Telemark University College

Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics

Introduction to
Visual Studio and C#
HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2012.08.17

Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjølnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Visual Studio ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.2 C# ............................................................................................................................................. 6

1.3 .NET Framework ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) ..................................................................................... 7

2 Visual Studio ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 8

2.2.1 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)................................................................... 8

2.2.2 New Project ..................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.3 Solution Explorer ........................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4 Toolbox .......................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.5 Editors and Designers .................................................................................................... 12

2.2.6 Properties window ........................................................................................................ 13

2.2.7 Build and Debug Tools ................................................................................................... 14

3 Windows Programming ................................................................................................................ 16

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.1 Windows Forms ............................................................................................................. 16

3.1.2 WPF................................................................................................................................ 17

3.2 Hello World............................................................................................................................ 18

4 Getting Started with C# ................................................................................................................ 20

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 20

2
3 Table of Contents

4.2 Data Types and Variables ...................................................................................................... 20

4.2.1 Boolean type.................................................................................................................. 21

4.2.2 Numeric types: Integrals, Floating Point, Decimal ........................................................ 21

4.2.3 String type ..................................................................................................................... 21

4.2.4 Arrays............................................................................................................................. 22

4.3 Control Flow .......................................................................................................................... 22

4.3.1 The if Statement ............................................................................................................ 22

4.3.2 The switch Statement .................................................................................................... 23

4.4 Loops ..................................................................................................................................... 24

4.4.1 The while Loop .............................................................................................................. 24

4.4.2 The do Loop ................................................................................................................... 24

4.4.3 The for Loop .................................................................................................................. 25

4.4.4 The foreach Loop ........................................................................................................... 25

4.5 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 25

4.5.1 Nonstatic Methods ........................................................................................................ 26

4.5.2 Static Methods .............................................................................................................. 26

4.6 Namespaces .......................................................................................................................... 26

4.7 Classes ................................................................................................................................... 27

4.7.1 Constructor .................................................................................................................... 28

4.8 Properties .............................................................................................................................. 30

4.9 Naming Convention ............................................................................................................... 31

5 More Object-oriented Techniques ............................................................................................... 34

5.1 Inheritance ............................................................................................................................ 34

5.2 Polymorphism........................................................................................................................ 35

5.3 Encapsulation ........................................................................................................................ 36

6 Exception Handling ....................................................................................................................... 37

7 Windows Forms Example ............................................................................................................. 39

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

4 Table of Contents

8 Web Programming ........................................................................................................................ 45

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 45

8.2 HTML ..................................................................................................................................... 45

8.3 Web Browser ......................................................................................................................... 45

8.4 CSS ......................................................................................................................................... 46

8.5 JavaScript ............................................................................................................................... 46

8.6 ASP.NET ................................................................................................................................. 46

8.7 AJAX/ ASP.NET AJAX .............................................................................................................. 47

8.8 Silverlight ............................................................................................................................... 47

9 Database Programming ................................................................................................................ 48

9.1 ADO.NET ................................................................................................................................ 48

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

1 Introduction
In this Tutorial we will use Visual Studio 2010 and C# 4.0. C# is the programming language, while
Visual Studio is the development environment.

1.1 Visual Studio

Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It can be
used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms
applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with
managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, Windows CE,
.NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight.

The latest version of Visual Studio is Visual Studio 2010.

Below we see the integrated development environment (IDE) in Visual Studio:

Ne p oje ts a e eated f o the Ne P oje t i do :

5
6 Introduction

1.2 C#
C# is p o ou ed see sha p .

C# is an object-oriented programming language and part of the .NET family from Microsoft. The most
recent version is C# 4.0 and it is part of Visual Studio 2010.

C# is very similar to C++ and Java.

C# is developed by Microsoft and works only on the Windows platform.

