobes
Connects
Anterior Frontal Lobes

Septum Cingulate Gyrus:

Pellucidum
Receives axons from anterior nucleus of the
thalamus via the internal capsule.
Divides lateral ventricles
Outputs fibers to the hippocampus and cortex via
the cingulum bundle.
Fornix
Connects Hippocampus to Mammillary Bodies, Part of Papez Circuit
Primary Motor Cortex for the leg -
Supplied by the ACA
Paracentral Paracentral Primary Somatosensory cortex for the leg +
genitals - Supplied by the ACA
Lobule - Central Sulcus
Lobule - Marginal Sulcus

anterior posterior
Parieto-occipital
Sulcus Contains the PCA

Cuneus
Inferior C/L Visual
Field - BA 17 -
Lesion produces C/L
inferior
quadrantanopia -
Supplied by PCA -
Receives input from
parietal optic
radiation.

Lingual Calcarine
Gyrus Sulcus
Superior C/L Visual Field - Lesion Produces C/L
Superior Quadrantanopia - Supplied by PCA -
Receives input from Meyer’s Loop (Temporal
Optic Radiation)
 Olfactory
Bulb
From telencephalon - Adult neurogenesis -
Mitral cells (2nd order neurons) are main
output - Synapses in Glomeruli - Sends axons
to olfactory tract

Olfactory
Olfactory Trigone Tract
Site where medial and lateral olfactory
stria separate. One goes to piriform
cortex and the other goes through the
anterior commissure to the other
Uncus
primary olfactory cortex. Contains the Amygdala

Parahippocampal
Gyrus
Contains the Hippocampus.

Hippocampus receives axons from

entorhinal cortex and cingulum bindle via
the parahippocampal gyrus.

Affected by Alzheimer’s. Affects Semantic

Memory.
Lateral Olfactory Pathway - axons project
Adult neurogenesis in the Dentate region.
to IPSILATERAL primary olfactory cortex,
amygdala, entorhinal cortex
Supplied by Internal Choroidal Artery.
Medial olfactory Pathway - axons project
IPSILATERALLY to the basal limbic
structures (e.g. medial septal nucleus)
and others arise from the
CONTRALATERAL anterior olfactory
nucleus (via ant. commissure)
 Septum Pellucidum

3rd From Diencephalon

Ventricle
(space)
Stria Medullaris
Thalami
Contains Cholinergic neurons from
Genu of Corpus basal forebrain nuclei to habenula
Collusum Habenular Nuc.
Cerebral
Aqueduct
Fornix From Mesencephalon, w/in midbrain

(space)
Anterior
Commissure

4th
Ventricle
Interventricular
Foramen (Foramen (space)
From Rhombencephalon

of Monro) (Metencephalon +
Mylencephalon)

Hypothalamus Mammillary Body

Basal Forebrain Nuclei to
Habenular Nucleus via Stria
Medularis Thalami - Cholinergic
Neurons (ACh)
Interthalamic
adhesion
Thalamus

Hypothalamic
sulcus

Anterior Pineal
commissure gland
Connects olfactory nuclei, Secretes Melatonin.
anterior temporal lobes, and Regulated by the
amygdala Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.

Posterior
commissure
Communication between
pretectal nuclei for pupillary
light reflex. Lesion results in
light-near dissociation.

Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Receives input from hippocampus via
fornix. Output to anterior nucleus of
thalamus via mammillothalamic tract.
 Composed of Emboliform + Globose Nuclei - Connects
to Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum) - intermediate
zone

Interposed Nuclei

Dentate
Involved with the Pontocerebellum
(Neocerebellum) - lateral zone -
APPENDICULAR ATAXIA
- Consists of most of the cerebellar
cortex
- Coordinates movements
- Main input is from the sensory + motor
cortices

Folia

Medial Lemniscus Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

 Interpeduncular CN I Optic N - SSA

fossa

CN III
Oculomotor N
GSE - Oculomotor Nucleus
GVE - Edinger Westphal

Trigeminal N.
- GSA - Chief Sensory Nucleus of V (Face Touch)
- GSA - Spinal Nucleus of V (Face Pain/Temp) Trochlear N.
- GSA - Mesencephalic Nucleus (Jaw GSE - Trochlear Nucleus
Proprioception) -UP + IN; Head tilt AWAY
- BE - Motor Nucleus of V (M. of Mastication) -Trouble descending stairs

CN V CN IV
Abducens N.
CN VI GSE - Abducens Nucleus
Lesion -> head turn to
affected side.

