Biotik Abiotik Kurva

Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi II
• Kurva tumbuh dan penyimpangannya
• Kondisi lingkungan biotik/abiotik bagi

pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
mikroorganisma
Bacterial Growth Curve
• Bacterial growth is the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in
a process called binary fission. Providing no mutational event occurs the
resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. Hence,
"local doubling" of the bacterial population occurs. Both daughter cells from
the division do not necessarily survive. However, if the number surviving
exceeds unity on average, the bacterial population undergoes exponential
growth. The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch
culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists; the basic
means requires bacterial enumeration (cell counting) by direct and individual
(microscopic, flow cytometry), direct and bulk (biomass), indirect and
individual (colony counting), or indirect and bulk (most probable number,
turbidity, nutrient uptake) methods. Models reconcile theory with the
measurements.
REPRODUKSI SEL
- Binary Fission
- Conjugation
Binary
Fission
Conjugation 1
Conjugation 2
Conjugation 3
Conjugation 4
Kurva Tumbuh Bakteri
Kurva Tumbuh
• During lag phase, bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. It is the period
where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide. During the lag
phase of the bacterial growth cycle, synthesis of RNA, enzymes and other molecules
occurs.
• Exponential phase (sometimes called the log phase) is a period characterized by

cell doubling. The number of new bacteria appearing per unit time is proportional to
the present population. If growth is not limited, doubling will continue at a constant
rate so both the number of cells and the rate of population increase doubles with each
consecutive time period. For this type of exponential growth, plotting the natural
logarithm of cell number against time produces a straight line. The slope of this line is
the specific growth rate of the organism, which is a measure of the number of
divisions per cell per unit time. The actual rate of this growth (i.e. the slope of the line
in the figure) depends upon the growth conditions, which affect the frequency of cell
division events and the probability of both daughter cells surviving. Exponential
growth cannot continue indefinitely, however, because the medium is soon depleted
of nutrients and enriched with wastes.
• During stationary phase, the growth rate slows as a result of nutrient depletion and
accumulation of toxic products. This phase is reached as the bacteria begin to
exhaust the resources that are available to them. This phase is a constant value as
the rate of bacterial growth is equal to the rate of bacterial death.
• At death phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan
Mikroorganisma / Bakteri
• Faktor Fisik :
– Temperatur
– Oksigen
– pH
– Osmosis
• Faktor Nutrisi
Temperature
• 1. Psychrophiles are cold-loving bacteria. Their optimum growth
temperature is between -5oC and 15oC. They are usually found in
the Arctic and Antarctic regions and in streams fed by glaciers.
• 2. Mesophiles are bacteria that grow best at moderate

temperatures. Their optimum growth temperature is between 25oC
and 45oC. Most bacteria are mesophilic and include common soil
bacteria and bacteria that live in and on the body.
• 3. Thermophiles are heat-loving bacteria. Their optimum growth

temperature is between 45oC and 70oC and are comonly found in
hot springs and in compost heaps.
• 4. Hyperthermophiles are bacteria that grow at very high

temperatures. Their optimum growth temperature is between 70C
and 110oC. They are usually members of the Archae and are found
growing near hydrothermal vents at great depths in the ocean.
Oksigen
• 1. Obligate aerobes are organisms that grow only in the presence of
oxygen. They obtain their energy through aerobic respiration.
• 2. Microaerophiles are organisms that require a low concentration of

oxygen (2% to 10%) for growth, but higher concentrations are inhibitory.
They obtain their energy through aerobic respiration.
• 3. Obligate anaerobes are organisms that grow only in the absense of

oxygen and, in fact, are often inhibited or killed by its presense. They obtain
their energy through anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
• 4. Facultative anaerobes are organisms that grow with or without oxygen,

but generally better with oxygen. They obtain their energy through aerobic
respiration if oxygen is present, but use fermentation or anaerobic
respiration if it is absent. Most bacteria are facultative anaerobes.
pH
• 1. Neutrophiles : grow best at a pH range of 6 to 8.