1.3 .NET Framework

The .NET F a e o k p o ou ed dot et is a soft a e f a e o k that u s p i a il o
Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and supports several programming languages which
allow language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages). The .NET
library is available to all the programming languages that .NET supports. Programs written for the
.NET Framework execute in a software environment, known as the Common Language Runtime
(CLR), an application virtual machine that provides important services such as security, memory
management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET
Framework.

The latest version of .NET Framework is .NET Framework 4.0

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

7 Introduction

1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around "objects"
rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical
procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data.

The first step in OOP is to identify all the objects you want to manipulate and how they relate to each
other, an exercise often known as data modeling. Once you've identified an object, you generalize it
as a class of objects and define the kind of data it contains and any logic sequences that can
manipulate it. Each distinct logic sequence is known as a method. A real instance of a class is called
a o je t o a i sta e of a lass . The o je t o lass i sta e is hat ou u i the o pute .
Its methods provide computer instructions and the class object characteristics provide relevant data.
You communicate with objects - and they communicate with each other.

Important features with OOP are:

 Classes and Objects

 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation

Simula was the first object-oriented programming language. Simula was developed in the 1960s by
Kristen Nygaard from Norway.

Java, Python, C++, Visual Basic .NET and C# are popular OOP languages today.

Since Simula-type objects are reimplemented in C++, Java and C# the influence of Simula is often
understated. The creator of C++ (1979), Bjarne Stroustrup (from Denmark), has acknowledged that
Simula was the greatest influence on him to develop C++.

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

2 Visual Studio
2.1 Introduction
The latest version of Visual Studio is Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 (SP1).

Home page of Visual Studio: http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio

There exist different versions of Visual Studio, such as Visual Studio Express (free), Visual Studio
Professional, Visual Studio Premium and Visual Studio Ultimate.

2.2 Getting Started

2.2.1 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

The Visual Studio product family shares a single integrated development environment (IDE) that is
composed of several elements: the Menu bar, Standard toolbar, various tool windows docked or
auto-hidden on the left, bottom, and right sides, as well as the editor space. The tool windows,
menus, and toolbars available depend on the type of project or file you are working in.

Below we see the Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment):

8
9 Visual Studio

2.2.2 New Project

The first thing you do when you want to create a new application is to create a new project.

This can be done from the Start Page:

Or from the File menu:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

10 Visual Studio

The the Ne P oje t i do appea s:

In this window you will select an appropriate template based on what kind of application you want to
create, and a name and location for your project and solution.

The most common applications are:

 Windows Form Application

 Console Application
 WPF Application
 ASP.NET Web Application
 Silverlight Application

2.2.3 Solution Explorer

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11 Visual Studio

Solutions and projects contain items that represent the references, data connections, folders, and
files that you need to create your application. A solution container can contain multiple projects and
a project container typically contains multiple items.

2.2.4 Toolbox
The Toolbox contains all the necessary controls, etc. you need to create your user interface. See
Figure below.

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

12 Visual Studio

The Toolbox contains all the controls, etc. we can use in our
user interface.
In order to use them in our user interface, we just drag and
d op the to the Fo , as sho elo :

2.2.5 Editors and Designers

Visual Studio has different editors and design tools.

Graphical User Interface Designer:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

13 Visual Studio

Code Editor:

2.2.6 Properties window

Each control we have on our user interface has lots of Properties we can set.

This is done in the Properties window:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

14 Visual Studio

2.2.7 Build and Debug Tools

In Visual Studio we have lots of Build and Debugging Tools.

Build menu:

Below we see the Build menu:

The most used tool is Build Solution (Shortcut Key: F6).

Debug menu:

Below we see the Debug menu:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

15 Visual Studio

The ost used tool is Start Debugging Shortcut Key: F5).

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

3 Windows Programming
3.1 Introduction
When creating ordinary Windows applications, we can select between the following:

 Windows Forms Application

 WPF Applications (Windows Presentation Foundation)

Windows Forms is the standard way of creating Windows applications and has existed in many years,
even before .NET 1.0 (2002) was introduced. WPF is a new approach from creating Windows
applications and was introduced with .NET Framework 3.0 (2006).

