Appendix 3.2 Ratification Rules

Appendix 3.
2
Ratification Rules
The variable on ratification is based on descriptions in national constitutions for how a treaty is formally ratified. The ratification
scale is conceptualized as the institutional “hurdle” that must be overcome in order to get a treaty ratified. This scale refers to the
breadth of political support necessary for ratification. The broader the political support necessary for ratification, the higher the hurdle
and the higher the ratification score. Note that we code procedures as outlined in the national constitution or basic law. No effort is
made to code informal or unofficial procedures for treaty ratification.
The following scale is used for coding ratification procedures:
1 = individual chief executive or cabinet decision

1.5 = rule or tradition of informing legislative body of signed treaties
2 = majority consent of one legislative body
3 = super-majority in one body or majority in two separate legislative bodies
4 = national plebiscite
The following table summarizes the coding:

Afgan 1 Djibouti 2 Lebanon 2 Sao T&P 2
Albania 2 Dominica 1 Lesotho 1 Saudi Arabia 1
Algeria 1 Ecuador 2 Liberia 2 Senegal 1
Angola 2 Egypt 1.5 Libya 1 Seychelles 2
Antigua&Barbuda 1 El Salvador 2 Liechtenstein 2 Sierra Leone 2
Argentina 3 Eq Guinea 1 Lithuania 2 Singapore 1
Armenia 1 Eritrea 2 Luxembourg 2 Slovak Rep 2
Australia 1.5 Estonia 2 Macedonia 2 Slovenia 1
Austria 3 Ethiopia 2 Madagasgar 1 Somolia 2
Azerbaijan 2 Fiji 1 Malawi 1.5 South Africa 1
Bahamas 1 Finland 2 Malaysia 2 Spain 3
Bahrain 1 France 2 Maldives 1 Sri Lanka 1
Bangladesh 2 Gabon 2 Mali 1 St. Kitts&Nevis 1
Barbados 1 Gambia 2 Malta 1 St. Lucia 1
Belarus 2 Georgia 2 Marshall Is 2 St. Vincent 1
Belgium 3 Germany 3 Mauritania 2 Sudan 2
Belize 1 Ghana 2 Mauritius 1 Surinam 2
Benin 1 Greece 2 Mexico 2 Swaziland 1
Bhutan 2 Grenada 1 Micronesia 2 Sweden 2
Bolivia 2 Guatemala 1 Moldova 2 Switzerland 3
Bosnia and Herz. 3 Guinea 2 Mongolia 2 Syria 2
Botswana 1.5 Guinea-Bissau 2 Morocco 1 Tajikistan 3
Brazil 3 Guyana 1 Mozambique 2 Tanzania 1
Bulgaria 2 Haiti 3 Namibia 2 Thailand 1
Burkina Faso 1 Honduras 2 Nepal 2 Togo 1
Burundi 1 Hong Kong 1 Netherlands 3 Tonga 1
Cambodia 2 Hungary 2 New Zealand 1.5 Trin&Tobago 1
Cameroon 2 Iceland 1.5 Nicaragua 2 Tunisia 1
Canada 1.5 India 1 Niger 1 Turkey 2
Cape Verde 2 Indonesia 2 Nigeria 3 Turkmenistan 1
Central Af Rep 2 Iraq 1 Norway 1.5 U Arab Emir 1
Chad 2 Ireland 2 Oman 1 Uganda 2
Chile 3 Israel 2 Pakistan 1 UK 1.5
China 1.5 Italy 2 Panama 2 Ukraine 2
Colombia 2.5 Jamaica 1 Papua NG 1.5 Uruguay 2
Comoro Is 2 Japan 2 Paraguay 2 US 3
Congo 2 Jordan 2 Peru 1.5 Uzbekistan 2
Costa Rica 2 Kazakhstan 3 Philippines 3 Vanuatu 1
Croatia 2 Kenya 1 Poland 3 Venezuela 2
Cuba 1 Korea 2 Portugal 2 Viet Nam 2
Cyprus 2 Kuwait 2 Qatar 1 Yemen 2
Czech Rep 3 Kyrgyz Rep 2 Romania 2 Yugoslavia 3
Denmark 3 Laos 2 Russia 2 Zaire (Congo) 2
Dom Rep 3 Latvia 2 Rwanda 1.5 Zambia 1
Zimbabwe 1
The following table describes relevant and related constitutional provisions, and indicates sources.
Country: Constitutional Description: Source: Rating:

Afgan 1964 Constitution described Afghanistan as a Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in 1
constitutional monarchy led by the King. The Afghanistan Pending the Re-establishment of
Shura (Parliament) and the Loya Jirgah (Great Permanent Govt. Institutions. King: Title One,
Council) are the legislative bodies. Treaty Arts. 1-5; Shura: Title Four, Arts. 41-77; Loya
ratification procedures not explicitly assigned. Jirgah: Title Five, Arts. 78-84. Constitutions of
Modifications to 1964 Constitution per Agreement the Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz,
on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY,
pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent March 2002.
Government Institutions. No official text of Afghan
Constitution at present. The Shura (Parliament) has
been abrogated. The Loya Jirgah (The Great
Council) is intact as the Emergency Loya Jirgah
consisting of nominated individuals as
representatives. Traditionally, the Loya Jirgah
consisted of the members of the now abrogated
Parliment and the Chairmen of the Provisional
Councils. It does not have treaty ratification powers
explictly given anywhere in interim text.
Albania 1991: Interim Constitution: Treaties signed by Albanian Constitution, 1991. Part A, Art. 16(5), 2
President, who can also ratify or denounce any Art. 23, Part B: Art. 28(10). http://www.uni- (4 possible)
treaties not examined by the People's Assembly. wuerzburg.de/law/al00000_.html
People's Assembly, legislative arm, ratifies and
denounces treaties. Treaties are ratified by a
majority vote. At least 1/3 of all members must be
present to vote.
1998: The President and the Council of Ministers People's Assembly: Part III, Chp. III, Art. 78;
may sign international agreements. The People's President: Part IV, Art. 92; International
Assembly ratifies or denounces international treaties Agreements: Part VII, Chp. I, Arts. 121, 123.
and agreements by majority vote. The Assembly can http://www.ipls.org/services/kusht/contents.ht
decide to put ratification to a referendum. ml
Algeria 1996: Consitutional reform approved resulting in Constitution of Algeria, 1996. Legislature: Title 1
prioritization of executive power over legislative II, Chp. II, Art. 132; President: Title II, Chap. I,
power. The Legislature has been transformed from Arts. 77 (8) and (9). Constitutions of the
a unicameral to a bicameral body consisting of the Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz,
National People's Assembly (NPA) and the Council Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY,
of the Nation. However, the Constitution gives March 2002.
treaty making and treaty ratification power solely to
the President. Law made by the legislature is
subordinate to all treaties ratified by the President.
The President may submit any matter of national
importance to a national referendum if s/he so
choses.
Angola 1980: Revisions made to the Constitutional Law of Constitutional Law of the People's Republic of From 1980:
the People's Republic of Angola (11.11.75) by the Angola. People's Assembly: Part III, Chp. II, 2-3
Central Committee of the MPLA-Worker's Party Arts. 37-38, 43; President: Part III, Chp. IV, Art
(8.11.80). The Council of Ministers (Government) 53(j); Council of Ministers: Part III, Chp. V, Art. From 1992:
may "celebrate" and submit treaties to the People's 58(g). E209 2 with
Assembly (legislature) for ratification. The People possibility
Assembly, described as the supreme organ of state of 4
power, is solely given treaty ratification powers.
However, the President is granted the power to
revoke any government act, law or legal instrument
that violates the Constitution or in against the
national interest. It would seem this applies to
treaties. Treaties pass by simple majority vote of the
People's Assembly provided at least 1/2 of members
are present. If a treaty alters the Constitution, it
requires a 2/3 vote.
President: Chp. III, Sec. 1, Art. 66(w), Art. 73.
1992: Treaties may be ratified by the National National Assembly: Chp. II, At. 88(k), Art. 97.
Assembly (legislative body) with a simple majority Government: Chp. IV, Art. 110(c).
vote. The National Assembly is competent to http://www.angola.org/referenc/constitution/co
approve treaties wthin its absolute legislative power nstit.htm
as well on peace, Angola's participation in
international organizations, the rectification of
borders, friendship, defense, military matters and
any others submitted to it by the Government. The
President may sign treaties and approve treaties
ratified by the National Assembly. The President
may submit treaties dealing with the organization of
public bdepartment and the functioning of
institutions to a national referendum. The
Government may approve international agreements
that do not fall under the authority of the National
Assembly or which have not been submitted to the
National Assembly.
Antigua& Before 1976, Antigua & Barbuda were dependencies Governor-General: Chp. III; Parliament: Chp. IV, 1
Barbuda of the UK. In 1976, they became Associated States Pt. II, Arts. 47, 51, 52.
of the UK. As in the UK case, ratification is an http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/A
executive act rather than a legislative act. Caribbean ntigua/ab81.html+E183
nations typically do not accept the “Ponsonby rule” Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
(see United Kingdom) and tend to have less Law and Practice: The Question of Parliamentary
parliamentary input than does the UK. Participation.”
Argentina 1994: The bicameral Congress has treaty ratification Constitution of the Argentine Nation 1994. 3
and denouncement power. For treaties that grant Congress: Title I, Section I, Art. 44, Title I,
jurisdiction or competence to an international Section I, Chp. III, Arts. 64, 75(22 -24);
organization, they must be approved by an absolute President: Title I, Section II, Chp. III, Art. 99(11).
majority vote of the totality of both houses of Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Congress (Deputies of the Nation and Senators of Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
the Provinces). The Constitution lists a number of Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 2002.
treaties by name that carry the same weight of law as
does the Constitution. The President has treaty
signing power only.
Armenia 1995: The unicameral National Assembly has the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia. 1
power to ratify or denounce those treaties that are President: Chp. III, Art. 55(7); National
prescribed by law as being under their jurisdiction. Assembly: Chp. IV, Arts. 63, 81(2).
The President signs treaties approved by the Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
National Assembly and can ratify intergovernmental Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
treaties. Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 2002.
[Commentary by Gisbert Franz says the executive
tends to be dominant, depsite separation of
powers in text. ]
Aruba No information http://www.aruba.com/pages/governm.htm
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a hereditary

constitutional monarchy. The system of Government
in Aruba is based on Western democratic principles
and the structure of the Aruban government is now
as follows:
The Governor is appointed by the Queen of the

Kingdom for a term of six years and acts as the
sovereign's representative on the island.
The Legislature consists of a 21-member parliament,

elected by popular vote for a four-year term of
office.
The Council of Ministers, presided over by the

Prime Minister, forms the executive power.
Legal jurisdiction lies with a Common Court of

