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  • % BPSK

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    Majd Shakhatreh
    48 views10 pages
    This document contains code to simulate and plot the bit error rate (BER) performance of different modulation schemes including BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM over an AWGN channel. It defines the theoretical BER equations for each scheme and plots the theoretical curves on the same graph for comparison. It then simulates the channel capacity of QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM and plots the results over a range of SNR values.

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    Original Title

    snr.docx

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    This document contains code to simulate and plot the bit error rate (BER) performance of different modulation schemes including BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM over an AWGN channel. It defines the theoretical BER equations for each scheme and plots the theoretical curves on the same graph for comparison. It then simulates the channel capacity of QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM and plots the results over a range of SNR values.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    48 views10 pages

    % BPSK

    Uploaded by

    Majd Shakhatreh
    This document contains code to simulate and plot the bit error rate (BER) performance of different modulation schemes including BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM over an AWGN channel. It defines the theoretical BER equations for each scheme and plots the theoretical curves on the same graph for comparison. It then simulates the channel capacity of QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM and plots the results over a range of SNR values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    clear

    N = 2*10^5 % number of bits or symbols


    Es_N0_dB = [-3:20]; % multiple Eb/N0 values

    % BPSK
    theoryBer_BPSK = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Es_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical
    ber

    %(QPSK)
    theorySer_QPSK = erfc(sqrt(0.5*(10.^(Es_N0_dB/10)))) -
    (1/4)*(erfc(sqrt(0.5*(10.^(Es_N0_dB/10))))).^2;

    %16QAM
    theoryBer_16QAM = 3/2*erfc(sqrt(0.1*(10.^(Es_N0_dB/10))));

    %64QAM
    M = 64; % number of constellation points

    k = sqrt(1/((2/3)*(M-1))); % normalizing factor

    theorySer = 2*(1-1/sqrt(M))*erfc(k*sqrt((10.^(Es_N0_dB/10)))) ...


    - (1-2/sqrt(M) +
    1/M)*(erfc(k*sqrt((10.^(Es_N0_dB/10))))).^2;

    % plot
    close all
    figure
    semilogy(Es_N0_dB, theoryBer_BPSK,'b.-');
    hold on

    semilogy(Es_N0_dB, theorySer_QPSK,'b.-');
    hold on

    semilogy(Es_N0_dB, theoryBer_16QAM,'b.-');

    axis([0 25 10^-5 10^-1])


    grid on
    legend('BSK' , 'QPSK' , '16QAM');
    xlabel('Eb/No, [dB]');
    ylabel('BER');
    title(' BER as a function of SNR per symbol for selected
    polarizationmultiplexed and four-dimensional modulation
    formats.');
    %This work is licensed under a C
    %Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
    %Attribute author : Mathuranatha
    snrdB=-10:0.5:20; %Range of SN

    clc
    close all
    clear all
    lc = ['m','r','g','b','k','c']; %for diffrent color plot for each M-ary
    nsample = 1.5; % number of samples per symbol, default it is 1
    Es_N0_dB = [-3:20]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
    % BPSK

    theoryBer_BPSK = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Es_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical ber


    semilogy(Es_N0_dB, theoryBer_BPSK,'y.-');
    hold on
    %PDM-mQAM
    M = 4; %starting M-ary number
    for i = 1:5 
        snr = 0:25; %till 30 dB
        nbits = log2(M); %calculating the number of bits per symbol
        esym = snr + 10*log(nbits) + 10*log(nsample); %energy of symbol
        esyml = db2mag(esym); %converting dB to linear scale
        pe = 4*qfunc(sqrt(3*esyml/(M-1))); %probability of error
        semilogy(snr,pe,lc(nbits-1)) %plotting the error curve
        hold on
        M = M*2; %doubling the M in M-ary system
    end