For example has the Visual Studio 2010 IDE been entirely rewritten using WPF.

Windows Forms Application and WPF Applications will be explained in more detail below.

3.1.1 Windows Forms

Windows Forms is the standard way of creating Windows applications.

“ele t Wi do s Fo s Appli atio i the Ne P oje t i do :

16
17 Windows Programming

3.1.2 WPF
Developed by Microsoft, the Windows Presentation Foundation (or WPF) is a computer-software
graphical subsystem for rendering user interfaces in Windows-based applications.

WPF is intended to take over for the traditional Windows Forms.

The graphical user interface in WPF is designed using XAML (Extensible Application Markup
Language).

XAML:

Following the success of markup languages for web development, WPF introduces a new language
known as eXtensible Application Markup Language (XAML), which is based on XML. XAML is designed
as a more efficient method of developing application user interfaces

“ele t WPF Appli atio i the Ne P oje t i do :

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

18 Windows Programming

3.2 Hello World

We sta t eati g a t aditio al Hello Wo ld appli atio usi g Wi do s Fo s. The appli atio is
shown below:

The Visual Studio IDE looks like this:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

19 Windows Programming

In this p oje t e use a si ple Te tBo te tBo 1 a d he e sta t the p og a the te t Hello
Wo ld is itte to the Te tBo .

The code is as follows:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

textBox1.Text = "Hello World";

}
}

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

4 Getting Started with C#
C# is a modern Object-oriented programming language.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures

consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and
computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction,
encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance.

4.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will start with the basic all programming languages have:…

 Data Types and Variables

 Control Flow: If-Else, etc.
 Loops: While Loops, For Loops, etc.

Further we will introduce the following:

 Namespaces
 Classes
 Data Fields
 Methods
 Properties

In the next chapter we will go more in depth of what Object-oriented programming is and introduce
the following important OOP topics:

 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation

Note! C# is case-sensitive.

4.2 Data Types and Variables

Va ia les a e si pl sto age lo atio s fo data. You a pla e data i to the a d et ie e thei
contents as part of a C# expression. The interpretation of the data in a variable is controlled through
T pes .

20
21 Getting Started with C#

The C# simple types consist of:

 Boolean type
 Numeric types: Integrals, Floating Point, Decimal
 String type

4.2.1 Boolean type

Boolean types are declared using the keyword bool . They have two values: true or false . In
other languages, such as C and C++, boolean conditions can be satisfied where 0 means false and
anything else means true. However, in C# the only values that satisfy a boolean condition is true and
false, which are official keywords.

Example:

bool content = true;

bool noContent = false;

4.2.2 Numeric types: Integrals, Floating Point,

Decimal
Example:

int i=35;
long y=654654;

float x;
double y;
decimal z;

4.2.3 String type

Example:

string myString=”Hei på deg”;

Special characters that may be used in strings:

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22 Getting Started with C#

4.2.4 Arrays
Example:

int[] myInts = { 5, 10, 15 };

4.3 Control Flow

To be able to control the flow in your program is important in every programming language.

The two most important techniques are:

 The if Statement
 The switch Statement

4.3.1 The if Statement

The if statement is probably the most used mechanism to control the flow in your application.

An if statement allows you to take different paths of logic, depending on a given condition. When the
condition evaluates to a boolean true, a block of code for that true condition will execute. You have
the option of a single if statement, multiple else if statements, and an optional else statement.

Example:

bool myTest;

myTest=false;

if (myTest==false)
MessageBox.Show("Hello");

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23 Getting Started with C#

If we have more than one line of code that that shall be executed, we need to use braces, e.g.:

bool myTest;

myTest=false;

if (myTest == false)
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello1");
MessageBox.Show("Hello2");
}

For more complex logic we use the if … else statement.