CN VII
Inferior pontine
sulcus CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear N.
- SSA - Vestibular + Cochlear Nuclei (many)

CN VII - Facial N.
- BE - Facial Nucleus
- GVE - Superior Salivary Nucleus
- GSA - Chief Sensory Nucleus of V
- GSA - Spinal Nucleus of V
- SVA - Nucleus Solitarius
 Glossopharyngeal n.
BE - Nucleus Ambiguus
SVA - Nucleus Solitarius
GVE - Inf. Salivatory Nucleus
GSA - Chief Sensory Nucleus of V
GSA - Spinal Nucleus of V

CN XII
Inferior Olivary Nucleus Hypoglossal N.
- Motor intentions to cerebellum on “Climbing - GSE - Hypoglossal nucleus
Fibers” - Lesion -> Ipsilateral tongue deviation
- Synapse on Purkinje Cells and DCN

Olive CN IX
- Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

CN X of lesion.
Uvula away from side

Pyramid Vagus N.
SVA - Rostral Nucleus Solitarius
Contains Corticospinal Tract GVA - Caudal Nucleus Solitarius
BE - Nucleus Ambiguus

Anterior median
GSA - Chief Sensory Nucleus of V
GSA - Spinal Nucleus of V

fissure
GVE - Dorsal Motor Nucleus

CN XI
Contains Anterior Spinal Artery

Decussation of
Spinal Accessory N.
BE - Accessory Nucleus

the pyramids
Visual
Reflexes -

Superior
Origination
of

colliculus
tectospinal
tract.
Lesion results in Parinaud
Syndrome.

Audition - Inferior
colliculus
Receives fibers
from Superior
Olivary Nucleus
via lateral
lemniscus.
Superior
Sends fibers to CN IV Cerebellar
Medial
geniculate peduncle
nucleus via
Contains 2nd order axons of Anterior
brachium of the
spinocerebellar tract from Spinal Border
inferior
Cells. DISTAL LOWER LIMB.
colliculus.

Middle
Facial Cerebellar
colliculus Peduncle
Contains fibers of facial nerve and
ABDUCENS NUCLEUS (GSE).

Inferior
Cerebellar
peduncle
 Vagal trigone Contains Hypoglossal nucleus (GSE).

Contains Dorsal Motor Nucleus (GVE) Hypoglossal trigone

Parasympathetic

Just a landmark.
Obex Cuneate tubercle
Gracile tubercle Contains Nucleus Cuneatus.
- Touch, vibration, pressure,
Contains Nucleus Gracilis proprioception from C1-T6.
- Contains 2nd order neurons of Medial

Posterior median sulcus

lemniscus tract. Receives input from DRG.
These cells axons go via IAF to ML to
VPL.
 Medulla, caudal Nucleus gracilis
Also contains axons of
cuneocerebellar tract.

GSA - Touch - T7 + Fasciculus

Fasciculus
Below
Cuneatus
Also contains axons of the Dorsal
spinocerebellar tract from

Gracilus
Clarke’s Nucleus heading to
GSA - Touch - C1-T6
inferior cerebellar peduncle.
GSA - Touch - T7 +
Below

Nucleus Spinal Tract

cuneatus of V
GSA - Pain/
GSA - Touch - C1-T6 Temp from
Face

Spinal
Nucleus of
V
GSA - Pain/ Temp from Face
-2nd order fibers leave,
decussate, and ascend to
VPM via trigeminothalamic
tract Accessory
Pyramidal Nucleus
Decussation CN XI - GSE
Rostral lesion results in bilateral paresis of
upper limbs.

Caudal Lesion results in bilateral paresis of

lower limbs.
 Cuneocerebellar Pathway-muscle spindle+GTO from upper limb+ neck

Medulla, caudal
1st order soma = DRG - Fibers travel in fasciculus cuneatus

Nucleus gracilis 2nd order soma - Lateral (External) Cuneate Nucleus in caudal
medulla. Fibers travel rostrally via cuneocerebellar tract through the
inferior cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellum.

Nucleus cuneatus
Accessory (external/
lateral) cuneate
nucleus
Hypoglossal
CN XII - GSE nucleus
lesion results in tongue
Protrusion deviation to
same side.

