Discuss 3 Shipping Organizations Other Than IMO
Discuss 3 Shipping Organizations Other Than IMO
Discuss 3 Shipping Organizations Other Than IMO
4) BIMCO is the oldest of the main international ship owning bodies and was founded
under the title of "The Baltic and White Sea Conference" in Copenhagen in 1905 It
claims to be the first organisation to see the benefit in joining forces with other
countries to secure better deals and standard agreements in shipping. As the
organisation grew and became more international it was renamed The Baltic and
International Maritime Council and at present day simply BIMCO.
BIMCO’s most recognised role is in the standardisation of shipping documents and
contracts particularly charter parties and is considered as the most appropriate forum
to negotiate standardised forms and contractual clauses that can be incorporated into
shipping contracts. It also engages in many other activities and has a broad
membership that includes shipowners, brokers and managers as well as port
authorities.
2) What are the 3 key IMO conventions? Explain.
SOLAS
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in its successive
forms is regarded as the most important treaty dealing with maritime safety. The first
version of SOLAS was adopted as early as in 1914 in response to the famous Titanic
disaster in 1912. The second and third versions of the treaty were introduced in 1929
and 1948 respectively. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a new
version of SOLAS in 1960 with the intention to keep the convention up to date by
periodic amendments. But the amendment procedures appeared to be slow taking
several years. As a result, IMO introduced a new version of SOLAS in 1974 to
include the tacit acceptance procedure - which provides that an amendment shall enter
into force on a specified date unless, before that date, objections to the amendment are
received from an agreed number of Parties. The new procedure has led to numerous
amendments in SOLAS since 1974. The Convention in force today is often referred to
as SOLAS, 1974, as amended.
MARPOL
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) is the most important international regulation for preventing pollution of
the marine environment by oil from ships due to accidental or operational
reasons. MARPOL was adopted by IMO in 1973, which incorporated much
of OILPOL 1954 and its amendments into Annex I. Annex I of MARPOL contains
most important regulations for preventing pollution by oil from ships. But before its
implementation, a series of tanker accidents occurred in 1976-77, leading to the
formulation of the 1978 MARPOL Protocol that fully absorbed the 1973 Convention.
The combined version, referred to as (MARPOL 73/78), was finally implemented in
October 1983. Since then, MARPOL has been updated through the years.
STCW
The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) was adopted by IMO in July 1978. As the name
suggests, the Convention has been created to set training and certification standard for
masters, officers, and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships. The Convention
came into effect in 1984 after the ratification by pre-requisite number of countries. At
the behest of US Coast Guard, IMO had to make a major amendment to STCW
Convention in 1995.
3) Compare between IMO &ICAO
Low correlation between flag state and High correlation between the country of an
routes sailed airline’s Air Operator Certificate (AOC) and
flight routes
Majority of ships sails under the flag of a Largest airlines are in developed countries
developing country
Common separation between ship operator / Airline operator and airplane owner are usually
charterer and ship owner, loose relationship the same entity, where airplanes are leased,
these are usually longer-term contracts
ICAO works with the Convention’s 193 Member States and industry groups to reach
consensus on international civil aviation Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and
policies in support of a safe, efficient, secure, economically sustainable and environmentally
responsible civil aviation sector. These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member States
to ensure that their local civil aviation operations and regulations conform to global norms,
which in turn permits more than 100,000 daily flights in aviation’s global network to operate
safely and reliably in every region of the world.
In addition to its core work resolving consensus-driven international SARPs and policies
among its Member States and industry, and among many other priorities and programmes,
ICAO also coordinates assistance and capacity building for States in support of numerous
aviation development objectives; produces global plans to coordinate multilateral strategic
progress for safety and air navigation; monitors and reports on numerous air transport sector
performance metrics; and audits States’ civil aviation oversight capabilities in the areas of
safety and security.
5) What is the most important international organization? Write three
reasons?
Recruitment
They function as the forces to recruit new actors into the international system. Especially the
United Nations encouraged the colonial powers to free their colonies, and the colonies to join
into the international system by joining the organisation. So, in the 1950 until 1960, many
new states became members to the United Nations. As a result, the number of the United
Nations members sharply increased from to 50 states to the 100 states.
Rule-Making
They make rules for the arrangements of relations between its members. Rules can take form
of a decision, a resolution, a recommendation, a conference declaration, or a treaty or
agreement. For example, the European Union makes rule for its member states, civil groups
or citizens to follow. The United Nations takes resolutions or recommendations on different
issues. But in most cases, these rules should be taken by the consensus of the members to be
effective.
Rule-Application
Rule – application means putting the rule into effect in most cases, the rules are expected to
be put into effect by the member governments because the international organisations may
not have the resource or means to put them into effect. But for the rules to be applied widely,
they should be accepted by the members states as useful for their interests. Otherwise, they
can remain as papers.