Example:

bool myTest;

myTest=true;

if (myTest == false)
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello1");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello2");
}

Or you can use nested if… else if sentences.

Example:

int myTest;

myTest=2;

if (myTest == 1)
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello1");
}
else if (myTest == 2)
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello2");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Hello3");
}

4.3.2 The switch Statement

Another form of selection statement is the switch statement, which executes a set of logic
depending on the value of a given parameter. The types of the values a switch statement operates on
can be booleans, enums, integral types, and strings.

Example:

switch (myTest)
{
case 1:
MessageBox.Show("Hello1");
break;

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24 Getting Started with C#

case 2:
MessageBox.Show("Hello2");
break;

default:
MessageBox.Show("Hello3");
break;
}

4.4 Loops
In C# we have different kind of loops:

 The while loop

 The do loop
 The for loop
 The foreach loop

4.4.1 The while Loop

A while loop will check a condition and then continues to execute a block of code as long as the
condition evaluates to a boolean value of true.

Example:

int myInt = 0;

while (myInt < 10)

{
MessageBox.Show("Inside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());
myInt++;
}
MessageBox.Show("Outside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());

4.4.2 The do Loop

A do loop is similar to the while loop, except that it checks its condition at the end of the loop. This
means that the do loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time. On the other hand, a while loop
evaluates its boolean expression at the beginning and there is generally no guarantee that the
statements inside the loop will be executed, unless you program the code to explicitly do so.

Example:

int myInt = 0;

do
{
MessageBox.Show("Inside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());
myInt++;
} while (myInt < 10);
MessageBox.Show("Outside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());

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25 Getting Started with C#

4.4.3 The for Loop

A for loop works like a while loop, except that the syntax of the for loop includes initialization and
condition modification. for loops are appropriate when you know exactly how many times you want
to perform the statements within the loop.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
MessageBox.Show("Inside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());
myInt++;
}
MessageBox.Show("Outside Loop: " + myInt.ToString());

4.4.4 The foreach Loop

A foreach loop is used to iterate through the items in a list. It operates on arrays or collections.

Example:

string[] names = { "Elvis", "Beatles", "Eagles", "Rolling Stones" };

foreach (string person in names)

{
MessageBox.Show(person);
}

4.5 Methods
Methods are extremely useful because they allow you to separate your logic into different units. You
can pass information to methods, have it perform one or more statements, and retrieve a return
value. The capability to pass parameters and return values is optional and depends on what you want
the method to do.

Methods are similar to functions, procedure or subroutine used in other programming languages.
The difference is that a method is always a part of a class.

Example:

public void ShowCarColor(string color)

{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

We learn more about methods in the Classes section below.

We have 2 kinds of Methods:

 Static Methods

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26 Getting Started with C#

 Nonstatic Methods (Instance Method)

Static Methods belongs to the whole class, while nonstatic Methods belong to each instance created
from the class.

4.5.1 Nonstatic Methods

Example:

We define the class:

class Car
{

//Nonstatic/Instance Method
public void SetColor(string color)
{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

}
}

Then we use it:

Car myCar = new Car(); //We create an Instance of the Class

myCar.SetColor("blue"); //We call the Method

4.5.2 Static Methods

Example:

We define the class:

class Boat
{

//Static Method
public static void SetColor(string color)
{

MessageBox.Show("My Boat is: " + color);

}
}

Then we use it:

Boat.SetColor("green");

i.e., e do ’t eed to eate a o je t/i sta tiati g the lass efo e e use the “tati Method.

4.6 Namespaces

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

27 Getting Started with C#

Namespaces are C# program elements designed to help you organize your programs. They also
provide assistance in avoiding name clashes between two sets of code. Implementing Namespaces in
your own code is a good habit because it is likely to save you from problems later when you want to
reuse some of your code.

You specify the Namespaces you want to use in the top of your code.