Justice of Aruba and the Antilles Netherlands and a
Supreme Court of Justice in Netherlands.
Australia The power to enter into treaties is an executive http://www.dfat.gov.au/treaties/making/making2. 1-2
power within Section 61 of the Australian html
Constitution and accordingly, is the formal
responsibility of the Executive rather than the
Parliament. Decisions about the negotiation of
multilateral conventions, including determination of
objectives, negotiating positions, the parameters
within which the Australian delegation can operate,
and the final decision as to whether to sign and ratify
are taken at Ministerial level, and in many cases, by
Cabinet. Although the Constitution does not confer
on the Parliament any formal role in treaty making,
all treaties (except those the Government decided
are urgent or sensitive) are tabled in both Houses of
Parliament for at least 15 sitting days prior to
binding treaty action being taken. A treaty is
generally tabled after it has been signed for
Australia, but before any treaty action is taken which
would bind Australia under international law. Such
action would include entering into a new treaty,
negotiating an amendment to an existing treaty or
withdrawing from a treaty.
Austria 1983: The President of the Federation may conclude House and Senate: Chp. II, Part A, Arts. 24, 31; 3 with
treaties. Those treaties which do not come under the Chp. II, Part B, Art. 37; Chp. II, Part C, Art. 38; possibility
authority of the House of Representatives may be Chp. II, Part E, Arts. 44, Art. 50. President: Chp. of 4
directly implemented by the President. Political III, Part A, Title 1, Art. 65. http://www.uni-
treaties or treaties that modify or complement wuerzburg.de:80/law/au00000_.html#A044_
existing laws must be approved by a 2/3 vote of the does not have the 23 amendments before 1995 --
House of Representatives where at least 1/3 of all joining EU
members are present to vote. Any measure that
would revise the Constitution requires the above
measure in addition to a national referendum for
total changes to the constitution and a partial change
requires a referendum only if 1/3 of the
Representatives and Senators request. The Senate
must not object to the passage of the treaty through
the House. The President signs all laws passed by
the House.
2000: Individual states, or Lander, can conclude The Federal Constituional Law. Lander: Chp. I,
treaties within their competence as long as the Arts.9, 16(1-2); National Council: Chp. II, Title
Federal Council has approved to the negotiations. A, Art. 26; Federal Council: Chp. II, Title B, Art.
Additionally, the treaties must be approved by the 34. Constitutional Changes: Chp. II, Title D, Art.
Federal Council. Consent is assumed if the Federal 42, 44, 45. Treaties: Chp. II, Title D, Art.
Chancellor does not notify the Landner of his 50(1,3).
disapproval within 8 weeks of his notification of the
conclusion of a treaty. Political State treaties which
amend or supplement the law cannot be concluded
by Lander, but only by the National Council (district
representation) and require the consent of the
Federal Council (representation in seats by proprtion
of population in district). The National Council
submits treaty approval to the Federal Council
which must deliver an objection within 8 weeks of
submission. Treaties that amend or supplement the
Constitution must pass the National Council with the
presence of at least 1/2 of the members and a 2/3
vote. A total or partial revision of the Constitution
must be demanded by 1/3 of the members of the
National Council or Federal Council and when
finally agreed upon, is subjected to a national
referendum to be decided by a simple majority.
Azerbaijan 1995: treaties proposed by President, general rules Constitution of Azerbaijan, Constitutions of the 2
and ratification determined by the Milli Mejlis by Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
simple majority Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, September
1996.
Bahamas 1973: Ratification not mentioned in text. As in the The Bahamas Constitution, 1973. 1
UK case, ratification is an executive act rather than a http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitution
legislative act. Caribbean nations typically do not s/Bahamas/bah73.html
accept the “Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom)
and tend to have less parliamentary input than does Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
the UK. Law and Practice: The Question of Parliamentary
Participation.”
Bahrain 1973: As a constitutional monarchy, the Amir (head Amir: Chp. I, Arts. 33, 35 (a),(b),(d), 37; 1
of state) has the sole authority to ratify and Assembly: Chp. II, Art. 42; Pt. V., Art. 104(a).
promulgate laws. The Amir may conclude treaties http://www.uni-
and then submit them to the Assembly (legislature) wuerzburg.de/law/ba00000_.html
with a statement. It appears that most treaties are
self-executing upon submission to the Assembly.
Not clear if those treaties require a vote from the
Assembly. Not explicitly required. Treaties that
involve matter of peace or alliance, or affect the
rights of citizens or the territory of the state require
the passing of a law. Any laws changing the
constitution require a 2/3 vote of the Assembly and
the approval of the Amir.
2001: Proposed National Charter. Does not appear Proposed National Charter of Bahrain, 2001.
to make any changes to treaty ratification http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitution
procedures. s/Barbados/barbados66.html
Bangladesh 1972: constitution adopted, international treaties Constitution of Bangladesh. Art75, 145A 2
submitted to President, then Parliament vote 31 out Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
of 300 members (like other laws). Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1999+E384.
Barbados Treaty ratification procedures not laid out in Parliament: Chp. V, 49.1; Governor-General: 1
Constitution. Executive power transferred from Chp. IV; Executive power: Chp VI., 63.1.
Queen to Governor-General. As in the UK case, http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/B
ratification is an executive act rather than a arbados/barbados66.html
legislative act. Caribbean nations typically do not
accept the “Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
and tend to have less parliamentary input than does Law and Practice: The Question of Parliamentary
the UK. Participation.”
Belarus 1994: The Supreme Council (legislature) has the 1994 Constitution of Belarus. National 2 (with 4
authority to ratify international treaties. The Referendum: Chp. 2, Arts. 73, 74; Supreme possible)
President has the authority to sign international Council: Sec. IV, Chp. 3, Art. 79, 83, 84(1)(3);
treaties. President can veto laws/treaties passed by President: Chp. 4, Art. 100(16)(20).
Supreme Council, but the veto can be overcome by a http://www.uni-
2/3 vote of the Supreme Council. Any issue of wuerzburg.de/law/bo00000_.html
importance can be submitted to a local or national
referendum on the demand of at least 70 deputies of
the Supreme Council or on the recommendation of
the President and a vote of at least 450,000 citizens.
Belgium 1996: The King signs and concludes treaties. International Relations: Title IV, Arts. 167-168; 3
Treaties do not come into force until they are King: Title III, Art. 38; Federal Chambers: Arts.
approved by both houses of the legislature. The 53, 54, 77(6).
Chambers must be informed of any treaty http://www.findlaw.com/01topics/06constitutio
negotiations that revise the European Community nal/03forconst/index.html
treaties. Each of the Communities or Regions of the
Federation can conclude treaties that are within their
scope, but the treaties require the approval of their
respective Councils.
Belize 1981, 1988: Constitution does not specify. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/B 1

As in the UK case, ratification is an executive act elize/belize81.html
rather than a legislative act. Caribbean nations
typically do not accept the “Ponsonby rule” (see Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
United Kingdom) and tend to have less Law and Practice: The Question of Parliamentary
parliamentary input than does the UK. Participation.”
Benin 1990: President The Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1
Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, October 1993+E6+E47308.
Bhutan 1953: Monarchy and Assembly. The Constitution of the National Assembly of 2
Bhutan, 1953, Constitutions of the Countries of
the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1989.
Bolivia 1995 Constitution. Negotiated by the president, all The Constitution of Bolivia, Art.59 (12), Article 2
treaties are contingent upon ratification by Congress. 96(2).
There are no details as to what type of vote. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1999.
http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/B
olivia/consboliv1615.html
Bosnia and 1995: President, with Consent of Parliamentary Consitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3
Herz. Assembly (2 houses, need a majority of those Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
present and voting, and atleast one third of those Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
from each Entity(B, H)) Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 2000.
Botswana 1966, 1983: No specific mention. Constitution of Botswana. Constitutions of the 1-2
The National Assembly is consulted before the Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
President can sanction international treaties and Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, April 1989
agreements.
http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/gene_info/bo
dy3_2.html
Brazil 1988 Constitution: Brazil is a federal union. The National Congress: Title IV, Chp. 1, Sec. 1, Art. 3
president has the authority to conclude international 49; Sec. 2, Art. 60, 61, 66. President: Title IV,
treaties, conventions and acts ad referendum of the Chp. II, Sec. II, Art. 84(viii).
National Congress. The National Congress is http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitution
comprised by the Chamber of Deputies and the s/Brazil/english98.html
Chamber of Senators, and it has the authority to
decide conclusively (ratify?) international
agreements that result in charges or commitments
against the national property. In order to amend the
Constitution, 1/3 of the members of both houses of
the National Congress, the President, and 1/2 of the
Legislative Assemblies of the Federation units must
pass by a majority vote.
1998: Reforms make no changes to treaty