    xlabel('SNR (dB)')
    ylabel('Probability of Error')
    title('Symbol Error Probability Curve of M-ary QAM')
    axis([0 25 10^-5 10^-1])
    grid on
    legend('BSK',' PDM-QPSK ','PDM-8QAM',' PDM-16QAM','PDM-32QAM', 'PDM-64QAM')
    snrdB=-5 : 30; %Range of SNRs to simulate
     
    h= (randn(1,5000) + 1i*randn(1,5000) )/sqrt(2); %Rayleigh flat channel
    sigma_z=1; %Noise power - assumed to be unity
      snr = 10.^(snrdB/10); %SNRs in linear scale
    P=(sigma_z^2)*snr./(mean(abs(h).^2)); %Calculate corresponding values
    for P
     C_erg_awgn= (log2(1+ mean(abs(h).^2).*P/(sigma_z^2))); %AWGN
    channel capacity (Bound)
    plot(snrdB,C_erg_awgn,'b');
    hold on;
    grid on;
    legend('AWGN channel capacity');
    xlabel('SNR (dB)');ylabel('Capacity (bps/Hz)');
    symbol_count = 50000;
    snr = -5 : 30; % dB
    %qpsk---4qam
    modulation = [sqrt(1/2)*(-1+i), sqrt(1/2)*(+1+i), sqrt(1/2)*(-1-i), sqrt(1/2)*(+1-i)] ;
    channel = sqrt(1/2)*(randn(1,symbol_count)+i*randn(1,symbol_count));
    channel = ones(1,symbol_count);
    channel_capacity = zeros(size(snr));

    for index = 1:length(snr)


    symbols = ceil(length(modulation)*rand(1,symbol_count));
    tx = modulation(symbols);
    N0 = 1/(10^(snr(index)/10));
    noise = sqrt(N0/2)*(randn(1,symbol_count)+i*randn(1,symbol_count));
    rx = tx.*channel+noise;
    probabilities = max(exp(-(abs(ones(length(modulation),1)*rx -
    modulation.'*channel).^2)/N0),realmin);
    probabilities = probabilities ./ (ones(length(modulation),1)*sum(probabilities));
    channel_capacity(index) = log2(length(modulation))
    +mean(sum(probabilities.*log2(probabilities)));
    end
    axis([-5 30 0 12])
    plot(snr,channel_capacity);
    hold on

    %16qam
    mod = sqrt(1/10)*[-3+3*i, -1+3*i, +1+3*i, +3+3*i, -3+1*i, -1+1*i, +1+1*i, +3+1*i,
    -3-1*i, -1-1*i, +1-1*i, +3-1*i, -3-3*i, -1-3*i, +1-3*i, +3-3*i];

    channel = sqrt(1/2)*(randn(1,symbol_count)+i*randn(1,symbol_count));
    channel = ones(1,symbol_count);
    channel_capacity = zeros(size(snr));
    for index = 1:length(snr)
    symbols = ceil(length(mod)*rand(1,symbol_count));
    tx = mod (symbols);
    N0 = 1/(10^(snr(index)/10));
    noise = sqrt(N0/2)*(randn(1,symbol_count)+i*randn(1,symbol_count));
    rx = tx.*channel+noise;
    probabilities = max(exp(-(abs(ones(length(mod),1)*rx -
    mod.'*channel).^2)/N0),realmin);

    probabilities = probabilities ./ (ones(length(mod),1)*sum(probabilities));

    channel_capacity(index) = log2(length(modulation))
    +mean(sum(probabilities.*log2(probabilities)));
    end

    figure
    plot(snr,channel_capacity);
    hold on
    xlabel('SNR [dB]');
    ylabel('Capacity [bit/s/Hz]')
    axis([-5 30 0 12])
    clc;
    clear all;
    close all;