Example:

When you create a new Windows Forms application, the following default namespaces will be
included.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
…

It is just to add more when you need it.

More about Namespaces later.

4.7 Classes
The first step in OOP is to identify all the objects you want to manipulate and how they relate to each
other, an exercise often known as data modeling. Once you've identified an object, you generalize it
as a class of objects and define the kind of data it contains and any logic sequences that can
manipulate it. Each distinct logic sequence is known as a method. A real instance of a class is called
a o je t o a i sta e of a lass . The o je t o lass i sta e is hat ou u i the o pute .
Its methods provide computer instructions and the class object characteristics provide relevant data.
You communicate with objects - and they communicate with each other.

Everything in C# is based on Classes. Classes are declared by using the keyword class followed by the
class name and a set of class members surrounded by curly braces.

A class normally consists of Methods, Fields and Properties.

Every class has a constructor, which is called automatically any time an instance of a class is created.
The purpose of constructors is to initialize class members when an instance of the class is created.
Constructors do not have return values and always have the same name as the class.

Example:

We define the following class:

class Car
{

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28 Getting Started with C#

public string color; //Field

//Method
public void ShowCarColor()
{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

}
}

Then we can use it:

Car myCar = new Car(); //We create an Instance of the Class

myCar.color = "blue"; //We set a value for the color Field

myCar.ShowCarColor(); //We call the Method

The result is as follows:

4.7.1 Constructor
The purpose of constructors is to initialize class members when an instance of the class is created.

Example:

We a use a Co st u to to eate a default olo fo ou a .

We define the class:

class Car
{

public string color; //Field

//Constructor - Used to initialize the Class

public Car()
{
color="green";
}

//Method
public void ShowCarColor()
{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

}
}

Then we can use it:

Car myCar = new Car(); //We create an Instance of the Class

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29 Getting Started with C#

myCar.ShowCarColor(); //We call the Method

myCar.color = "blue"; //We set a value for the color Field

myCar.ShowCarColor(); //We call the Method

The results are as follows:

Example:

We can also do the following:

class Car
{

public string color; //Field

//Constructor - Used to initialize the Class

public Car(string initColor)
{
color = initColor;
}

//Method
public void ShowCarColor()
{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

}
}

Then we use it:

Car myCar = new Car("green"); //We create an Instance of the Class

myCar.ShowCarColor(); //We call the Method

New feature: Initialization an object without a Constructor:

In C# 4.0 we can do the following:

We define the Class (without any contructor):

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30 Getting Started with C#

class Car
{

public string color; //Field

public string model; //Field

//Method
public void ShowCarColor()
{

MessageBox.Show("My Car Color is: " + color);

MessageBox.Show("My Car Model is: " + model);

}
}

Then we do the following:

Car myCar = new Car {color="white", model="2004"};

myCar.ShowCarColor(); //We call the Method

4.8 Properties
Properties provide the opportunity to protect a field in a class by reading and writing to it through
the property. In other languages, this is often accomplished by programs implementing specialized
getter and setter methods. C# properties enable this type of protection while also letting you access
the property just like it was a field.

Example:

We define a Class with Properties and a Method:

class Car
{

public string Name {get; set;}

public string Color {get; set;}

public void ShowCarProperties()

{

MessageBox.Show("My Car Name is: " + Name);

MessageBox.Show("My Car Color is: " + Color);

Then we can use it:

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.Name="Volvo";
myCar.Color="Blue";

myCar.ShowCarProperties();

The results are:

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31 Getting Started with C#

So far, the only class members you've seen are Fields, Properties, Methods, and Constructors. Here is
a complete list of the types of members you can have in your classes:

 Constructors
 Destructors (opposite of Constructors)
 Fields
 Methods
 Properties
 Indexers
 Delegates
 Events
 Nested Classes

4.9 Naming Convention

There is different name convention for how to specify your variables, classes and Methods, etc.

