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First-Order Dierential Equations: Equation and Solution Denition

The document defines first-order differential equations and their solutions. It provides definitions for general solutions, particular solutions, and linear first-order equations. Examples are given to illustrate finding general and particular solutions, using integrating factors to solve linear first-order equations, and modeling various real-world scenarios with differential equations.

Uploaded by

Fahrettin Cakir
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
88 views

First-Order Dierential Equations: Equation and Solution Denition

The document defines first-order differential equations and their solutions. It provides definitions for general solutions, particular solutions, and linear first-order equations. Examples are given to illustrate finding general and particular solutions, using integrating factors to solve linear first-order equations, and modeling various real-world scenarios with differential equations.

Uploaded by

Fahrettin Cakir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First-Order Dierential Equations

Equation and Solution Denition

Denition: First-Order Dierential Equation


A rst-order dierential equation is an equation

dy
= f (x, y) (1)
dx
in which f (x, y) is a function of two variables dened on a region in the xy -plane.
The equation is of rst order because it involves only the rst derivative dy/dx (and
not higher-order derivatives).
Sometimes we may use dierent notation like the following

d
y 0 = f (x, y) and y = f (x, y)
dx
which means the same thing as the rst equation.
Denition: General Solution
A solution of Equation (1) is a dierentiable function y = y(x) dened on an interval
I of x -values (perhaps innite) such that

d
y(x) = f (x, y(x))
dx
the resulting equation is true for all x over the interval I . The general solution to a
rst order dierential equation is a solution that contains all possible solutions. The
general should always contain an arbitrary constant.
Example
Show that every member of the family of functions

C
y= +2
x
is a solution of the rst-order dierential equation

dy 1
= (2 − y)
dx x
on the interval (0, ∞), where C is any constant.

Denition: Particular Solution


The particular solution satisfying the initial condition y (x0 ) = y0 is the solution
y = y(x) whose value is y0 when x = x0 . Thus the graph of the particular solution
passes through the point (x0 , y0 ) in the xy-plane. A rst-order initial value problem
is a dierential equation y 0 = f (x, y) whose solution must satisfy an initial condition
y (x0 ) = y0 .

1
Example
Show that the function

1
y = (x + 1) − ex
3
is a solution to the rst-order initial value problem

dy 2
= y − x, y(0) =
dx 3

Denition: First-Order Linear Dierential Equation


A rst-order linear dierential equation is one that can be written in the form

dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x)
dx
where P (x) and Q(x) are continuous functions. This equation is said to be in stan-
dard form.
Example
Put the following equation in standard form:

dy
x = x2 + 3y, x>0
dx

Solving Linear Equations: Method of Integrating Factors

2
Solving Linear Equations: Steps To Follow
Step 1. Calculate the integrating factor
R
p(x)dx
µ=e

since any µ will suce, we can take the constant of integration to be zero in this step.
Step 2. Multiply both sides of (3) by µ and express the result as
d
(µy) = µq(x)
dx

Step 3. Integrate both sides of the equation obtained in Step 2 and then solve for y.
Be sure to include a constant of integration in this step.
Example
Solve the dierential equation

dy
− y = e2x
dx

Example
Solve the initial value problem

dy
x − y = x, y(1) = 2
dx

3
Example
At time t = 0, a tank contains 4 lb of salt dissolved in 100 gal of water. Suppose that
brine containing 2 lb of salt per gallon of brine is allowed to enter the tank at a rate
of 5 gal/min and that the mixed solution is drained from the tank at the same rate.
Find the amount of salt in the tank after 10 minutes.

4
Example
A company is trying to expose a new product to as many people as possible through
TV ads. Suppose that the rate of exposure to new people is proportional to the
number of those who have not seen the product out of L possible viewers (limited
growth). No one is aware of the product at the start of the campaign, and after 10
days, 10% of L are aware of the product. Mathematically,

dN
= k(L − N ) N (0) = 0 N (10) = 0.1L
dt
(A) Explain what the equation N (10) = 0.1L means.
(B) Solve the dierential equation.
(C) How many days will it take to expose 50% of L?
(D) Graph the solution found in part (B) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 300

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