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Source Free RL Circuit

1) When a DC circuit changes states, such as a switch closing or an element changing, there is a transient period where currents and voltages change from their initial values to new steady state values. 2) The time constant of an RL series circuit is the time it takes for the current to reach 63.2% of its final value. It is equal to the inductance L divided by the resistance R. 3) The transient response of current in an RL series circuit is an exponential rising function that starts at 0 A and approaches a final value of V/R with the form i(t) = (1 - e^(-t/τ))V/R, where τ is the time constant

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147 views

Source Free RL Circuit

1) When a DC circuit changes states, such as a switch closing or an element changing, there is a transient period where currents and voltages change from their initial values to new steady state values. 2) The time constant of an RL series circuit is the time it takes for the current to reach 63.2% of its final value. It is equal to the inductance L divided by the resistance R. 3) The transient response of current in an RL series circuit is an exponential rising function that starts at 0 A and approaches a final value of V/R with the form i(t) = (1 - e^(-t/τ))V/R, where τ is the time constant

Uploaded by

Anonymous yO7rcec6vu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC CIRCUITS

Introduction
When a circuit condition changes from one state to another state, either when the
applied voltage changes or when one of the circuit element changes, a transitional
period exists during which the branch currents & voltage drops change from their
earlier values to new values. After this transient period, the circuit reaches a steady
state value.
DIRECT CURRENT TRANSIENTS:
4.1. RL SERIES TRANSIENT CIRCUITS FOR DC INPUT
A constant voltage V is applied to the series RL circuit. When the switch is closed at
t 0 , as shown in Fig…

Applying KVL the differential equation is,

di(t )
Ri(t )  L V
dt
Taking the Laplace transform on both sides,
V
 R  SL  I (s) 
S
V
V L
I ( s)  
S ( R  SL)  R
SS  
 L

Applying partial fraction expansion,


V
L A B
 
R S R
S (S  ) S
L L
V  R
 A S    B S
L  L

Prepared by Prof.S.Nagammai, HOD/EIE/KLNCE Page 1


TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC CIRCUITS

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of ‘S’,


A  B 0

AR V

L L
V V
Solving , A and B
R R

 

V 1 1 
I (s)    
RS  R
 S  
  L

V    t 
R

i (t )  1  e  L  
R 
 

The initial value of the current is, i(0)  0


V
The final value of current is i ( ) 
R

, i( )  1  e  
L V 0.632V
At t   
1

R R R

At this time, the current is 63.2 % of its final value


This type of equation is known as an exponential rising function & and the plot of
current response is shown in Fig

The time constant (TC) is the time at which the power of exponent ‘e’ is unity.
L
Thus for the RL transient the time constant is,   sec
R

The voltage drop across the resistor & inductor is,

Prepared by Prof.S.Nagammai, HOD/EIE/KLNCE Page 2


TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC CIRCUITS

V     t      t 
R R
 L 
VR  R i (t )  R  1 e  V 1 e  L  

R   
   

  t  
d V 
R  R
     t
 L  
VL  L 1 e  Ve  L 
dt  R  
  

Source free RL circuit


Consider a source free RL circuit shown in Fig below. The inductor has an initial
current of I0 Amps.
The differential equation of the circuit is,
di (t )
R i (t )  L 0
dt
R I (s)  L  SI ( s)  I 0   0

 R  SL  I (s)  I 0 L
 R
 S   I ( s)  I 0
 L
I0
I (s) 
 R
S  
 L
Taking the inverse Laplace transform,
R
t
i(t )  I 0 e L

Prepared by Prof.S.Nagammai, HOD/EIE/KLNCE Page 3


TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC CIRCUITS

Problem 4.3: In the circuit shown in Fig… switch S1 is closed at t  0 & S 2 is opened
t  0.3sec . Find the expression for transient current for both the intervals.

Solution:
With switch S1 & S 2 closed at t  0 , the 50 resistor acts as a short circuit.

The differential equation is,


di(t )
20 i(t )  2  100
dt

100
 20  2S  I (S ) 
S

50 5  10
I (S )  
S  S  5 S  S  10 


i(t )  5 1  e10 t Amps 
 
i(0.3)  5 1  e100.3  4.75 Amps

When switch S 2 is opened the differential equation is,


di(t )
70 i(t )  2  100
dt

100
70 I ( S )  2  S I ( S )  4.75 
S

100
70  2S  I (S )   9.5
S

50  4.75S
I (S ) 
S ( S  35)

Applying partial fraction expansion,


50  4.75S A B
 
S ( S  35) S S  35

50  4.75S  A  S  35  BS

Solving for constants A and B


Prepared by Prof.S.Nagammai, HOD/EIE/KLNCE Page 4
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC CIRCUITS

A  1.43 and B  3.32

1.43 3.32
I (S )  
S S  35

35t 0.2
i(t )  1.43  3.32 e Amps for t  0.2sec

Problem 4.4: In the circuit shown in Fig…., the switch is closed for a long time. At t  0
the switch is opened. Calculate i (t ) for t  0 .

Solution:
Since the switch is closed for a long time, there exist steady state conditions. Under this
condition inductor acts a short circuit and 16 acts as dead element.

12  4
Now, RT   2  5
16

40 IT  12 8  12
IT   8 Amps i0    6 Amps
5 16 16

When the switch is opened, the circuit condition is shown in Fig 2


di (t )
8i(t )  2 0
dt

8 I (S )  2 S I (S )  i0   0

8  2S  I (S )  12
12 6
I (s)  
8  2S S  4

i(t )  6 e4t Amps for t  0 sec

Prepared by Prof.S.Nagammai, HOD/EIE/KLNCE Page 5

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