Camel notation:

For variables and parameters/arguments e o all use Ca el otatio .

Examples:

string myCar;
int number;
string backColor;

→ In Camel casing the first letter of an identifier is lowercase and the first letter of each subsequent
concatenated word is capitalized.

Pascal notation:

For classes, methods and properties, e o all use Pas al otatio .

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32 Getting Started with C#

Examples:

class Car
{
void ShowCarColor()
{
…
}
}

→ In Pascal casing the first letter in the identifier and the first letter of each subsequent
concatenated word are capitalized.

For Namespaces we use Pascal casing and a dot separator.

Examples:

System.Drawing
System.Collections.Generics

Controls:

For controls on your user interface we either use Pascal notation or Hu ga ia otatio , but stick
to one of them!

Examples:

Pas al otatio :

LoginName
LoginPassword

Hu ga ia otatio :

txtName
txtPassword
lblName
btnCancel

Where txt means it is a Text Control, lbl a Label Control, btn a Button Control, etc.

Acronyms:

Casing of acronyms depends on the length of the acronym. All acronyms are at least two characters
long. If an acronym is exactly two characters, it is considered a short acronym. An acronym of three
or more characters is a long acronym.

In general, you should not use abbreviations or acronyms. These make your names less readable.
Similarly, it is difficult to know when it is safe to assume that an acronym is widely recognized.

But if you must, the rules are as follows:

Short acronym Examples (two characters):

DBRate

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33 Getting Started with C#

A property named DBRate is an example of a short acronym (DB) used as the first word of a
Pascal-cased identifier.

ioChannel

A parameter named ioChannel is an example of a short acronym (IO) used as the first word of a
camel-cased identifier.

Long acronym Examples (three or more characters):

XmlWriter

A class named XmlWriter is an example of a long acronym used as the first word of a Pascal-cased
identifier.

htmlReader

A parameter named htmlReader is an example of a long acronym used as the first word of a
camel-cased identifier.

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

5 More Object-oriented
Techniques
In this chapter we will introduce the following Object-oriented techniques:

 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation

5.1 Inheritance
Inheritance is one of the primary concepts of object-oriented programming. It allows you to reuse
existing code. Through effective employment of reuse, you can save time in your programming.

Example:

We define the Base class:

class Car
{

public void SetColor(string color)

{

MessageBox.Show("My Car is: " + color);

}
}

Then we define a new class that inherits from the Base Class:

class Volvo : Car

{

//In this simple Example this class does nothing!

Then we start using the classes:

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.SetColor("blue");

Volvo myVolvo = new Volvo();

myVolvo.SetColor("green");

34
35 More Object-oriented Techniques

As ou a see e a use the “etColo () Method that has been defined in the Base Class.

5.2 Polymorphism
Another primary concept of object-oriented programming is Polymorphism. It allows you to invoke
derived class methods through a base class reference during run-time.

Example:

We start with a Base Class:

class Car
{
public virtual void CarType()
{
MessageBox.Show("I am a Car");
}
}

The virtual modifier indicates to derived classes that they can override this method.

Then we create 3 new Classes that derive from the Base Class:

class Volvo : Car

{
public override void CarType()
{
MessageBox.Show("I am a Volvo");
}
}

class Ford : Car

{
public override void CarType()
{
MessageBox.Show("I am a Ford");
}
}

class Toyota : Car

{
public override void CarType()
{
MessageBox.Show("I am a Toyota");
}
}

These 3 classes inherit the Car class. Each class has a CarType() method and each CarType() method
has an override modifier. The override modifier allows a method to override the virtual method of its
base class at run-time.

Then we can use it:

Car[] car = new Car[4];

car[0] = new Car();

car[1] = new Volvo();
car[2] = new Ford();
car[3] = new Toyota();

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

36 More Object-oriented Techniques

foreach (Car carmodel in car)

{
carmodel.CarType();
}

The result is:

… … …

→ This is Polymorphism.