Spinal Nucleus of V
GSA Pain - From face - Axons
from CN V, VII, IX, X
Spino-
Nucleus A thalamic
Ambiguus tract
GSA - Pain/Touch from C/L
BE - Voluntary Motor for CN IX, X
T body

L
Inferior
olivary
nucleus
Corticospinal
axons Medial lemniscus
Pyramid
GSE from PMC to LMNs in ventral
horn.
 GSE for CN XII Medial Vestibular Nucleus
Medulla, rostral Hypoglossal nucleus
Afferent from CN VII - Involved in VOR

Nucleus Solitarius
Tectospinal Tract Dorsal Motor
4th ventricle
From CN VII, IX, X.
superior colliculus to superior spinal cord (Lamina VI, VII, VIII) - SVA (rostral, taste) + GVA
Nucleus (caudal, carotid body + sinus)
MLF GVE - Visceral
Solitary tract Lesion -> I/L
INO,
Motor Fibers from rostral NS to
Gustatory cortex on Insula.
Axons from CN VII, IX, X. Abducens
- SVA (rostral, taste) + Nuc. to
GVA (caudal, carotid Oculomotor
body + sinus)

Mossy fiber axons of

dorsal spinocerebellar
tract (from Clarke’s
Column) +
cuneocerebellar tract
(from external
cuneate nucleus)
- Supplied by PICA

Inferior A Spinothalamic
Cerebellar tract
Peduncle T
GSA Pain/Temp From Nucleus
Proprius (Lamina V) to VPL of
Thalamus

Nucleus
Ambiguus L
BE for CN IX, X
Inferior
olivary
nucleus
Neurons project from here to the

Corticospinal cerebellum as climbing fibers.

Axons Medial lemniscus

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract - medial + lateral inferior vestibular
nuclei → Cervical cord (lamina VII + VIII) - partial cross in

Pyramid
medulla
GSA Touch from Nucleus Cuneatus +
Rotation + lifting of head + rotation of shoulder blade. Changes
Nucleus Gracilis to VPL of Thalamus
in posture + balance. Primarily inhibit MNs innervating extensors
+ neurons serving muscles of back + neck.
 Pons
Lateral Vestibular Nucleus

Medial Vestibular Nucleus

Facial Colliculus
Abducens GSE to lateral

Nucleus VI.
rectus via CN

Superior
Cerebellar
Peduncle
Contains Axons from
Anterior Spinocerebellar
tract (distal lower limb) Central
tegmental
tract
Ascending axonal fibers
from the rostral nucleus
solitarius to the VPM.

Descending axonal fibers

from Red nucleus to
inferior olivary nucleus.
A
L T
Middle
Cerebellar
Peduncle Spinothalamic
Tract
BE Axons for
Motor to
Muscles of

Facial
facial

Medial lemniscus
Nucleus Corticospinal Axons
expression +
stapedius via
CN VII
- Bell’s Palsy
 Pons

Main
Sensory
Nucleus of
V
GSA Touch from face +
mouth via CN V, VII, IX, X

Spinothalamic
A Tract
L T

BE to muscles of mastication
+ tensor tympani via CN V3

Lesion results in I/L jaw Medial lemniscus

deviation upon opening.

Motor
Nucleus of
V
Corticospinal Axons
Pons, rostral

Spinothalamic Medial lemniscus

tract
L
T A

Middle
Cerebellar
peduncle

Corticospinal Axons
Pontocerebellar fibers
Associated with the Corticospinal Tract and synapse within the
Dentate Nucleus. Lesion results in APPENDICULAR ATAXIA.
Associated with middle cerebellar peduncle.
Pons-midbrain junction Inferior colliculus
Input bilaterally from superior olivary nucleus via
lateral lemniscus. Output the medial geniculate

Connects superior olivary nucleus to inferior colliculus.

Lateral Lemniscus Periaqueductal
Grey
Medial Longitudinal
Spinothalamic Fasciculus
tract
L
T
A

Medial lemniscus
 Cerebral Aqueduct Superior colliculus
Midbrain, caudal Origin of Tectospinal Tract.

Innervates C/L Sup. Oblique w/ GSE via CN IV

Brachium of Trochlear Periaqueductal

inferior Nucleus Grey
colliculus
Spinothalamic
Connects Inferior Colliculus and MGN.

