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    Magma (PETROLOGI)

    Uploaded by

    Subhan Arif
    This document discusses types of magma based on their chemistry and viscosity. Basaltic magmas have low viscosity and silica content, while rhyolitic magmas have high viscosity and silica. Andesitic magmas have intermediate properties. Magma compositions can change through primary melting processes or secondary processes like fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Fractional crystallization involves crystals separating from magma, changing its composition over time. Magma mixing occurs when two magma types combine, like basaltic and rhyolitic magmas mixing to form an andesitic magma. The document provides examples of these concepts and processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Magma (PETROLOGI)

    Uploaded by

    Subhan Arif
    42 views14 pages
    This document discusses types of magma based on their chemistry and viscosity. Basaltic magmas have low viscosity and silica content, while rhyolitic magmas have high viscosity and silica. Andesitic magmas have intermediate properties. Magma compositions can change through primary melting processes or secondary processes like fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Fractional crystallization involves crystals separating from magma, changing its composition over time. Magma mixing occurs when two magma types combine, like basaltic and rhyolitic magmas mixing to form an andesitic magma. The document provides examples of these concepts and processes.

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    Magma

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    5. Magma (PETROLOGI)

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    This document discusses types of magma based on their chemistry and viscosity. Basaltic magmas have low viscosity and silica content, while rhyolitic magmas have high viscosity and silica. Andesitic magmas have intermediate properties. Magma compositions can change through primary melting processes or secondary processes like fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Fractional crystallization involves crystals separating from magma, changing its composition over time. Magma mixing occurs when two magma types combine, like basaltic and rhyolitic magmas mixing to form an andesitic magma. The document provides examples of these concepts and processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views14 pages

    Magma (PETROLOGI)

    Uploaded by

    Subhan Arif
    This document discusses types of magma based on their chemistry and viscosity. Basaltic magmas have low viscosity and silica content, while rhyolitic magmas have high viscosity and silica. Andesitic magmas have intermediate properties. Magma compositions can change through primary melting processes or secondary processes like fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Fractional crystallization involves crystals separating from magma, changing its composition over time. Magma mixing occurs when two magma types combine, like basaltic and rhyolitic magmas mixing to form an andesitic magma. The document provides examples of these concepts and processes.

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    PETROLOGI TGT 1201

    Program Studi Teknik Geologi


    Fakultas Teknologi Mineral

    Kuliah 3
    MAGMA
    Jenis, Genesa dan Tipe

    Subhan Arif
    Magma Types Based on Chemistry

    50% SiO2 60% SiO2 70% SiO2

    gabbro/basalt diorite/andesite granite/rhyolite


    Processes That Change Magma Compositions

    Primary Process  Partial Melting of Different Materials (e.g. mantle, oceanic


    crust, continental crust, etc.)

    Secondary Processes - “Magmatic Differentiation”


    • Fractional Crystallization
    • Assimilation/Magma Mixing
    • Combined Process
    Mantle Melting and the Origin of Basaltic Magma

    Seismic evidence -> basalts are generated in the mantle

    Mantle melts with no subsequent modification by secondary processes (fractional


    crystallization, assimilation, mixing).

    Criteria:
    MgO = 11 – 17 wt%
    Cr > 1000 ppm
    Ni > 400-500 ppm
    Origin of Basaltic Magmas

    1. Decompression melting of
    mantle (peridotite) to produce
    primary basaltic magmas
    2. Fractional crystallization in
    shallow crustal magma chambers
    Origin of Andesitic Magmas
    Modification of a Basaltic “Parent”
    1. Crystallization in Magma Chambers

    2. Assimilation of Continental Crust

    3. Magma Mixing:
    (basalt + rhyolite = andesite)

    Origin of Granitic/Rhyolitic Magmas


    Partial Melting of Continental Crust
    (± AFC processes)
    Types of Magma

    Type of Viscosity Silica Gas Explosive- Type of Example


    Magma Content Content ness Volcano

    Basaltic Low 1-2% 50% Least Shield Hawaii

    Mt. St.
    Andesitic Medium 3-4% 60% Medium Composite Helens
    Rhyolitic High Greatest Cinder
    4-6% 70% Yellowstone
    Cone

    *The higher the gas content, the more explosive the magma is going to be
    Processes That Change Magma Compositions

    Primary Process
    Partial Melting of Different Materials (e.g. mantle, oceanic
    crust, continental crust, etc.)

    Secondary Processes - “Magmatic Differentiation”


    • Fractional Crystallization
    • Assimilation/Magma Mixing
    • Combined Process (AFC = Assimilation + Fractional Crystallization)
    Fractional Crystallization

    magma composition progressively changes as crystals are physically “removed” from the magma.
    Bowen’s Reaction Series

    • Theoretical order in which common igneous crystallize, and generally speaking correct!
    • Used in early 1900’s (by N.L. Bowen) to explain the origin of granite from primary basaltic
    magmas. True only in rare cases.

    10
    Sandstone

    Basalt
    Diorite
    Sodium-rich
    plagioclase feldspar;
    Fe-rich pyrox, hbl

    245–275 m (800–900 ft)


    Gabbro (or

    Basaltic intrusion
    “diabase”) Calcium-rich
    plagioclase feldspar
    and pyroxene;

    Olivine Olivine, plag, pyrox


    gabbro
    Basalt

    Palisades Sill – (western shore of Hudson River, Sandstone


    NJ)

    Basalt cooled quickly at the edges of


    the intrusion.
    Palisades
    intrusion

    ~1200°C ~1100°C ~1050°C ~1000°C


    Plagioclase Plagioclase
    Olivine Plagioclase
    feldspar feldspar
    crystals feldspar

    Pyroxene Pyroxene
    Pyx+Plag
    Olivine Olivine Olivine

    Magma with Magma with Magma with Magma with


    composition A composition B composition C composition D

    Olivine Pyroxene and Pyroxene and Plagioclase


    crystallizes plagioclase plagioclase feldspar
    first. feldspar gradually continues to
    crystallize. change in crystallize.
    composition.
    Assimilation Magma Mixing
    Basaltic
    magma

    Rhyolitic
    magma

    Basaltic
    +
    Rhyolitic

    Andesitic
    magma
    THANK YOU

    Subhan Arif, S. T., M. T.

    +62 852 4693 1409

    s.arif@akprind.ac.id
    sbhan.arif@gmail.com

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