5.3 Encapsulation
Encapsulation means that the internal representation of an object is generally hidden from view
outside of the object's definition. Typically, only the object's own methods can directly inspect or
manipulate its fields.

We can set different Access rights on Classes and Methods:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

6 Exception Handling
In programming error and exception handling is very important. C# has built-in and ready to use
mechanism to handle this. This mechanism is based on the keywords try, catch, throw and finally.

Exceptions are unforeseen errors that happen in your programs. Most of the time, you can, and
should, detect and handle program errors in your code. For example, validating user input, checking
for null objects, and verifying the values returned from methods are what you expect, are all
examples of good standard error handling that you should be doing all the time.

However, there are times when you don't know if an error will occur. For example, you can't predict
when you'll receive a file I/O error, run out of system memory, or encounter a database error. These
things are generally unlikely, but they could still happen and you want to be able to deal with them
when they do occur. This is where exception handling comes in.

When exceptions occur, they are said to be thrown . C# uses the keywords try, catch, throw and
finally. It works like this: A method will try to execute a piece of code. If the code detects a problem,
it will throw an error indication, which your code can catch, and no matter what happens, it finally
executes a special code block at the end.

The syntax is as follows:

MyMethod()
{

try
{
... //Do Something that can cause an Exception
}
catch
{
... //Handle Exceptions
}

finally
{
... //Clean Up
}

Example:

public void WriteDaqData(double analogDataOut)

{

Task analogOutTask = new Task();

AOChannel myAOChannel;

try
{

37
38 Exception Handling

myAOChannel = analogOutTask.AOChannels.CreateVoltageChannel(
aoChannel,
"myAOChannel",
0,
5,
AOVoltageUnits.Volts
);

AnalogSingleChannelWriter writer = new

AnalogSingleChannelWriter(analogOutTask.Stream);

writer.WriteSingleSample(true, analogDataOut);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
string errorMessage;

errorMessage = e.Message.ToString();

finally
{
analogOutTask.Stop();
}

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

7 Windows Forms Example
In this chapter we will go through a large example. In this example we will create an application in
Visual Studio that controls the following water tank process:

The purpose is to control the level in the water tank. In order to communicate with the physical
process we use a NI USB-6008 DAQ device:

We will not show all the details in the code, but focus on the structure.

Below we see the user interface we have created in Visual Studio:

39
40 Windows Forms Example

Below we see the Visual Studio project:

We start with defining the classes we need in our application.

In the Solution E plo e e ha e defi ed a Classes folde he e e put all the lasses e eate:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

41 Windows Forms Example

In order to create new classes we right- li k i the “olutio E plo e a d sele t Add-Ne Ite … :

Next we select the Class ite i the Add Ne Ite i do :

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

42 Windows Forms Example

Classes:

We sta t ith the Da Class that o tai s logi fo eadi g a d iti g to the DAQ de i e:

//Include necessary Namespaces

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using NationalInstruments;
using NationalInstruments.DAQmx;

namespace Tuc.Control //We define a useful namespace

{
public class DaqData
{

public string aiChannel;

public string aoChannel;

//Constructor
public DaqData(...)
{
...
}

//Method
public double ReadDaqData()
{
...
}

//Method
public void WriteDaqData(...)
{
...
}
}
}

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

43 Windows Forms Example

It is good practice to create a new file for each new class we define. Then we start by defining a
meaningful Namespace. Next we define our Class with necessary Fields, Properties and Methods.

We also need to include the necessary Namespace our Class will need. In this example we have
included some 3.party Assemblies from National Instruments:

using NationalInstruments;
using NationalInstruments.DAQmx;

These Assemblies contains the driver to the NI USB-6008 DAQ device we are using.