ratification procedures.
Bulgaria 1991: The president may conclude international 1991 Bulgarian Constitution. International 2
treaties. As provided for by law, the Council of Agreements: Chp. I, Art. 5; National Assembly:
Ministers may also conclude, confirm or denounce Chp. III, Arts. 62, 81, 85; President: Chp. IV,
international treaties. The National Assembly Arts. 92, 98, 101; Council of Ministers: Chp. V,
(legislature) has the authority to ratify or denounce Art. 106. http://www.uni-
international treaties dealing with the following wuerzburg.de/law/bu00000_.html
issues: political or military issues, participation in
international organizations, correcting the national
borders, outlays from the treasury, participation in
international arbitration or legal proceedings, human
rights, affecting law or requiring new legislation, or
expressly requiring ratification. Legislation passes
the National Assembly by a majority vote of
members of National Assembly. The president may
veto legislation passed by the National Assembly,
but this veto can be overcome by a majority vote of
the National Assembly.
Burkina Faso 1991:The President of Faso ratifies. Title XIII, Art 148. Constitution of Burkina Faso. 1
Dobbs Ferry, NY, August 1998.
Burma
Burundi 1998: President. Republic of Burundi: Consitutional Act of 1
Transition. Constitutions of the Countries of the
World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1999.
Cambodia 1993 Constitution. Cambodia is a constitutional 1993 Cambodian Constitution. King: Chp. I, Art. 2
monarch. The King can enter into international 1. Chp. II, Arts. 7, 8, 26; National Assembly:
treaties or conventions. The King can also ratify or Chp. VII, Arts. 90, 93; Constitutional Council:
denounce international treaties after receiving the Chp. X, Arts. 117, 121, 123; Constitutional
approval of the National Assembly (legislature). Changes: Chp. XII, Art. 132.
The Assembly can approve or deny treaties by a http://www.findlaw.com/01topics/06constitutio
simple majority vote. The Constitutional Council nal/03forconst/index.html
reviews all proposed legislation for constitutionality.
Its decisions are final. Would appear to apply to
international treaties as well. Changes to the
constitution may be made on the initiative of the
King, the Prime Minister, or the President of the
Assembly when supported by at least 1/4 of
Assembly members. To pass, a constitutional
change requires a 2/3 vote of the Assembly.
Cameroon 1996: President. Except treaties falling within the Law No. 96-06 of 18 January 1996 to amend the 1 or 2
competence of the Legislative Power (dealing with Constitution, Part VI (43). Constitutions of the
rights, guarantees and obligations of citizens, status Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
of persons and property ownership, political, Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1997.
administrative, and judicial organization, financial
and patrimonial matters, programming objectives of
economic and social action, education) must be
ratified by Parliament.
Canada 1999: no mention; see UK below The Constitution Acts: 1967 to 1-2
1982.Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY,
Cape Verde 1992: President ratifies international treaties after The Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, 2
valid approval. The National Assembly approves Art 148(a), Art 190(a, b). Constitutions of the
international treaties under their absolute authority, Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
those regarding international organizations, Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1994.
friendship, peace, defense, and military matters.
Central 1994: President ratifies after the authorization of Constitution of the Central African Republic, 2
African Rep Parliament. No cession, exchange, or addition of Title III, Art. 21, Title V,E1174 Art. 66.
territory is valid without a referendum of the people. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, November 1995.
Chad 1996: President ratifies after the authorization of The Constitution of the Republic of Chad. 2
Parliament on peace, defense, commercial treaties Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
and those dealing with use of territory and resources, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
international organization, State finances, the well- Dobbs Ferry, NY, December 1997.
being of persons. No cession, exchange, or addition
of territory is valid without a referendum of the
people.
Chile 1990: President ratifies with approval of Congress. Chp. IV, Art. 32(17); Chp. V, Art. 50(1); 2 or 3?
Discussions can be done in secret. Congress Transitory provisions, 18th (D).
(bicameral) has exclusive authority to approve or 1973-88: 1
reject international treaties submitted by the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile,
President of the Republic prior to ratification Art 17, 50. Constitutions of the Countries of the
thereof. The approval of a treaty shall be subject to World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
the procedures prescribed by a law. Transitory Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, October 1991.
provisions: during the Junta, the Junta had power of
approving treaties prior to ratification. http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~jjones//confinder
/Chile.htm
China 1982 Constitution. The Standing Committee of the 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of 1-2
National People's Congress (NPC) (legislature) has China. NPC: Chp. III, Sec. I, Arts. 57, 58, 62, 64,
the authority to conclude and ratify treaties. It also 67(1), (14); President: Chp. III, Sec. II, Art. 81;
has the right to interpret and enforce the State Council: Chp. III, Sec. III, Art. 89(9).
Constitution. Proposed changes to the Constitution http://www.europeaninternet.com/china/consti
must be raised through either the Standing t/chconst.php3
Committee or 1/5 of the deputies of the NPC. A
majority vote of the NPC will sustain such a change.
The president may ratify or abrogate international
treaties in pursuance of the Standing Committee's
instructions. The State Council (a sort of executive
cabinet) may conclude (but not ratify) treaties.
1993 amendments: no changes to treaty ratification.
Colombia 1991 Constitution, with 2001 reforms. The Political Constitution of Colombia 1991, Updated 2-3
president, as the head of the government and state, is with the 2001 Reforms. Presidential Powers: Title
charged with “convening and ratifying peace VII, Chapter1, Article 189 (6). Congressional
treaties,” which then must be approved immediately Powers: Articles 150-152.
by the Congress. In order for a bill to become a law, Constitutions of the World, Robert Maddex,
it must be passed by an absolute majority in Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington D.C.,
congress, and any bill involving international 1995
relations must originate in the upper house. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/C
olombia/col91.html
Comoro Is 1992: Ratified by virtue of a law. Constitution of the Federal Islamic Republic of 2
Comoros. Art. 17. Constitutions of the Countries
of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March
1998.
Congo 1992: The president promulgates all laws or sends 1992 Congo Constitution. President: Title IV, 2-3?
objectionable laws back to the Parliament for Arts. 78, 79, 87; Parliament: Title VI, Arts. 93,
reconsideration. The President can submit any issue 104(1). Constitutional Amendment: Title VII,
of national importance to a national referendum. Art. 115; Constitutional Council: Title X, Arts.
Parliament (National Assembly and Senate) has the 130, 142, 146, 150. http://www.uni-
authority to approve (ratify?) international treaties. wuerzburg.de/law/cf00000_.html
The Constitutional Council rules on whether
international treaties violate the constitution before
they are ratified. Both the Government and the
Parliament have the right to initiate changes to the
Constitution.
Costa Rica 1949 Constitution. Gives the President and the 1949 Costa Rican Constitution. Treaties: Title I, 2
Cabinet Minister joint power to enter into treaties Art. 7; Legislative Assembly: Title IX, Chp. I,
and to enforce treaties approved by the Legislative Art. 117, Chp. II, Art. 121(4), Chp. III, Arts. 125-
Assembly. The Legislative Assembly (unicameral) 127; Executive: Chp. II, Art. 140(10).
has the authority to ratify or denounce treaties with a http://www.costaricalaw.com/legalnet/constitut
majority vote. Treaties that confer or transfer power ional_law/constitenglish.html
to international organizations or a legal community
require a 2/3 vote of the entire Assembly. If the
treaty changes the territorial integrity or political
organization of Costa Rica, it requires a 2/3 majority
vote of at least 3/4 of all Assembly members.
Attendance of at least 2/3 of the Assembly members
is required for the Assembly to be in session.
Additionally, the President has the power to veto or
amend any law. His or her veto or amendments can
be overcome with a 2/3 vote.
Croatia 2001: The Croatian Sabor ratifies international Chp. VII, Part I, Art. 133 (1-2); Art. 134. 1 or 2 or 3
agreements amending laws, of a military or political
nature, and those entailing financial commitment. The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, Art
Those agreements not subject to approval by the 139. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Croation Sabor are executed by the President or the Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
Government. International agreements concluded Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 2001.
and ratified in accordance with the Constitution and
made public are part of the Republic's internal legal http://www.uni-
order and are in terms of legal effect above law. wuerzburg.de/law/hr00000_.html#P001_
Their provisions may be changed or repealed only
under conditions and in the way specified in them,
or in accordance with the general rules of
international law.
Cuba 1976 Constitution with 1992 Reforms. With the Constitutions of the World, Robert Maddex, 1
1976 Constitution, the position of Prime Minister Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington D.C.,
was replaced by the position of President, who is 1995.
also the head of the Communist Party. Control of all
policy decisions is in the hands of the President, 1976 Constitution:
which has always been held by Fidel Castro. The http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/C
Council of State and Cabinet is responsible for uba/cuba1992.html
“ratifying and denouncing international treaties,”
although the exact method of ratification in practice 2002 Reforms:
is unclear. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/C
Constitutional Reform of 2002. The Reform to the uba/ref02.html
Constitution, by the President of the National
Assembly of Popular Power, states “Economic,
diplomatic, and political relations with other states
will no longer be negotiated under agression, threat,
or coersion from a foreign power:”
Cyprus 1960 Constitution. Former British colony. 1963 1960 Constitution. Executive (Pres., VP, Council 2
Rebellion made some changes, but no apparent of Ministers): Pt. 3, Arts. 36(c)(ii), 48(d)and (f),
changes to treaty ratification. The Council of 50(1)(a), 50(1)(a)(ii), 51(1)and (3); House of
Ministers concludes and signs treaties. Treaties are Representatives: Pt. 4, Arts. 77(1), 78(1) and (2).
submitted with a letter of transmission by the Treaties: Pt. 12, Art. 169(2) and (3).
President or VP to the House of Representatives for http://www.pio.gov.cy/cygov/constitution/index
ratification. A quorum in the House requires at least .htm+E1403
1/3 of the members to be present. Treaties appear to
be ratified by simple majority vote unless the impose
duties or taxes. In those cases, a majority of both
the Greek and Turkish Communities in the House
must pass by simple majority respectively.
Czech 1993 Czech Republic Constitution. The President 1993 Czech Republic Constitution. Human 3
Republic can sign and "ratify" international treaties and Rights: Chp. I, Art. 10; Parliament: Chp. II, Arts.
agreements or delegate that duty to the Government 15, 39(1) and (4), 49(1) and (2), 50. President:
or any particular government official. Parliament Chp. III, Pt. I, Art. 63(1)(b). http://www.uni-
(Chamber of Deputies and Chamber of Senators) is wuerzburg.de/law/ez00000_.html
charged with enacting treaties through law (sort of
quasi-ratification?). Treaties are passed in same
manner as all other draft laws requiring a 3/5
majority vote of both chambers of Parliament when
1/3 of members are present and voting. Constitution
specifically says that all previously agreed to
international human rights treaties and agreements
that have been ratified are still in effect and are
binding. All human rights treaties, political and
economic agreements, and treaties concerning
fundamental freedoms require passage by
Parliament.
Denmark 1992 Danish Constitution. The King cannot enter 1992 Danish Constitution. The King: Pt. II, III 3-4
into international agreements affecting Danish Sec. 19(1), 20; Parliament: Pt. IV, Sec. 42;
territory without the approval of Parliament. Constitutional Amendments: Pt. X, Sec. 88.
Parliament can petition the President to submit any
issue to a referendum if 1/3 of the members make
the petition within three weeks of the bill's passage.
Constitutional amendments within 6 months of
passing Parliament will be submitted to the nation's
Electors for direct vote. Need majority of voters,
40% of Electors, and Royal assent to pass. Any
powers under the Constitution can only be delegated
to international authorities when a majority of 5/6 of
the Parliament approve. If this majority is not
obtained, whereas the majority required for the
passing of ordinary Bills is obtained, and if the
Government maintains it, the Bill shall be submitted
to the Electorate for approval or rejection in
accordance with the rules for Referenda laid down in
Section 42.
Djibouti 1992: Ratified by virtue of a law. Constitution of the Republic of Djibouti, Art 63. 2
Dobbs Ferry, NY, August 1993.
Dominican 1994: Congress, absolute majority vote of more than Constitution of the Dominican Republic, Section 3
Republic one-half of the members of each chamber. V, Art. 37(14). Constitutions of the Countries of
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, September
1996.
Dominica 1991: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica. 1
an executive act rather than a legislative act. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 1997
have less parliamentary input than does the UK. Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
Law and Practice: The Question of Parliamentary
Participation.”.
Ecuador 1998: One debate and a conforming vote of the The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. Art 2
majority of the National Congress' members. 162. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1999.
Egypt 1971, amended 1980: The President of Republic Art. 151, 195 1-2
shall conclude treaties and communicate them to the
People's Assembly (Shoura), accompanied with a http://www.shoura.gov.eg/joursdiction_of_the_sh
suitable clarification. They shall have the force of oura_assem.htm
law after their conclusion, ratification and
http://www.sis.gov.eg/egyptinf/politics/parlment/
publication according to the established procedure html/constit.htm
(not very specific in the constitution). The People's
Assembly is to be consulted on peace and alliance
treaties, and all treaties affecting modifications in
the state's territories or those relating to its
sovereignty rights.
El Salvador 1983 Constitution, updated with 2000 reforms. Political Constitution of the Republic of El 2
Negotiated by the head of state, ratified by the Salvador 1983, including reforms introduced by
Legislative Assembly, but does not state by what DL Nº56. Article 131 (7).
type of vote. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/E
lSal/ElSal83.html
Equatorial 1991: President. Fundamental Law of Equatorial Guinea. Art 1
Guinea 39(j). Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1994.
Eritrea 1997: Ratified by virtue of a law in the National The Constitution of Eritrea. Art 32(4), 33, 34, 2
Assembly: Majority vote of those present and voting 36.Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
(atleast 50% of the members) plus signature of Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
President. Dobbs Ferry, NY, August 1999.
Estonia 1992 Constitution. The President can enter into 1992 Constitution. The Parliament: Chp. IV, 2
international agreements and signs letters of Arts. 65, 73. President: Chp. V, Art. 78(1), (6);
ratification. The Government submits international Government: Chp. VI, Arts. 87(4), 106;
agreements for ratification to the State Assembly, International Affairs: Chp. IX, Arts. 121-123.
which actually ratifies any international agreements http://www.findlaw.com/12international/count
which change Estonia's borders, require ratification ries/ee.html
specifically, require financial or military
commitments, or commits Estonia to joining any
international organizations. Agreements which
change Estonia's borders require a 2/3 vote of the
State Assembly. All others appear only to require a
simple majority vote. Ratification CANNOT be
done via popular election.
Ethiopia 1994 Constitution. The Prime Minister has the 1994 Constitution. Power of State Structure: 2
power to direct Ethiopian foreign policy. The Chp. 5, Arts. 50,51(8); House of People's
legislature consists of the House of the Federation Representatives: Chp. 6, Pt. I, Art. 55 (12), 59;
and the House of the People's Representatives. The House of Federation: Chp. 6, Pt. II, Art. 62;
latter ratifies international agreements and the President: Chp. 7; Prime Minister: Chp. 8, Art.
former has the right to decide on constitutional 77(6). http://www.uni-
issues. Apparently, simply majority votes carry. wuerzburg.de/law/et00000_.html
Fiji 1998: No mention. The Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji 1