Medial Longitudinal
Fasciculus Tract
Medial
Lemniscus L

T
A

Superior
Cerebellar
Corticospinal Peduncle
Axons Substantia Nigra
Midbrain, caudal
Superior colliculus

Cerebral aqueduct Periaqueductal

Grey

Oculomotor nucleus
Contains Occulomotor nucleus (GSE) + Edinger-
Westphal Nucleus (GVE- Para).

Spinothalamic tract Medial lemniscus

L
T
A

Black because of production of

MELANIN.
Cerebral
Corticospinal Axons Substantia nigra
Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons to Striatum originate in Pars Compacta.
peduncle
SNc DEGENERATED in PARKINSON’S DISEASE.
(Crus
Pars Reticularis receives Glutamatergic (Excitatory) neurons from the Subthalamic
Nucleus and sends GABAergic (Inhibitory) neurons to the Thalamus. Cerebri)
Pars Reticularis receives GABAergic neurons from Striatum.
 Origin of rubrospinal tract. Lesion above results in decorticate rigidity. Lesion at or below results in

Midbrain, rostral
decerebrate rigidity. Involved in proximal flexor musculature.

Red Nucleus

LGN

Corticospinal Axons
Within Cerebral Peduncle

Mammillothalamic Tract Fornix Optic Tract

Connects mammillary Bodies to anterior nucleus of thalamus. Connects Hippocampus to mammillary bodies

Rubrospinal tract = red nucleus to cervical cord (Lamina V-VIII) - Ventral tegmental decussation in
MIDBRAIN. Facilitates motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles. Functionally parallel to
3rd Ventricle corticospinal tract.
 Pineal Gland Containing Brain Sand. Secretes melatonin.
Cirvumventricular organ. Part of epithalamus. Regulated
by suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Sensation from face (trigeminothalamic +

VPM
facial nucleus)

Sensation from body. ML

+ spinothalamic tracts.
Projects to primary
somatosensory cortex.

VPL

Internal
capsule,
posterior
limb
Left Right

Dorsal
(posterior)
root
Sensory!

Posterior median sulcus

 Posteriolateral sulcus
Posterior intermediate sulcus

Posterior median sulcus Right

Left

Dorsal (posterior) root

Fasciculus gracilis
GSA Touch - T7 + below

Fasciculus cuneatus
GSA - touch C1-T6 dermatomes
Right Left

Ventral
(anterior)
root

Anterior median fissure

Contains Anterior Spinal Artery
 Anterior median fissure

Right Left

Ventral
(anterior)
root
Conus L1/L2

medullaris
Ends at L1/L2

Cauda
equina
Filum
terminale
Composed of Pia.
 Fasciculus gracilis
Sacral Cord
Contained within Lumbar Vertebrae!!!

Te Posterior Median Sulcus

Lateral
corticospinal
tract

Spinothalamic
tract

Anterior median fissure

 Fasciculus gracilis
Lumbar Cord Posteromarginal
Nucleus Lamina I

Substantia Lateral
gelatinosa corticospinal
Lamina II
tract
Lesion Results in Spastic
Paralysis

Lumbar
enlargement
Spinothalamic
Lesion to Ventral horn results in Flaccid
Paralysis.

Spinal border cells (2nd order neuron of

anterior spinocerebellar tract) live here.
tract

Anterior median fissure

 Fasciculus gracilis
Thoracic Cord

Nucleus Posteromarginalis

Substantia
Lateral
Gelatinosa cortico-
spinal
tract

Intermed-
Lateral iolateral
horn cell
Contains Sympathetic column
Preganglionic Somas (B-fibers) in
intermediolateral cell column. L
Found at Spinal Levels T1-L2.
T
A
Spinothalamic
tract
Central Canal
Enlargement results in syringomeylia.

Clarke s (Column) nucleus

Primarily affects the C5 dermatome.

2nd order neurons in the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract. Located in Lamina VII from T1-S2
Receives input from DRGs in fasciculus gracilis
 Cervical Cord Fasciculus gracilis

Fasciculus cuneatus

Substantia Posteromarginal
gelatinosa Nucleus
Lateral
cortico-
spinal
tract

Cervical
enlargement
Spinothalamic
Contains Lower Motor Neurons for
brachial plexus. Both A-alpha motor
neurons (extrafusal fibers) and A-
gamma motor neurons (intrafusal
fibers). C5-T1
tract

Anterior median fissure

Contains Anterior Spinal Artery from vertebral artery.
Anterior White Commissure
Contains Spinothalamic 2nd order axons. First
Affected in Syringomelia.
 Anterior Cerebral Artery
Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion results in loss of voluntary motor and sensation to contralateral lower
limb + genitals.
Occlusion results in ipsilateral anopia.