• 2. Acidophiles : grow best at a pH below 5.5.
• 3. Alkaliphiles : grow best at a pH above 8.5.
Osmosis
• In an isotonic environment, both the water and solute concentration
are the same inside and outside the cell and water goes into and out
of the cell at an equal rate.
• If the environment is hypertonic, the water concentration is greater

inside the cell while the solute concentration is higher outside (the
interior of the cell is hypotonic to the surrounding hypertonic
environment). Water goes out of the cell.
• In an environment that is hypotonic, the water concentration is

greater outside the cell and the solute concentration is higher inside
(the interior of the cell is hypertonic to the hypotonic surroundings).
Water goes into the cell.
• Most bacteria require an isotonic environment (def) or a

hypotonic environment for optimum growth. Organisms that can
grow at relatively high salt concentration (up tp 10%) are said to be
osmotolerant. Those that require relatively high salt concentrations
for growth, like some of the Archea that require sodium chloride
concentrations of 20 % or higher halophiles.
• In an isotonic environment, both the water and solute
concentration are the same inside and outside the cell
and water goes into and out of the cell at an equal rate.
• If the environment is hypertonic, the water
concentration is greater inside the cell while the solute
concentration is higher outside (the interior of the cell is
hypotonic to the surrounding hypertonic environment).
Water goes out of the cell.
• In an environment that is hypotonic, the water
concentration is greater outside the cell and the solute
concentration is higher inside (the interior of the cell is
hypertonic to the hypotonic surroundings). Water goes
into the cell.
Nutrition
• Energy source
– 1. Phototrophs : use radiant energy (light) as
their primary energy source.
– 2. Chemotrophs : use the oxidation and
reduction of chemical compounds as their
primary energy source.
• Combining their nutritional patterns, all organisms in
nature can be placed into one of four separate groups:
photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs,
and chemoheterotrophs.
– 1. Photoautotrophs (def) use light as an energy

source and carbon dioxide as their main carbon
source. They include photosynthetic bacteria (green
sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and
cyanobacteria), algae, and green plants.
Photoautotrophs transform carbon dioxide and water
into carbohydrates and oxygen gas through
photosynthesis.
– 2. Photoheterotrophs use light as an energy source but
cannot convert carbon dioxide into energy. Instead they
use organic compounds as a carbon source. They
include the green nonsulfur bacteria and the purple
nonsulfur bacteria.
– 3. Chemolithoautotrophs use inorganic compounds
such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, ammonia, nitrites,
hydrogen gas, or iron as an energy source and carbon
dioxide as their main carbon source.
– 4. Chemoorganoheterotrophs use organic
compounds as both an energy source and a carbon
source. Saprophytes live on dead organic matter while
parasites get their nutrients from a living host.
– Most bacteria, and all protozoans, fungi, and animals are
chemoorganoheterotrophs.
• Nitrogen source :
– Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of such
molecules as amino acids, DNA, RNA and
ATP (def). Depending on the organism,
nitrogen, nitrates, ammonia, or organic
nitrogen compounds may be used as a
nitrogen source.
• Minerals source:
• 1. Sulfur
– Sulfur is needed to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and
certain vitamins. Depending on the organism, sulfates, hydrogen
sulfide, or sulfur-containing amino acids may be used as a sulfur
source.
• 2. Phosphorus
– Phosphorus is needed to synthesize phospholipids (def), DNA,
RNA, and ATP (def). Phosphate ions are the primary source of
phosphorus.
• 3. Potassium, magnesium, and calcium
– These are required for certain enzymes to function as
well as additional functions.
• 4. Iron
– Iron is a part of certain enzymes.
• 5. Trace elements
– Trace elements are elements required in very minute
amounts, and like potassium, magnesium, calcium,
and iron, they usually function as cofactors (def) in
enzyme reactions. They include sodium, zinc,
copper,molybdenum, manganese, and cobalt ions.
Cofactors usually function as electron donors or
electron acceptors during enzyme reactions.
• Water source
• Growth factors :
– Growth factors are organic compounds such as amino
acids, purine, pyrimidine, and vitamins that a cell must
have for growth but cannot synthesize itself.
Organisms having complex nutritional requirements
and needing many growth factors are said to be
fastidious.

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Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi II

• Kurva tumbuh dan penyimpangannya

• Kondisi lingkungan biotik/abiotik bagi

• Exponential phase (sometimes called the log phase) is a period characterized by

• At death phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

• 2. Mesophiles are bacteria that grow best at moderate

• 3. Thermophiles are heat-loving bacteria. Their optimum growth

• 4. Hyperthermophiles are bacteria that grow at very high

• 2. Microaerophiles are organisms that require a low concentration of

• 3. Obligate anaerobes are organisms that grow only in the absense of

• 4. Facultative anaerobes are organisms that grow with or without oxygen,

• 1. Neutrophiles : grow best at a pH range of 6 to 8.

• If the environment is hypertonic, the water concentration is greater

• In an environment that is hypotonic, the water concentration is

• Most bacteria require an isotonic environment (def) or a

– 1. Photoautotrophs (def) use light as an energy

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