Islands. Constitutions of the Countries of the
Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, December 1998.
http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/fj00000_.html
Finland 1999.The President directs foreign policy and 1999 Finnish Constitution. Parliament: Chp. 3, 2
relations. However, the Government is in charge of Sec. 24; Parliamentary Powers: Chp. 4, Secs. 41,
all European Union decisions unless Parliament 53; Legislation: Chp. 6, Sec. 73. International
must approve. Parliament must approve all treaties Relations: Chp. 8, Secs. 93-95.
of international agreements of a legislative nature. http://www.findlaw.com/12international/count
Treaties are brought into force through ries/et.html
parliamentary passing of an Act. If the Constitution
is changed or territory of nation, Parliament must
pass with a 2/3 vote.
France 1958 Constitution with Amendments through 2000. 1958 Constitution with Amendments through 2
President can negotiate treaties and ratify certain 2000. International Treaties: Title VI, Arts. 52-
treaties. Parliament ratifies treaties dealing with 54; Constitutional Amendment: Title XVI, Art.
peace, commercial obligations, State finances, the 89. http://www.assemblee-
status of persons, cession or addition or territory nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp
(with the approval of the peoples affected). If the
Constitutional Council rules that a treaty conflicts
with the Constitution, a constitutional amendment
would be necessary, requiring a 3/5 vote of
Parliament or simple majority and passage of a
referendum.
Gabon 1991: President ratifies after the vote of a law of The Constitution of the Republic of Gabon. Art 2
authorization by the Parliament. Peace treaties, 113, 114. Constitutions of the Countries of the
commercial treaties, treaties relative to international World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
organizations, treaties dealing with finance, and Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1998.
those dealing with the state of persons are ratified by
virtue of a law.
Gambia 1996: National Assembly may establish procedures The Constitution of The Gambia. Art 79(3). 2?
by resolution. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, September 1997.
Georgia 2001: Parliament, by a majority of the entire body. The Constitution of Georgia. Art 65. 2
Germany 1949 Constitution as amended through 1990. Before 1949 Constitution as amended in 1990. Foreign 3
any treaties can be concluded the Laender Relations: Pt. II, Art. 32; Bundestag: Pt. III, Art.
(legislature) must be consulted. The Laender can 42; Bundesrat: Pt. IV, Art. 52; President: Pt. V,
conclude (ratify?) treaties. The President can also Arts. 58, 59; Federal Government: Pt. VI; Leg.
conclude treaties but all treaties relating to the Powers of Fed. Govt.: Pt. VII, Arts. 70-72, 77, 79.
political relations of the Federation or to federal http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/g
legislation require the approval of the competent ermany.con
legislative bodies. Administrative agreements are
mutatis mutandis. The Laender and the Federation
(federal government) both have legislative powers.
The areas of their competence are decided by law
and there are areas where they have concurrent
legislative powers. Both houses of the Laender pass
legislation by a majority vote. For the lower house
(Bundestag) to overcome a rejection of legislation
they've passed by the upper house (Bundesrat), a 2/3
vote is required. Peace treaties are enacted by a
supplement to the Basic Law requiring a 2/3 vote of
both houses of the Laender.
Ghana 1993: Ratification by Act of Parliament or vote of The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Art 2
more than one-half members of Parliament. 75(2). Constitutions of the Countries of the
Greece 1975: Constitutional powers may, by treaty, be 1975 Constitution. Pt. III, Sec. I, Art. 28, Sec. II, 2
vested in international organizations by a 2/3 vote of Chp. II, Arts. 35-36, Sec. III, Art. 67.
Parliament. The President may conclude treaties of http://www.hri.org/MFA/syntagma/artcl120.ht
peace, alliance, economic participation, and ml#A82
participation in international organizations.
Conventions dealing with trade, tax, economic
cooperation, participation in international
organizations, and all conventions concerning
concessions which need statutory passage require
Parliament's ratification. Not much more said about
treaties in Constitution.
Grenada 1974: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is The Grenada Constitution Order 1973. 1
an executive act rather than a legislative act. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to Dobbs Ferry, NY, September 1997.
Participation.”
Guatemala 1985: Treaties must be approved by Congress before Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala. Art 1 or 2 or 3
their ratification when they affect existing laws, the 171(l), 172. Constitutions of the Countries of the
power of the nation, economic or political union of World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
Central America, or obligate the State financially in Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, January 1997.
excess of 1% of the Budget of Ordinary Revenues,
or constitutes a pledge to international arbitration. If
the treaty refers to passage of armed forces through
national territory or affects the security of the State,
then approval must consist of two-thirds of
Congress.
Guinea 1990: Ratified by law. Fundamental Law of the Second Republic of 2

Guinea. Art.77. Constitutions of the Countries of
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, August
1993.
Guinea- 1991: Council of State (organ that executes the The Constitution of the Republic of Guinea- 1
Bissau decisions of the National Popular Assembly). Bissau. Art. 64(1)(j). Constitutions of the
Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, November
1994.
Guyana 1970: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is Constitution of the Co-operative Republic of 1
an executive act rather than a legislative act. Guyana. Constitutions of the Countries of the
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1997.
have less parliamentary input than does the UK.
Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean
Participation.”
http://ie.search.msn.com/en-
us/srchasst/srchasst.htm
Haiti 1987: The two branches of the National Assembly Art. 98(3); Arts. 139 and 140; Art. 276 (1-2). 3
have the power to approve or reject international http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/H
treaties and conventions. The President of the aiti/haiti1987.html
Republic negotiates and signs all international
treaties, conventions and agreements and submit
them to the National Assembly for ratification.
The National Assembly may not ratify any
international treaty, convention or agreement
containing clauses contrary to the Constitution.
International treaties, conventions and agreements
are ratified in the form of a decree. Once
international treaties or agreements are approved and
ratified in the manner stipulated by the Constitution,
they become part of the legislation of the country
and abrogate any laws in conflict with them.
Honduras 1982: Ratified by Executive Power in matters of its Constitution of the Republic of Honduras. Art 16, 2
exclusive competence. All other treaties must be 20, 21. Constitutions of the Countries of the
approved by the National Congress. Treaties World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
dealing with the national territory must be approved Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 1997.
by a vote of not less than three-fourths of the total
members of the National Congress.
Hong Kong 1997 HK turned over to PRC as Special HK Basic Law. Basics: Chp. II, Arts. 12-13, 17- 1
Administrative Region and Basic Law implemented. 18; Chief Executive: Chp. IV, Sec. 1, Arts. 48-49,
No clear language on ratification. PRC in charge of 56, 62(c); External Affairs: Chp. VIII, Arts. 150-
foreign affairs for Hong Kong SAR. All treaties and 153; Amending Basic Law: Chp. VIII, Arts. 158-
international agreements in effect before turnover to 159.
PRC still in effect. HK Chief Executive and http://www.constitution.org/cons/hongkong.txt
Government can engage in external affairs and
conclude international relations and agreements on
economics, trade, finance, monetary issues,
shipping, commerce, tourism, culture, sports, etc.
Can participate with the Central PRC Government in
diplomatic relations. Laws passed by the SAR
Legislative Council must be reported to PRC
Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress, which can invalidate the law if they think
it conflicts with Basic Law.
Hungary Need to find the date on this constitution. Constitution 19??. Parliament: Chp. II, Arts. 2
Parliament ratifies treaties. President concludes 19(2)(f), 24, 26; President: Chp. III, Arts. 30/A;
international agreements and gets prior approval to Government: Chp. VII, Art. 35(j).
conclude from Parliament when necessary. The http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/h
Government also may conclude international ungary.con
agreements. Appears that a simply majority of at
least 1/2 the members of Parliament will suffice to
pass unless the treaty acts to amend the Constitution.
In that case, needs 2/3 vote.
Iceland 1944 Constitution amended 1955, 1984, 1991, 1995. 1944 Constitution amended. Chp. I, Art. 2; 1-2
The President and the Althingi (legislature) have President: Chp. II, Arts. 18-19, 21, 26; Althingi:
joint legislative power. The President has the power Chp. III, Art. 53.
to conclude treaties unless the treaty deals with http://www.mfa.is/embassy/Lang.nsf/Files/Con
renouncement, servitude, change in Icelandic stitution/$file/Constitution.doc
territory or state structure. In those cases, need
Althingi approval. Not clear if Althingi votes to
ratify all treaties or if President can do on own with
countersignature of Minister. Althingi needs 1/2 of
members to vote.
[NB: 1944 Constitution updated in 1955 to rewrite
to include human rights elements from international
agreements adopted. ]
India 1998: does not mention treaty ratification http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/in00000_.html 1
specifically. From a 1951 Calcutta High Court
decision (Union of India v. Jain): “Making a treaty is Quote from Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in
an executive act and not a legislative act….The Caribbean Law and Practice: The Question of
President makes a treaty in exercise of his executive Parliamentary Participation.” Pp. 96-97.
power and no court of law in India can question its
validity.”
Indonesia 1945 Indonesian Constitution. Very little said about 1945 Constitution. Chapter II: Rakyat; Chapter 2
treaty ratification. Basically, President can conclude III: Executive.
international treaties with the consent of the Dewan http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/indonesia/
Perwakilan Rakyat (House of Representatives). ConstIndonesia.html
Dewan approves laws with a simple majority vote
and the signature of the President. If treaty acts to
amend the Constitution, it would require a 2/3 vote
of at least 2/3 of the members of the Majelis
Permersyawaratan Rakyat (Upper House).
Iran
Iraq 1990 Interim Constitution. Structure is a president 1990 Interim Constitution. Chp. IV, Sec. I, Arts. 1
with executive power, the Revolutionary Command 37, 43, 44: Revolutionary Command Council;
Council which appears to be an upper body of Chap. IV, Sec. II, Arts. 51-53: National Council.
legislature, and National Council, the lower body. http://www.uni-
Revolutionary Command Council ratifies treaties -- wuerzburg.de/law/iz00000_.html
not clear by what margin.
Ireland 1996: All international agreements must be International Relations: Art. 29; Parliament: Art. 2
approved by the Dail Eirann (the House) of the 15.
National Parliament by majority vote. http://www.maths.tcd.ie/local/JUNK/Constituti
on/Articles15-27.html
Israel 1964. The President signs all treaties and Basic Law, The President of the State, 1964, 2
international agreements ratified by the Knesset Section 11(5).
(Parliament), apparently by majority vote. http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH00h5
0
http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/is__indx.html
Italy 2001. Parliament ratifies treaties on political Parliament: Part II, Sec. I, Arts. 75, 80; President: 2
matters, issues of judicial competence or arbitration, Ttitle II, Art. 89.
finance, or changes in territory or laws by majority http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/it00000_.html
vote of majority of members. Referendum on
international treaties or agreements is forbidden by
the constitution.
Ivory Coast
Jamaica 1962: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is The Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council 1
an executive act rather than a legislative act. 1962. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1999.
Participation.”
Japan 1946. The Emperor, with the advice and approval of 1946 Constitution. Emperor: Chp. I, Art. VII; 2
the Cabinet, shall promulgate treaties. The Cabinet Diet: Chp. IV, Art. 61; Cabinet: Chp. V Art.
concludes treaties, but shall obtain prior or, 78(3); Amendments: Chp. IX.
depending on circumstances, subsequent approval of
the Diet. The Diet (two houses) passes legislation http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/japa
by a majority vote. When the House of Councilors n.con
makes a decision different from that of the House of
Representatives, and when no agreement can be http://www.uni-
reached even through a joint committee of both wuerzburg.de/law/ja00000_.html#A060_
Houses, or in the case of failure by the House of
Councilors to take final action within thirty days, the
decision of the House of Representatives shall be the
decision of the Diet. One third of members must be
present for quorum. Amendments to Constitution
require 2/3 vote.
Jordan 1984: King ratifies, except treaties that involve The Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of 2
financial commitments of the Treasury or that affect Jordon. Art. 33. Constitutions of the Countries of
the general or personal rights of Jordanians must be the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
sanctioned by the National Assembly. Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, November
1984.
Kazakhstan 1993 Kazakhastan Constitution. The president can 1993 Kazakhstan Constitution. Sec. I, Art. 4; 3
sign international treaties and the final ratification President: Sec. III, Art. 44(11); Parliament: Sec.
instruments. However, international treaties must IV, Arts. 50, 53(3)(10), 54(7), 61(4);
pass a review by the Constitutional Council. If the Constitutional Council: Sec. V, Arts. 72(13), 73,
Council does not approve, the treaty may not be 74(1).
ratified. If the Council does approve, the treaty has http://www.president.kz/main/mainframe.asp?
to be ratified by Parliament in a simple majority vote lng=en
of both houses (Senate and Majilis). Presidential
objections to Constitutional Council or Parliament
decisions can be overridden with 2/3 vote of either
body respectively.
Kenya 1992. No mention of international treaties that I can 1992 Constitution. Parliament: Chp. II, Part I, 1
find. Kenya follows the approach of the UK, Art. 41(11), Part 2, Arts. 46(3),(5)(b), 47(2).
whereby ratification of treaties is an executive act, in http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~jjones//confin
a dualist system of law (domestic leglslation is der/Kenya.htm
required to give treaties domestic effects). http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d017.ht
m
Kiribati Date unclear. No mention of treaty ratification. http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclawmat/Kiribati
_legislation/Kiribati_Constitution.html
Korea 1948 Constitution amended through 1987. Treaties 1948 Constitution. Chp. I, Art. 6; National 2
have the force of law in South Korea. The President Assembly: Chp. III, Arts. 49, 53, 60; Executive:
may conclude and ratify treaties. However, the Chp. IV, Arts. 72-3.
National Assembly also has the power of ratification http://www.ccourt.go.kr/english/et.html
over treaties on a broad range of enumerated topics.
Bills pass National Assembly by a simple majority
vote of a majority of the members. The President
may override a passed bill, but the National
Assembly can push the bill ahead with a 2/3 vote.
Kuwait 1962. The National Assembly ratifies treaties. Those The Constitution of the State of Kuwait. Art 70. 2
treaties concerning territory, natural resources, E3241Constitutions of the Countries of the
sovereign or citizen rights, commerce, navigation, World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
residence, expenditure in addition to the budget, and Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 1991.
those amending the laws of Kuwait come into force
only when made by a law.
Kyrgyz 1993 Constitution. The President signs treaties and Chp. I, Art. 12(3); President: Sec. II, Chp. III (2), 2
Republic passed ratification instruments. The Jogorku (3); Jogorku Kenesh: Sec. I, Arts. 58(9), 59, 62,
Kenesh (Parliament) ratifies treaties. Two-thirds of 65(4).
members must be present to vote and takes a http://www.kyrgyzstan.org/Law/constitution.h
majority vote to pass. Changes to the Constitution tm
require a 2/3 votes.
Laos 1991: National Assembly. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic 2