Middle
Cerebral
Artery
Anterior
Occlusion results in loss of
voluntary motor + sensation

Communicating
Anterior Artery
Choroidal Artery Aneurysm results in bitemporal
hemianopia.

Posterior
Communicating
Artery

Internal Carotid
System
Vertebral Artery Posterior Cerebral
System Artery Midbrain Syndrome - unilateral damage
Superior Alternating / Weber’s / Medial

to the ventral region of the midbrain

caused by occlusion of the PCA / Basilar
Arteries. Results in superior alternating
hemiplegia (ipsilateral oculomotor n.
palsy + contralateral hemiplegia).

If lateral tegmental areas are involved as

well, it results in the addition of ataxia
and is called Benedikt’s syndrome.

Superior Cerebellar
Artery Occlusion results in ATAXIA.
Frequently the cause of trigeminal neuralgia.

Anterior Inferior
Cerebellar Artery Basilar Artery
(AICA)
Occlusion results in LATERAL PONTINE
SYNDROME.

Vertebral Artery
Posterior Inferior
Cerebellar Artery
(PICA)
Occlusion results in Lateral Medullary
Syndrome - (Wallenberg’s Syndrome)

Anterior Spinal Artery

Occlusion results in medial medullary syndrome (inferior alternating syndrome).
 Anterior
Cerebral
Artery
Occlusion results in loss of
voluntary motor + sensation to
contralateral lower limb.

Internal Carotid Artery Middle Cerebral Artery

Occlusion results in loss of sensation + voluntary motor to contralateral upper limb
+ face.
 Middle
Cerebral
Artery

Anterior
Cerebral
Artery

Internal
Carotid
Artery
Posterior
Cerebral
Artery

Superior
Cerebellar
Artery
Basilar
Artery

Vertebral
Artery
 Posterior
Cerebral
Artery
Occlusion results in Superior
Alternating (Weber’s) Syndrome

Superior Basilar
Cerebellar Artery
Artery

Vertebral
Artery
 Posterior
Cerebral
Artery
Occlusion results in Superior
Alternating (Weber’s) Syndrome

Superior
Cerebellar
Artery Vertebral
Basilar Artery
Artery
 Occlusion -> Superior Alternating (Weber’s) Syndrome

Posterior
Cerebral
Artery AICA
Occlusion results in Lateral
Pontine Syndrome.

Superior
Cerebellar
Artery

Basilar
Artery

PICA
Occlusion results in Lateral Medullary
(Wallenberg’s) Syndrome.

Vertebral
Artery
 Contains ACA.
Afferent From Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus. Efferent
to cortex and parahippocampal gyrus via cingulum
Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Body
bundle.
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulum Bundle Septum pellucidum
Efferents from cingulate gyrus. Fibers to
parahippocampal gyrus.

Corona radiata

Lateral Caudate
ventricle, nucleus
Huntington’s Disease will
anterior have degeneration of
MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS

horn in the Caudate.

Part of the Striatum.

Associated with Association

cortex.

Internal Putamen
capsule, Part of Striatum with
anterior Caudate and part of
lentiform nucleus with
limb globus pallidus.

Contains Corticofugal and Associated with

thalamocortical fibers. SENSORYMOTOR cortex.
 Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule,
anterior limb Corticofugal fibers.

Lateral ventricle, Putamen

body

External
capsule

Extreme
capsule Lateral Sulcus

Insula

Claustrum

Globus T

Pallidus,
externum
Globus
Inhibitory input
from striatum +

Pallidus,
GABA inhibitory
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
output on
A subcortical Structure. Receives input from
subthalamic nuclei
internum 3rd ventricle
olfactory tract. Communicates via anterior
commissure. Lesion -> Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.
Inhib by striatum, excited by Connected to the hypothalamus via STRIA
STN, inhibits Thalamus. TERMINALIS.
 Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule,
Fornix
posterior limb
Hippocampus to mammillary bodies.