The Assemblies we use ust e added i the Refe e es folde i the “olutio Explorer:

Main Application:

In our main application we start with including our Namespace:

using NationalInstruments;
using NationalInstruments.UI;
using NationalInstruments.UI.WindowsForms;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Tuc.Control;

namespace Control_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
...
}
}

It is also a good idea to create different regions in order to structure your code better. This can be
done like this:

//Comment

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

44 Windows Forms Example

# region
... //Your Code
# endregion

In this way our Main Application may look like this:

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

8 Web Programming
8.1 Introduction
Today most of the applications focus on the Internet, where the applications can be viewed in a
standard Web Browser. Static Web pages are based on HTML and CSS. In order to create more
advanced applications, we need more powerful tools.

Important frameworks and tools for creating dynamic web pages:

 ASP.NET
 AJAX/ ASP.NET AJAX
 JavaScript
 Silverlight

These frameworks and tools will be explained below.

8.2 HTML
HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web
pages. HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like
<html>), within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>. The
first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and
closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tables, images, etc.

8.3 Web Browser

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visual or audible
web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of
the page.

Today we have the following major Web Browsers:

 Internet Explorer (by Microsoft)

 Firefox (by Mozilla)

45
46 Web Programming

 Chrome (by Google)

 Safari (by Apple)
 Opera (by Opera from Norway)

8.4 CSS
Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of
text and other material.

The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards

8.5 JavaScript
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language basically used to create dynamic web pages.
JavaScript is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a web
browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites.

8.6 ASP.NET
ASP.NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build
dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.

ASP.NET is part of the Visual Studio package

It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework, and is the successor to
Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime
(CLR), allowing programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language, such as C#
and VB.NET.

ASP.NET web pages or webpage, known officially as Web Forms], are the main building block for
appli atio de elop e t. We fo s a e o tai ed i files ith a .asp extension.

“ele t ASP.NET Appli atio i the Ne P oje t i do :

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

47 Web Programming

8.7 AJAX/ ASP.NET AJAX

AJAX is an acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a group of interrelated web
development methods used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax, web
applications can send data to, and retrieve data from, a server asynchronously (in the background)
without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page.

ASP.NET AJAX is a set of extensions to ASP.NET developed by Microsoft for implementing AJAX
functionality.

8.8 Silverlight
Microsoft Silverlight is an application framework for writing and running browser plug-ins or other
rich internet applications, with features and purposes similar to those of Adobe Flash. The run-time
environment for Silverlight is available as a plug-in for most web browsers. Silverlight is also one of
the two application development platforms for Windows Phone 7/8.

The latest version is Silverlight 5.0.

Silverlight is based on WPF, so in Silverlight applications, user interfaces are declared in Extensible
Application Markup Language (XAML) and programmed using a subset of the .NET Framework.

Tutorial: Introduction to Visual Studio and C#

9 Database Programming
Most of toda ’s appli atio s use a a ke d data ase to sto e i po ta t data, e.g., Fa e ook, T itte ,
etc.

In order to use databases in our applications we need to know Structured Query language (SQL). For
more information about SQL, see the following Tutorial:

 Structured Query Language (SQL)

In addition you need to know about database systems. We have different kind of database systems
and lots of different vendors. Since this Tutorial is about Visual Studio and C#, we will use Microsoft
SQL Server. For more information about database systems in general and specially SQL Server, see
the following Tutorial:

 Introduction to Database Systems

The Tutorials are available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha

9.1 ADO.NET
ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Object for .NET) is a set of computer software components that programmers
can use to access data and data services. It is a part of the base class library that is included with the
Microsoft .NET Framework. It is commonly used by programmers to access and modify data stored in
relational database systems, though it can also access data in non-relational sources.

48
 Telemark University College

Faculty of Technology

Kjølnes Ring 56

N-3914 Porsgrunn, Norway

www.hit.no

Hans-Petter Halvorsen, M.Sc.

Telemark University College

Faculty of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics

E-mail: hans.p.halvorsen@hit.no

Blog: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/