Republic. Art. 40. Constitutions of the Countries
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, January
1992.
Latvia 1922, as amended 1998: The President shall Arts. 24, 41, 68, and 73. 2
implement the decisions of the (unicameral)
Parliament concerning the ratification of http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/lg00t___.html
international agreements. All international
agreements which settle matters that may be decided
by the legislative process shall require ratification by
the Parliament. The Parliament shall make decisions
by an absolute majority of votes of the members
present at the sitting, except in cases specifically set
out in the Constitution. Peace treaties may not be
submitted to national referendum
Lebanon 1926 Constitution as amended through 1947. The 1926 Constitution as amended through 1947. 2
President negotiates and ratifies treaties. He then Legislature: Chp. I, Art. 16, Chp. II, Art. 34;
brings the treaties to the unicameral Chamber of Executive: Chp. IV, Art. 52, Title II(b).
Deputies. Treaties concerning trade or finance, or
which cannot be denounced at the end of the year http://leb.net/bcome/leb/constitution.html
cannot be approved without the consent of the
Chamber. The Chamber passes resolutions with a
majority of vote of a majority of the members.
Changes to the Constitution require a 2/3 vote.
Lesotho 1993: No mention. Lesotho follows the approach of The Constitution of Lesotho. Constitutions of the 1
the UK, whereby ratification of treaties is an Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
executive act, in a dualist system of law (domestic Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, September
leglslation is required to give treaties domestic 1999.
effects).
http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/constitute/gconstitute.h
tm
Liberia 1980: Legislature Constitution of the Republic of Liberia. Art 34(f). 2
Libya 1969 constitution (by proclamation): The Art. 18, 23; 34. 1
Revolutionary Command Council constitutes the
supreme authority in the Libyan Arab Republic. It http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/ly00000_.html
will exercise the powers attached to national
sovereignty, promulgate laws and decrees, decide in
the name of the people the general policy of the
State, and make all decisions it deems necessary for
the protection of the Revolution and the regime. The
Revolutionary Command Council shall declare war,
conclude and ratify treaties and agreements, unless it
authorizes the Council of Ministers to do so. Note:
References to the King and Parliament in the 1951
constitution shall be regarded as references to the
Revolutionary Command Council.
Liechtenstein 1981: The Price ratifies, except needs the approval The Constitution of the Principality of 2
of the Diet (legislature) for treaties dealing with Liechtenstein. Art 8. Constitutions of the
territory, national property, sovereignty and citizen Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
rights. Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 2000.
Lithuania 1992: The President signs treaties. The Parliament 1992 Constitution. Chp. I, Art. 9(1); Parliament: 2 or 3 or 4
may ratify or denounce treaties with a majority vote Chp. V, Art. 67(16), 69(2-4); President: Chp. VI,
or, if the treaty alters the Constitution, by a 3/5 vote Art. 84(2); Foreign Policy and National Defense:
of all members. Any issue of national importance Chp. 13, Art. 138. http://www.uni-
can be subjected to a national referendum. wuerzburg.de/law/lh00000_.html
Luxembourg 1989: Treaties must be sanctioned by law and The Constitution of the Grand Duchy of 2
published. Needs absolute majority of members of Luxembourg. Art 37, 62. Constitutions of the
the Chamber of Deputies (legislature). Measures are Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
rejected if there is a tie. Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March
2002.
Macedonia 1991 Constitution. The President or the Government 1991 Constitution. Assembly: Chp. III, Pt. I, 2
may conclude international treaties. The unicameral Arts. 68-69, 74-75; President: Chp. III, Pt. II;
Assembly (legislature) ratifies or denounces treaties Government: Chp. III, Pt. IV.; International
by a majority vote or a majority of the members and Relations: Chp. III, Pt. VI, Art. 119.
by no less than 1/3 of the members. Constitutional http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/mac
changes require a 2/3 vote and a national edonia.con
referendum. The President must sign all passed
laws. If he declines, Assembly can override this by
a 2/3 vote.
Madagasgar 1998: President. The Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar. 1

Art 56. Constitutions of the Countries of the
Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 1999.
Malawi 1994: President negotiates, signs, enters into and Chp. VIII, Art. 89(f) and Art. 96(1)(f); Chp. 1-2
accedes to international agreements or delegates XXII, Art. 211(1) [transitional arrangements].
such power to ministers, ambassadors and high
commissioners. The members of the cabinet assist Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. Art 89(f).
the President in determining what international Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
agreements are to be concluded or acceded to and to Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
inform Parliament thereon. Any international Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 2000.
agreement ratified by an Act of Parliament shall http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Gover
form part of the law of the Republic if so provided n_Political/mlwi_const.html
for in the Act of Parliament ratifying the agreement.
Malaysia (Undated): Parliament may make laws pertaining to Art. 71 2
external affairs, including treaties, agreements and Ninth Schedule, List I.
conventions, but this does not explicitly address http://www.eur.nl/frg/iacl/armenia/constitu/consti
treaty ratification. t/malaysia/malays-e.htm
Maldives Amended 1968 Constitution. President signs Amended 1968 Constitution. President: Chp. III, 1
bilateral and multilateral agreements. He later Art. 42(f); Executive - Cabinet: Chp. IV, Art. 60;
ratifies them on the recommendation of his Cabinet Legislature - People's Majlis: Chp. V(1), Art. 73-
ministers. Does not seem that the legislature has any 74, 79; Legislature -- Special Majlis: Chp. VI(2),
role -- at least not in the text of the Constitution. Art. 101; General Provisions: Chp. XIV, Art. 147.
http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/downl
oad/constitution.pdf
Mali 1992: President ratifies, but peace treaties, those Concerning Promulgation of the Constitution. Art 1
dealing with commerce, international organizations, 114, 115. Constitutions of the Countries of the
State finances, status of persons, cession and World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
territory must be approved by law. Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1997.
Malta 1964 Constitution as amended in 2001. Ratification 1964 Constitution as amended to 2001. 1
not mentioned at all. President: Chp. V; Parliament: Chp. VI;
Executive: Chp. VII.
http://www.gov.mt/frame.asp?l=2&url=http://j
ustice.gov.mt
Marshall Is 1989: The Cabinet shall be responsible for Art. V.1(3)d; Art. V.1(4) 2
conducting the foreign affairs of the Marshall http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclawmat/Marshall
Islands. Treaties must be ratified by the approval of _Islands_legislation/Consolidation_1988/Marshal
the Nitijela (lower house of parliament), signified by ls_Constitution.html
resolution. [NB: No treaty or other international
agreement which is finally accepted by, or on behalf Constitution of the Republic of the Marshall
of the Marshall Islands on or after the effective date Islands. Constitutions of the Countries of the
of this Constitution shall of itself have the force of World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
law in the Marshall Islands.] Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, December 1996.
Mauritania 1991: Generally, the President of the Republic signs Title I Art. 36; Title V Art. 78(1). 2
and ratifies treaties. However, peace treaties, union
treaties, commerce treaties, treaties or accords http://www.uni-
concerning an international organization, treaties wuerzburg.de/law/mr00000_.html#I000_
which require the finances of the State, treaties
which modify provisions of a legislative nature,
treaties concerning the status of persons, and treaties
concerning the borders of the State may only he
ratified by a law.
Mauritius 2000: No mention. Constitution of Mauritius. Constitutions of the 1
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, September
2001.
http://www.intnet.mu/iels/gov_mau.htm
Mexico 1917, as amended: The Senate has exclusive powers Art. 76(I); 85(X). 2
to approve the treaties and diplomatic conventions
made by the President of the Republic with foreign http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917cons
powers. t.html
Micronesia 1990: Congress Constitution of the Federated States of 2