Mammilothalamic Tract
Mammillary Bodies to Ant. Nucleus of

Putamen
thalamus. Part of Circuit of Papez.

External capsule
Globus
Pallidus,
externum
Extreme
capsule

Insula

Claustrum
Globus
Pallidus,
internum
Lateral ventricle, Hippocampus
NMDA receptors are hekka important for LTP here.

inferior horn Pons CA1 region of hippocampus is the most vulnerable to

amyloid plaque formation in AD.

Hypothalamus (specifically Anterior nucleus Receives input from mammillary

the mamillary body of the thalamus and outputs to cingulate gyrus.
bodies via mammillothalamic tract
 Cingulate gyrus

Internal capsule,
Corona radiata
posterior limb

Lateral
sulcus Putamen

Insula
Dorsomedial
Nucleus of the
Thalamus
Limbic system relay circuit

Lateral ventricle,
Hippocampus inferior horn
Bilateral Ablation will cause anterograde amnesia. Substantia
Nigra Pars Compacta Degenerated in Parkinson’s disease.
Allocortex (3 layers)
Pons
 Longitudinal fissure Fornix

Thalamus

Caudate

Lateral sulcus

Hippocampus

Cerebral
aqueduct
Connects the 3rd + 4th
Ventricles. Occlusion here

Lateral ventricle, would cause non-

communicating

inferior horn
hydrocephalus.

Middle cerebellar
peduncle
Medulla
 Longitudinal fissure

Cingulate Gyrus

Corona
radiata

Corpus
callosum

Cingulate Gyrus

Longitudinal fissure
 Genu of the corpus callosum Connects anterior frontal lobes
Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Fornix Internal capsule,
Globus pallidus anterior limb

Putamen
Genu of Corpus Callosum
External capsule Corticobulbar fibers

Insula
Claustrum

Internal capsule,
Extreme capsule posterior limb
Corticospinal + sensory fibers.

Dorsomedial Nucleus
of the Thalamus
Relaying information from hypothalamus,
hippocampus, amygdala, to frontal + cingulate
cortex

Thalamus Splenium of the

corpus callosum
Connects occipital lobes.

Lateral ventricle,
posterior horn
3rd ventricle
 Hypothalamus

Mammillary Body 3rd ventricle

Hippocampus

Crus cerebri
a.k.a Cerebral peduncle

Hippocampus

Cerebral aqueduct
 Receives input from the inferior

Internal capsule,
colliculus via the brachium of the
inferior colliculus. Output to I/L

posterior limb
primary auditory cortex (BA 41,42).

Medial geniculate
nucleus

Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Receives input from the optic tract. Carries information
from the C/L visual field. Lesion results in C/L homonymous
hemianopia. Output to primary visual cortex (BA 17) via
optic radiation. Parietal radiation to cuneus carrying inferior
C/L visual field. Temporal Radiation (Meyer’s Loop) carries
C/L superior visual field.
Ending of Optic Tract (retinal ganglion cells end here). Thalamic relay of visual information.
Organized into layers depending on eye of origin + type of retinal ganglion cell axon:
2 magnocellular layers: input from M-ganglion cells “where pathway”
4 parvocellular layers: input from P-ganglion cells “what pathway”
 Anterior Commissure
Connects amygdala, olfactory nuclei, anterior temporal lobes.

Medial geniculate
Internal capsule,
nucleus
posterior limb

Optic radiations
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Lesion results in C/L homonymous
hemianopia.

Hippocampus Superior colliculus Origin of tectospinal tract.

 Medial geniculate nucleus Superior colliculus Origin of tectospinal tract. Receives input
from the optic tract.

Receives input from the inferior

colliculus via the brachium of the
inferior colliculus. Output to
primary auditory cortex via the
ACOUSTIC RADIATION.

Brachium of
inferior
colliculus
Connects inferior colliculus to the
medial geniculate nucleus.

Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Inferior
colliculus
Receives input from superior
olivary nucleus via the lateral
lemniscus. Sends output to the
medial geniculate nucleus via the
brachium of the inferior
colliculus.
Incomplete damage -> Marcus
Gunn pupil (afferent pupil). Optic nerve Optic chiasm Lesion results in bitemporal hemianopsia.
Decussation of temporal visual fields.

Optic tract
Lesion results in C/L
homonymous hemianopsia.

Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Lesion results in C/L
homonymous hemianopsia.

Medial geniculate nucleus

 Origin of medial vestibulospinal tract.