    snri=(-5:30);
    qam=[2,4,8,16,32,64];
    capacity = zeros(length(qam),length(snri));
    for qami=1:length(qam)
    for index=1:length(snri)
    capacity(qami,index) = QAMCapacity(snri(index),1,qam(qami));
    end
    end
    figure;
    hold
    for qami=1:length(qam)
    plot(snri,capacity(qami,:),'LineWidth',1.6);
    end
    GaussianC = zeros(1,length(snri));
    for index=1:length(snri)
    GaussianC(index) = log2(1+ 10^(snri(index)/10));
    end
    plot(snri,GaussianC);
    grid on;
    box on;
    xlabel('SNR (Es/No) dB');
    ylabel('Capacity ');
    axis([-5 30 0 12]);

    legend('PDM-BSK',' PDM-QPSK ','PDM-8QAM',' PDM-16QAM','PDM-32QAM',


    'PDM-64QAM');
    function InstCap = QAMCapacity(SNR,fading,QAMsize)
    x=[
    -4.688738939
    -3.869447905
    -3.176999162
    -2.546202158
    -1.951787991
    -1.380258539
    -0.822951449
    -0.273481046
    0.273481046
    0.822951449
    1.380258539
    1.951787991
    2.546202158
    3.176999162
    3.869447905
    4.688738939
    ];
    w=[
    2.65E-10
    2.32E-07
    2.71E-05
    0.000932284
    0.012880312
    0.083810041
    0.280647459
    0.507929479
    0.507929479
    0.280647459
    0.083810041
    0.012880312
    0.000932284
    2.71E-05
    2.32E-07
    2.65E-10
    ];
    SNRlin= 10^(SNR/10);
    SNRaff=abs(fading)*sqrt(SNRlin);
    if (QAMsize==2)||(QAMsize==4)||(QAMsize==16)||...
    (QAMsize==64)||(QAMsize==32)
    h = modem.qammod('M', QAMsize, 'SymbolOrder', 'Gray','InputType', 'Bit');
    elseif (QAMsize==8)
    h = modem.pskmod('M', QAMsize, 'SymbolOrder', 'Gray','InputType', 'Bit');
    else
    error('the modulation size %d is not supported!', QAMsize);
    end
    NormFactor = sqrt(QAMsize/sum(abs (h.Constellation).^2));
    Constellation = NormFactor.*h.Constellation;
    C1 = zeros(1,16); % BPSK Gaussi Hermite
    C2 = zeros(16,16); % Two dimensional signals
    Capforx = zeros(1,QAMsize);
    if (QAMsize==2) % BPSK
    SNRaffBPSK = sqrt(2).*SNRaff; % see page 363 of Digital Communications
    5th A/sigma
    for m=1:16
    C1(m)=1/2*(w(m)*(1/sqrt(pi))*log2(2/(1+exp(-2*(sqrt(2)*x(m)
    +SNRaffBPSK)*SNRaffBPSK)))+...
    w(m)*(1/sqrt(pi))*log2(2/(1+exp( 2*(sqrt(2)*x(m)-
    SNRaffBPSK)*SNRaffBPSK))));
    end
    InstCap = sum(C1);

    elseif (QAMsize==4)||(QAMsize==16)||(QAMsize==64)||(QAMsize==8)||(QAMsize==32)
    for xindex = 1:QAMsize
    for m1=1:16
    for m2=1:16
    sumoverxprime = 0;
    for xprimeindex=1:QAMsize
    sumoverxprime = sumoverxprime + ...
    exp(-abs(SNRaff.*(Constellation(xindex)-
    Constellation(xprimeindex))+x(m1)+sqrt(-1).*x(m2)).^2 ...
    +x(m1).^2+x(m2).^2);
    end
    C2(m1,m2)=1/(pi)*w(m1)*w(m2)*log2(sumoverxprime);
    end
    end
    Capforx(xindex) = sum(sum(C2,1),2);
    end
    InstCap = log2(QAMsize) - 1/QAMsize *sum (Capforx);
    else
    error('the modulation size %d is not supported!', QAMsize);
    end

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