Micronesia. Art IX, Sec.2(b). Constitutions of the
1996.
Moldova 1994: President concludes and signs international 1994 Constitution. Parliament: Chp. III, Arts. 60, 2 or 3 or 4
agreements and submits to Parliament. Parliament 66(g), 74-75; President: Chp. V, Art. 86;
then ratifies or denounces treaties by simple Constitutional Revisions: Title VI, Art. 143.
majority vote, or 2/3 vote if alters the constitution. http://confinder.richmond.edu/moldova3.htm#C4
If treaty deals with an urgent national issue, appears
could be submitted for national referendum.
Mongolia 1992: President or Government concludes 1992 Constitution. Chp. I, Art. 10; Parliament: 2
international treaties. The Parliament ratifies or Chp. III, Pt. I, Arts. 25(15-16); 27; President:
denounces treaties with a simple majority vote of a Chp. III, Pt. II, Art 33(4); Government: Chp. III,
majority of the members. Government implements Pt. III, Art. 38(9); Constitutional Amendment:
treaties. Constitutional changes require a national Chp. VI, Art. 68. http://www.uni-
referendum and 2/3 vote of Parliament. wuerzburg.de/law/mg00000_.html
Morocco 1996: The King shall sign and ratify treaties. Art. 31; Chapter 12, Arts. 103-106. 1 or 2 or 4
However, treaties committing State finances shall
not be ratified without having been approved under http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/s
the law (bicameral parliament, bills passed by tate_st/constitution.htm
absolute majority of the House). Treaties likely to
affect the constitutional provisions shall be approved
in accordance with the procedures prescribed for the
modification of the Constitution (initiated either by
the King or 2/3 of one house of parliament, then to
be submitted to national referendum).
Mozambique 1990: Assembly of the Republic. Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique. Art 2
135(k). Constitutions of the Countries of the
Namibia 1990: National Assembly Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. Art 2

63(2)(e). Constitutions of the Countries of the
Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 2000.
Nepal 1990: Treaties approved by a simple majority of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 2 or 3
House of Representatives UNLESS they deal with (1990). Art 126(2). Constitutions of the Countries
peace and friendship, defense and strategic alliance, of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
territorial boundaries, or natural resources. If they Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1994.
deal with any of these, then there must be a two-
thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.
Netherlands 1989 Constitution. The Council of State, which is 1992 Constitution. King: Chp. 2, Sec. I; 3
headed by the King, shall submit treaties to Parliament: Chp. 3, Sec. 2, Art 62; Council of
Parliament for approval. The Parliament (two State: Chp. 4, Art. 73(1); Legislative and
chambers) approves by a simple majority vote of Administrative: Sec. 2, Art. 91; Constitutional
over half of the members. If treaty changes the Revisions: Chp. 8, Art. 137. http://www.uni-
constitution, 2/3 vote required. wuerzburg.de/law/nl00000_.html
New Zealand Ratification procedures not contained in a http://www.mft.govt.nz/support/legal/treatyregist 1-2

constitution. By common law, the power to take er.html
binding treaty action (that is, ratification, accession,
acceptance, approval, withdrawal or denunciation or,
in the case of bilateral treaties, signature) rests with
the Executive. Within this context, Cabinet has
decided that certain international treaties (essentially
multilateral treaties and major bilateral treaties of
particular significance) will be presented to the
House of Representatives for select committee
consideration, before the executive takes binding
treaty action. The parliamentary treaty examination
process, introduced in 1997 and made permanent in
2000, requires all multilateral treaties and major
bilateral treaties of particular significance to be
presented to the House before binding treaty action
is taken. NB: The Government will not take binding
treaty action until the treaty is implemented (if necessary)
in New Zealand’s domestic law.
Nicaragua 1987 Constitution with 1995 Reforms. President is 1987 Nicaraguan Constitution, with 1995 2
responsible for negotiating and formalizing treaties, Reforms. Article 138 (12) and 150 (8).
which are ratified by the legislature with a simple http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/N
majority. To become law, a bill must be sanctioned ica/nica.html
by the president, but a presidential veto can be Constitutions of the World, Robert Maddex,
overridden by “one-half plus one of the total law Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington D.C.,
makers.” 1995.
Niger 1966: President of the Republic. If treaties deal with The Constitution of the Republic of Niger. Art 1 or 2
defense, peace or international organizations which 118, 119. Constitutions of the Countries of the
modify State laws or include financial engagements, World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
then they must be ratified by law. Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, August 1997.
Nigeria 1999: No treaty between the Federation and any Chp. I.12.1-3; Part I, Exclusive Legislative List, 3
other country shall have the force of law to the item 31.
extent to which any such treaty has been enacted http://www.nigeria-
into law by the National Assembly. Such a law shall law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNig
not be enacted unless it is ratified by a majority of eria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeri
all the Houses of Assembly in the Federation. a
Norway Consent of Parliament is needed only for issues of http://www.parliament.the-stationery- 1-2
"special importance". office.co.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmdfence/46
9iii/df0310.htm
Oman 1996: The Sultan (Head of State). The Basic Statute of the State. Art 42. 1
Dobbs Ferry, NY, June 1997.
Pakistan 1999: As far as I can tell, treaty ratification and http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ 1

foreign affairs not mentioned at all.
Panama 1972 Constitution with 1978, 1983 and 1994 Political Constitution of Panama, with 1994 2
Reforms. President “directs foreign relations along Reforms. Duties of the President: Article 170 and
with participation and countersignatures of the Congress: Article 153.
respective ministers.” The Legislative Assembly http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/P
ratifies treaties by a majority vote. anama/panama1994.html
Constitutions of the World, Robert Maddex,
Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington D.C.,
1995.
Papua NG 1975: The consent of Papua New Guinea to be Part VI, Art. 117 (2-8). 1-2
bound as a party to a treaty may be given only by the
Head of State, acting with, and in accordance with, http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/Paclawmat/PNG_le
the advice of the National Executive Council; or by gislation/Constitution.htm
a Minister authorized either generally or specifically
for the purpose by the Head of State. The consent of
Papua New Guinea to be bound as a party to a treaty
shall not be given unless a treaty document relating
to the treaty has been presented to the Parliament for
at least ten sitting days. Within that time, parliament
may disapprove a treaty by an absolute majority
vote. In that case the government can re-present the
treaty to the Parliament. Parliament can waive its
right to review a treaty, and review can be avoided if
both the Speaker (acting on behalf of the Parliament)
and the Prime Minister agree that is in the national
interest.
No treaty forms part of the municipal law of Papua

New Guinea unless it is given the status of
municipal law by or under a Constitutional Law or
an Act of the Parliament. Legislative approval or
ratification of a treaty alone does not give it the
status of municipal law.
Paraguay 1992: Approved by a law of Congress. Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay. Art 2
141. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, April 1993.
Peru 1993 Constitution, with 2000 reforms. Treaties must Political Constitution of Peru, with reforms 1-2
be approved by Congress before being ratified by Introduced by Law 27365, 2002. Article 56 and
the President when concerning Human Rights, the 57
sovereignty of the state, national defense, and http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/P
financial obligations of the state. For all other eru/per93.html
matters, except when doing so would change the Constitutions of the World, Robert Maddex,
constitution, the president may ratify international Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington D.C.,
treaties. 1995.
Philippines 1987: adopts the generally accepted principles of Art. II, section 2; Art. VII, section 21. 3
international law as part of the law of the land. No
treaty or international agreement shall be valid and http://www.chanrobles.com/philsupremelaw1.htm
effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds #1987%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Republi
of all the Members of the Senate. c%20of%20the%20Philippines
Poland Treaty ratification requires consent granted by Treaty Ratification: Art. 89(1),(2), 90, 125. 1 or 3 or 4
statute if the treaty concerns: peace, alliance, House of Deputies and Senate: Chp. IV;
political or military treaties; the rights, freedoms, or President: Chp. V; Council of Ministers: Chp. VI.
obligations of citizens; membership in international http://www.uni-
organizations; financial responsibilities; requires a wuerzburg.de/law/pl00000_.html#A125_
statute to be enacted. The Council of Ministers must
notify the Parliament of its intent to ratify or
denounce treaties which don't require a statute to
take effect. Treaties are passed by a 2/3 vote of at
least half of the Deputies and Senators of
Parliament. A national referendum on treaties is
possible.
Portugal 1997: The president signs international agreements International Relations/Law: Pt. I, Sec. I, Arts. 2 or 4
and the Assembly approves them with an absolute 77-8; President: Pt. III, Sec. II, Chp. II, Arts. 134-
majority vote. The president also signs the 35; Referendum: Pt. IV, Sec. I, Art. 115.5;
Assembly resolution giving approval or denying the Assembly: Pt. III, Sec. III. Chp. II, Arts. 161(i),
international agreement. International agreements 168.
may be submitted to referendum unless they deal http://www.parlamento.pt/leis/constituicao_ing
with peace or territorial borders. les/IND_CRP_ING.htm
Qatar 1970: Ruler (Head of the State) must ratify and then The Provisional Constitution for Qatar. Art 23(3). 1
publish. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, July 1973.
Romania 1991 Constitution. The President concludes Parliament: Title IV, Arts. 7, 15; President, Title 2
international treaties. The Parliament -- Assembly IV, Chp. II, Art. 6, Art. 91. Art. 20(2) gives
of Deputies and the Senate -- ratify or denounce supremacy to international human rights law.
international treaties within 60 days. Simple http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/rom
majority vote is all that is required, apparently. ania.con
Where inconsistencies exist between the covenants
and treaties on fundamental human rights Romania http://www.uni-
is a party to and internal laws, the international wuerzburg.de/law/ro00000_.html#C001_
regulations shall take precedence.
Russia 1993 Russian Federation Constitution. The President: Pt. I, Chp. IV, Arts. 84(c), 86(c); 2
president signs instruments of treaty ratification. It Federal Assembly: Pt. I, Chp. IV, Arts. 95,
is not specifically listed as the duty of the Parliament 103(3), 105; Constitutional Amendment: Pt. I, Art
to ratify treaties, but seems implied because Art 86; Chp. 9, Art. 136.
President only has right to sign ratification Supremacy of treaties: Part I, Art. 15(4)
instruments. The Assembly passes resolutions by http://www.uni-
majority vote unless it amends the Constitution. In wuerzburg.de/law/rs00000_.html
that instance, it needs a 2/3 vote of both houses.
State Duma (lower house) and Federation Council http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-
(upper house) must approve treaties. study/russia/russia151.html
International treaties of the Russian Federation are a
component part of its legal system. If an
international treaty of the Russian Federation
stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the
law, the rules of the international treaty apply.
Rwanda 1991: The President of the Republic shall negotiate, Art. 44. 1-2
conclude, and ratify all international treaties,
conventions, and agreements, whether of public or http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/rw00000_.html
private law, and send them to the National Assembly
as soon as allowed by the State's interest and Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda.
security. However, peace treaties, alliance treaties, Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
treaties that may bring modifications to the national Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
territorial borders or affect sovereignty rights, Dobbs Ferry, NY, August 1993.
treaties concerning the Republic's relations with one
or several other States, as well as treaties involving
financial implications not anticipated in the budget,
shall be enforceable only following approval by law.
San Marino
Sao T&P 1990: National Assembly Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao 2
Tome and Principe. Art 86(j). Constitutions of the
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1993.
Saudi Arabia 1993 Constitution. The King approves and amends The Basic System (of Government) and the 1
all international treaties. Provencial System, The System of the Majlis al-
Shoura. Art.70. Constitutions of the Countries of
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, May 1995.
Chp. 6, Art. 70. http://www.uni-