Medial vestibular nucleus

Cochlear nuclei
Medial Lesion here results in I/L
longitudinal sensorineural hearing loss.

fasciculus
Lesion results in I/L internuclear
opthalmoplegia. i.e. inability to adduct the
ipsilateral eye.

Tectospinal Tract
Originates in superior colliculus.
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract -

Medial
medial + lateral inferior vestibular GSE to lateral rectus via CN VI.
nuclei → Cervical cord (lamina VII +

vestibular
VIII) - partial cross in medulla Input from Paramedian Pontine Reticular
Formation. Output to C/L Oculomotor Lesion causes I/L internuclear opthalmoplegia.
Rotation + lifting of head + rotation
nucleus via MLF.
nucleus
of shoulder blade. Changes in
Connects C/L Abducens nucleus with I/L oculomotor nucleus.
posture + balance. Primarily inhibit
MNs innervating extensors +
neurons serving muscles of back + Abducens nucleus Medial longitudinal fasciculus
neck.

Lateral
vestibular
nucleus
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract -
Lateral vestibular nucleus of
medulla to all levels (Lamina
VII, VIII) - NO
DECUSSATION.
Facilitates 𝛂 + 𝛄-motor
neurons that innervate
extensor muscles. Maintains
posture, modulated by
activation of vestibular
apparatus or cerebellum.
May inhibit some flexor motor
neurons, but they mainly
facilitate spinal reflexes via
their excitatory influence on
spinal motor neurons
innervating extensors.

Extensor response of lower

limbs in both decerebrate +
decorticate rigidity.

Superior olivary
nucleus
Receives auditory info from cochlear nucleus and outputs to
inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus.

Performs LOCALIZATION of SOUND.

 GVE for pupillary light reflex to sphincter puppillae and
Origin of tectospinal tract. to ciliary muscle for accomodation via CN III Receives input from Inferior colliculus via brachium

Superior
(oculomotor) and ciliary ganglion. of the inferior colliculus. Output to primary auditory

Edinger-Westphal
cortex (BA 41,42) (caudal superior temporal gyrus).

colliculus Medial geniculate

nucleus
nucleus

Oculomotor
nucleus
GSE to eye muscles. CN III.

Lateral Medial longitudinal

geniculate fasciculus
nucleus
 Lesion results in bitemporal hemianopia.

Optic chiasm Parieto-occipital sulcus

Contains the PCA.

Processes the C/L inferior visual

field. Receives input from parietal
stream of optic radiation.

Cuneus

Optic nerve
Lesion results in I/L anopia. Lingual gyrus
Processes C/L Superior visual field.
Receives input from Meyer’s Loop

Calcarine sulcus (Temporal stream of optic radiation).

Olfactory
Bulb

Olfactory
Tract

Olfactory
Uncus Trigone

Parahippocampal
Gyrus
Periallocortex (4-5 layers).

Mammillary
Body
 Cingulate Gyrus
Cingulate cortex is Periallocortex (4-5 layers).

Fornix
Cingulum Bundle
Fibers from cingulate cortex
to parahippocampal cortex
and on to entorhinal cortex
and hippocampus.
 Hippocampus
Outputs to mammillary bodies via the fornix.

Degenerates (particularly CA1) in

Alzheimer’s due to accumulation of beta-
amyloid plaques derived from amyloid
precursor protein.

A site of adult neurogenesis.

Fornix

Uncus Anterior
Commissure
Communication between amygdalae, anterior temporal lobes,
Amygdala + olfactory nuclei.
 Dorsomedial
Nucleus of
Fornix the Thalamus

Hippocampus
 Cingulate Gyrus

Fornix

Hippocampus
Fornix

Hippocampus
 Splenium of Corpus Callosum
Carries communication between the occipital

Posterior Horn
of Lateral
Ventricle

Hippocampus
 Cingulate
Gyrus
Receives input from the anterior nucleus

Fornix of the thalamus and sends output to the

cortex and parahippocampal gyrus via
Carries fibers from the the cingulum bundle.
hippocampus to the

Anterior
mammillary bodies from the
hippocampus. Bilateral lesion

Nucleus of
will result in minor
anterograde memory
disturbance.
the Thalamus
Receives input from the
mammilary bodies via the
mammilothalamic tract and
projects to the cingulate cortex
via the internal capsule.