wuerzburg.de/law/sa00000_.html
Senegal 2001: President ratifies. Except peace treaties, Constitution of the Republic of Senegal. Art. 1 or 2
commercial treaties, those dealing with international 95,96. Constitutions of the Countries of the
organizations, State finances, status of persons, World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
territory and those modifying law must be ratified by Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, December 2001.
virtue of law.
Seychelles 1996: Ratified by law OR a majority vote of the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles. Art 2
National Assembly. 64(4). Constitutions of the Countries of the
Sierra Leone 1991: Ratified by law OR a majority vote of the Constitution of Sierra Leon, 1991. Art 40(4)(h). 2
Parliament. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1998.
Singapore 1995 Constitution. No mention of treaty ratification. 1995 Constitution. Constitutional Amendment: 1
Resolutions pass Parliament by simple majority vote Pt. II, Art. 5(2). Legislature: Pt. VI, Arts. 56-57.
of members present and voting. Quorum is 1/4 of http://www.uni-
members. Amendments to the Constitution require a wuerzburg.de/law/sn00000_.html
2/3 vote.
Slovak 1991 Constitution. The president outwardly National Council: Chp. V, Arts. 85, 86(e); 2
Republic concludes and ratifies treaties. The National Referendum: Pt. II; Executive: Chp. VI, Art. 102.
Council (apparently unicameral) concludes treaties http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Gov/World/s
by majority vote of at least 1/2 deputies. Any law lovakia.con
changing the Constitution requires a 3/5 vote of the
deputies. Referendums can be called for any matter
of constitutional law or to confirm alliances with
states.
Slovenia 1991 Constitution amended through 2000. The only National Council: Pt. IV, Sec. A, Arts. 86, 90; 1
mention of treaty ratification is that the President President: Sec. C, Art. 107; Constitutional
can "publish adherence to international agreements." Amendments: Pt. IX, Art. 169. http://www.uni-
Ratification not expressly mentioned. Resolutions wuerzburg.de/law/si00000_.html
pass National Council by majority vote of present
deputies. Constitutional amendments require a 2/3
vote of all deputies. Referendums may be called on
any issue which is the subject of state regulation.
Soloman 1978: No mention. http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclawmat/Solomo

Islands n_Islands_legislation/Solomons_Constitution.htm
l
The Constitution of Solomon Islands.

Somolia 1980: People's Assembly The Constitution of the Somali Democratic 2

Republic. Art.67(5). Constitutions of the
1981.
South Africa 1997 Constitution. International agreements are Parliament: Chp. IV, Sec. 53, 65, 74; President: 1 or 3
negotiated and signed by the executive. If they are Chp. V; International Law: Chp. XIV, Sec. 231.
self-executing, they are instantly binding. If they http://www.uni-
require national legislation, Parliament must pass a wuerzburg.de/law/sf00000_.html
law to ratify and enact the treaty. Constitutional
amendments require either the approval of 75% of
the National Assembly and 6 provinces of the
National Council of Provinces or 2/3 of the National
Assembly and 6 provinces. Acts pass the National
Council with the agreement of at least 5 provinces
and pass the National Assembly by a majority of at
least 1/3 of the deputies of the national assembly.
Spain 1978 Constitution as amended to 1992. The Crown Crown: Title II, Arts. 63-64; Parliament: Title III, 3
signs treaties after they've been approved by the Chp. I, Arts. 74, 79; International Treaties: Chp.
Parliament. Parliament, both houses, passes bills by III, Art. 94; Constitutional Amendment: Title X,
majority vote of a majority of members. Art. 167.
International treaties need the consent of the Senate http://www.uni-
on political, military, territorial, finance issues or wuerzburg.de/law/sp00000_.html
changes in domestic law. Constitutional
amendments require 3/5 vote of each house.
Sri Lanka 2000 Constitution. No explicit mention of treaty 2000 Sri Lanka Constitution. Executive: Chp. 1
ratification. Parliament passes bills by a majority VII, Arts. 55-61; Parliament: Chp. X, Arts. 85-86;
vote of present members, which must number at Constitutional Amendment: Chp. XI, Art. 94(5);
least 20. Constitutional amendments require a 2/3 Referendum: Chp. XII, Arts. 97-98.
vote of all the members of Parliament. 2/3 of all of http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/Constitution.html
the members of Parliament can vote to hold a
national referendum or the President can submit any
matter of national importance to a national
referendum.
St. Lucia 1978: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/L 1

an executive act rather than a legislative act. ucia/Luc78.html
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the The Constitution of Saint Lucia. Constitutions of
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to the Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz,
have less parliamentary input than does the UK. Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY,
October 1979.
Participation.”
St. Vincent 1979: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/V 1
an executive act rather than a legislative act. incent/stvincent79.html
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to The Constitution of Saint Vincent and the
have less parliamentary input than does the UK. Grenadines. Constitutions of the Countries of the
Participation.”
St.Kitts 1982: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/K 1
& Nevis an executive act rather than a legislative act. itts/stkitts-nevis.html
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to The Constitution of Saint Christopher and Nevis.
have less parliamentary input than does the UK. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
Dobbs Ferry, NY, April 1984.

Participation.”
Sudan 1998: National Assembly approves treaties and The Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan. 2
international agreements. The Council of Ministers Art. 49; Art 73(1)(d). Constitutions of the
initiates legislation approving international treaties Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
and agreements. Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March
1999.
http://www.sudanembassyus.org/constitution/frin
dex.html
Surinam 1987: President ratifies. Needs explicit (passing of Constitution of the Republic of Suriname. Art 2
law) or implicit (no objection) approval of the 72(a), 103, 104. Constitutions of the Countries of
National Assembly. the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
1991.
Swaziland 1968: No mention. Swaziland Independence Order 1968. 1

Sweden 1975 Constitution, amended through 1989. The 1975 Constitution as amended through 1989. 1 or 2
Government may enter into international treaties. Parliament: Chp. 3, Arts. 1(2), 5. Laws: Chp. 8,
However, treaties that change Swedish law, are Arts. 4, 15(3); Relations with other states: Chp.
binding or are of major importance require the 10, Arts. 1, 5. http://www.uni-
approval of Parliament. The Government can ratify wuerzburg.de/law/sw00000_.html
international treaties without Parliament's approval
if it is in the interest of the realm and it gets the
consent of the Foreign Affairs Advisory Council.
Parliament passes bills by a simple majority vote of
the present members. It is unicameral. Parliament
may also pass a law which states that changes to any
international treaty approved by the realm become
instantly applied in Sweden.
Switzerland 1999 Constitution (replacing 1874 Constitution). Foreign Relations: Chp. 2, Sec. 1, Art. 56; 3 or 4
The Government signs international treaties and Referendum: Title 4, Chp. 2, Arts. 138-142;
submits treaties that require domestic legislation to Parliament: Title 5, Chp. 2, Sec. 2, Arts. 159,
the bicameral Parliament for approval. Parliament 166; Federal Government: Title 5, Chp. 3, Sec. 2,
approves treaties by a majority vote of a majority of Art. 184. http://www.uni-
its members in both houses. Many instances in wuerzburg.de/law/sz00000_.html
which issues may be decided by referenda, including
international treaties which may also be submitted to
referenda. Optional referenda when unifiying Swiss
law with multilateral law and entry into international
organizations also.
Syria 1973: The Government concludes international The Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic of 2
treaties. The President ratifies and abolishes March 13, 1973. Art 71(5). Constitutions of the
"internal treaties." The bicameral Parliament Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
(People's Assembly) approves or denies Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March
international treaties concerning war, peace, 1991.
alliance, sovereignty, finance or which require new
legislation. The Constitutional Court reviews laws 1973 Constitution. Legislature: Chp. 2, Pt. I,
for constitutionality. However, the Court has no Arts. 50, 71(5); Executive: Pt. 2, Sec. I, Arts. 104,
right to review laws passed by national referenda. 112; Cabinet: Pt. 2, Sec. 2, Art. 127(7);
Constitutional amendments require presidential Constitutional Court: Chp. 3, Pt. 2, Arts, 145-46;
approval and the approval of at least 2/3 of Constitutional Amendment: Chp. 3, Pt. 3, Art.
Parliament. No mention of what constitutes a 149. http://www.uni-
majority in Parliament. wuerzburg.de/law/sy00000_.html
Tajikistan 1994 Constitution. The president signs international .1994 Constitution. Supreme Assembly: Chp. 3, 3
treaties. The legislature, the Supreme Assembly Arts. 49(18), 61; President: Chp. 4, Art. 69(14);
(Majilis-e Olis), ratifies treaties. Bills pass by a 2/3 Constitutional Amendment: Chp. 10, Art. 98.
vote of all the deputies of the Assembly. http://www.geocities.com/Paris/9305/constituti
Constitutional amendments requires the vote of 2/3 on.index.html
of the deputies.
The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikstan. Art
49(18). Constitutions of the Countries of the
Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 2000
Tanzania 1977 Constitution. Treaty ratification not President: Sec. II, Chp. II, Pt. I; Parliament: Sec. 1
mentioned. National Assembly approves bills and III, Chp. III, Pt. I, Arts. 97-98; House of
president signs. If the bill changes the constitution, Representatives: Sec. III, Chp. III, Pt. III.
it requires a 2/3 vote of the National Assembly. http://www.tanzania.go.tz/constitutionf.html
Thailand 1997: The King can conclude peace treaties or 1997 Constitution. King: Chp. II; National 1?
treaties that require changes in national territory or Assembly: Chp VI, Secs. 94, 155, 193, 214, 224;
which require domestic legislation to enact. The Constitutional Amendment: Chp. XII, Sec. 313.
bicameral National Assembly requires at least a http://www.uni-
majority of members to be present to vote. wuerzburg.de/law/th00000_.html
Although not mentioned, assume majority vote
carries a bill to passage. Constitutional amendments
require a vote of at least half of the total members of
both houses.
Togo 1992: President ratifies, except peace treaties, Constitution of the Fourth Republic of Togo. Art 1 or 2
commercial treaties, those relating to international 137,138. Constitutions of the Countries of the
organizations, State finances, legislative provisions, World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
status of individuals and territory cannot be ratified Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1994.
except by a law.
Tonga 1988: King (as long as it is in accordance with the Constitution of Tonga. Art 39. Constitutions of 1 or 2
laws). King cannot alter the customs duties without the Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz,
consent of the Legislative Assembly. Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY,
November 1993.
Trinidad 1976: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and 1
&Tobago is an executive act rather than a legislative act. Tobago. Constitutions of the Countries of the
Caribbean nations typically do not accept the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
“Ponsonby rule” (see United Kingdom) and tend to Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, M+E6146arch 2000.
have less parliamentary input than does the UK.
http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/T
rinidad/trinidad76.html
Participation.”
Tunisia 1959 Constitution as amended to 1988. Treaties that 1959 Constitution as amended through 1988. 1 or 4
move Tunisia closer to Arab unity can only be Treaties: Chp. I, Art. 2; Legislative Power: Chp.
enacted by national referendum. Treaties do not II, Arts. 28(13), 32-33; Executive: Chp. III, Arts.
become law until ratified. The President ratifies 47-48; Constitutional Amendment: Chp IX, Art.
treaties; no parliamentary role is mentioned. The 73. http://www.uni-
President can submit treaties to national referenda. wuerzburg.de/law/ts00000_.html
Bills pass the National Parliament by an absolute
majority. Constitutional amendments require at 2/3
vote of Parliament.
Turkey 1982: The President ratifies and promulgates Chp. I (II) (D)(90); Chp. II (I)(D) (104)(b) 1 or 2
international treaties. The ratification of treaties
concluded with foreign states and international http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupc/ca/cag/Part3.htm
organizations on behalf of the Republic of Turkey,
shall be subject to adoption by the Turkish Grand
National Assembly by a law approving the
ratification. Agreements regulating economic,
commercial and technical relations, and covering a
period of no more than one year, may be put into
effect through promulgation, provided they do not
entail any financial commitment by the State, and
provided they do not infringe upon the status of
individuals or upon the property rights of Turkish
citizens abroad. In such cases, these agreements
must be brought to the knowledge of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly within two months of
their promulgation. International agreements duly
put into effect carry the force of law. No appeal to
the Constitutional Court can be made with regard to
these agreements, on the ground that they are
unconstitutional.
Turkmenista 1992: The People's Council (Parliament “plus”) Constitution of Turkmenistan, Chp. II Art. 48; 1 or 2
n ratifies and denounces treaties concerning Chp. III Art 50(5); Art. 54. Constitutions of the
intergovernmental unions and other formations; The Countries of the World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana
President of Turkmenistan is the head of state and of Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, July 1994.
the executive power, is the highest official of
Turkmenistan, and acts as a guarantor of http://www.ecostan.org/laws/turkm/turkmenistan
international agreements. con.html
United Arab 1
Emirates
Uganda 1995: The President or a person authorized by the The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, Art 2
President Execution may make treaties, conventions, 123(1-2). Constitutions of the Countries of the
agreements, or other arrangements between Uganda World, Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications,
and any other country or between Uganda and any Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March 1996.
international organization or body, in respect of any
matter. Parliament shall make laws to govern But see:
ratification of treaties, conventions, agreements or http://www.myuganda.co.ug/categories/governme
other arrangements. nt/constitution/chapter_three.htm
http://www.government.go.ug/constitution/index.
php
UK The role played by the UK Parliament in the http://www.parliament.the-stationery- 1-2
ratification of treaties is not constitutionally defined, office.co.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmdfence/46
but derives from custom and convention. Parliament 9iii/df0310.htm
has no formal input into treaty-making, which is the
prerogative of the executive acting on behalf of the
Crown. An undertaking given by the then Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1924 led to
the eponymous 'Ponsonby Rule' which has
"gradually hardened into constitutional practice,
observed in principle by all Governments". The rule
is described in Erskine May as follows:
When a treaty requires ratification, accession,
acceptance or approval, the Government does not
usually proceed with this until a period of twenty-one
days has elapsed from the date on which the text of
such a treaty was laid before Parliament by Her
Majesty's command, a practice which allows
Parliament the opportunity to consider commitments
which the Government is proposing to enter.
Hardly any treaties laid under the 'Ponsonby Rule'
are debated on the floor of the House; whether or not
a treaty is debated is a matter for the Government
and its business managers, although it is conceivable
that the Opposition or a backbencher could secure a
debate.
Ukraine 1996: International treaties that are in force, agreed Art. 9; Art. 85(2); Art 106(3). 2
to be binding by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine,
are part of the national legislation of Ukraine. http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine grants consent to the
binding character of international treaties of Ukraine
within the term established by law, and can
denounce international treaties of Ukraine. The
President conducts negotiations and concludes
international treaties of Ukraine.
Uruguay 1967 Constitution, with reforms until 1996. 1967 Constitution, with reforms until 1996. 2
President ratifies treaties approved by the absolute Presidential Powers: Article 168 (20). General
majority of the General Assembly. Assembly Article 85(7).
http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/U
ruguay/uruguay96.html
US 1789 Constitution. The President makes treaties Article II, Sec. 2, Clause 2. 3
with the advice and consent of 2/3 of the U.S. http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Constitution.
Senate. html
Uzbekistan 1992 The (unicameral) Parliament has exclusive Chp. XVIII, Art. 78(21); Chp. XIX, Art. 92(4) 2
jurisdiction over ratifying and denouncing
international treaties and agreements. The President http://www.ecostan.org/laws/uzb/uzbekistancon_
of the Republic conducts negotiations and signs eng.html
treaties and agreements, and ensures compliance
with the treaties and agreements concluded by, and http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Uzbekist
the obligations assumed by, the republic. an/Government/Law/
Vanuatu 1988: Treaties negotiated by the Government shall Chp. IV, Art. 26(a-e) 1 or 2
be presented to Parliament for ratification when they The Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu. Art
concern international organizations, peace or trade; 26. Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
commit the expenditure of public funds; affect the Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
status of people; require amendment of the laws of Dobbs Ferry, NY, February 1998.
the Republic of Vanuatu; or provide for the transfer,
exchange or annexing of territory. http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclawmat/Vanuatu
_legislation/English/1988_Consolidation/Vanuatu
_Constitution.html
Venezuela 1961: The President directs the foreign affairs of the Title IV, Chp. I, Art. 128; Title V. Chp. II, Art. 1 or 2
Republic and makes and ratifies treaties. 150(1); Title V, Chp. V, Art. 176; Title VI, Chp.
International treaties must be approved by a special II, Art. 190(5).
law in order to be valid, unless they concern the
execution or consummation of pre-existing http://www.embavenez-
obligations of the Republic, the application of us.org/politica/constitu.html
principles expressly recognized by it, the execution
of ordinary acts in international relations, or the
exercise of powers which the law expressly confers
on the National Executive. The Senate initiates
discussion of bills relating to treaties and
international agreements. The time period for the
promulgation of a law approving an international
treaty, convention, or agreement is left to the
discretion of the National Executive, in conformity
with international usage and the convenience of the
Republic.
Viet Nam 1992: The National Assembly has the obligation and Chp. VI, Art. 84(13); Chp. VII, Art. 103(10). 2
power to decide fundamental policies in external
relations; to ratify or annul international agreements http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn/gov-
that have been signed or participated in on the constitution7.php3
proposal of the country's President. The president
negotiates and signs international agreements;
approves or joins international agreements, except in
cases where a decision by the National Assembly is
necessary.
Yemen AR 1994: House of Representatives (Legislative Power) The Constitution of the Republic of Yemen. Part 2
III, Chp. I, Art 91. Constitutions of the Countries
Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, March
1995.
http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/gov/con94.htm
Yugoslavia 1992 Constitution. The president promulgates Federal Assembly: Sec. V, Title I, Arts. 78(4), 90; 3?
treaties. The Federal Assembly (bicameral) has President: Sec. V, Title II, Art. 96(2);
authority ratify treaties, as well as to decide matters Constitutional Amendment: Sec. IX.
that change the constitution, territory of the nation, http://www.uni-
issues of war and peace by majority vote of both wuerzburg.de/law/sr00000_.html
houses. Changes to the constitution require a 2/3
vote of each chamber.
Zaire 1992: President ratifies, but needs authorization of Constitution of the Republic of Congo. Art 172. 2
(Congo) Parliament on peace treaties, defense treaties, Constitutions of the Countries of the World,
commercial treaties, treaties relative to natural Gisbert H. Flanz, Oceana Publications, Inc.,
resources, international organizations, State Dobbs Ferry, NY, December 1993.
finances, status of persons, territory, and those
modifying legislative provisions.
Zambia 1991 Constitution: The Executive negotiates and Executive: Pt. IV, Art. 44(d); Legislature: Pt. V, 1
signs treaties. It is not mentioned whether or not the Arts. 79, 84.
Federal Assembly approves treaties once executive http://zamlii.zamnet.zm/const/1996/const91.ht
signs. The unicameral National Assembly approves m#partiv
bills by simple majority vote of at least 1/3 of the
members. Amendments of the Constitution requires
a 2/3 vote of all the members of the National
Assembly. Changes to Pt. III (fundamental rights
and freedoms of citizens) require a vote of at least a
majority of people.
Zimbabwe 1996 Constitution. The President enters into Executive: Chp. IV, Arts. 31(2)(b), 31H(4)(b); 1
international treaties. Not expressly stated that Parliament: Chp. V, Pt. III, Arts. 40B, 51-52,54,
Parliament then approves treaties. All bills going 56.
through Parliament must pass review of http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~jjones//confin
Parliamentary Legal Committee. Bills pass the der/Zimbabwe.htm#Part%201%20-%20Pres
unicameral Parliament by simple majority of at least
25 members of the Parliament. To change the
constitution or override a presidential veto, a 2/3
vote of Parliament is necessary.

Appendix 3.2 Ratification Rules

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Appendix 3.2 Ratification Rules

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Appendix 3.

The following scale is used for coding ratification procedures:

1 = individual chief executive or cabinet decision

The following table summarizes the coding:

Country: Constitutional Description: Source: Rating:

The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a hereditary

The Governor is appointed by the Queen of the

The Legislature consists of a 21-member parliament,

The Council of Ministers, presided over by the

Legal jurisdiction lies with a Common Court of

Belize 1981, 1988: Constitution does not specify. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/B 1

1998: Reforms make no changes to treaty

Fiji 1998: No mention. The Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji 1

Guinea 1990: Ratified by law. Fundamental Law of the Second Republic of 2

Laos 1991: National Assembly. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic 2

Madagasgar 1998: President. The Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar. 1

Micronesia 1990: Congress Constitution of the Federated States of 2

Namibia 1990: National Assembly Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. Art 2

New Zealand Ratification procedures not contained in a http://www.mft.govt.nz/support/legal/treatyregist 1-2

Pakistan 1999: As far as I can tell, treaty ratification and http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ 1

No treaty forms part of the municipal law of Papua

Chp. 6, Art. 70. http://www.uni-

Soloman 1978: No mention. http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclawmat/Solomo

The Constitution of Solomon Islands.

Somolia 1980: People's Assembly The Constitution of the Somali Democratic 2

St. Lucia 1978: No mention. As in the UK case, ratification is http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/L 1

Winston Anderson, “Treatymaking in Caribbean

Swaziland 1968: No mention. Swaziland Independence Order 1968. 1

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