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UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GENAP 2019/2020

Mata Ujian : READING C
Semester : IV
Hari, Tanggal : Friday, 13th March 2020, 11:30
Waktu : 100 menit
Dosen : B. Himawan Setyo Wibowo, M. Hum.
Imelda Gozali, B.Eng., M.Pd

SECTION I
Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. (25 points)
Questions 1 – 15 require you to guess meaning from the given context.
Questions 16 – 25 require your skills in identifying the main idea.

1. The first review on the Harry Potter movie was favorable. Many people attended and enjoyed
the movie. Some people even saw the movie three times!
Which is the closest meaning of favorable?
A. negative
B. uncertain
C. positive
D. clear
2. Her quiet, timid ways made us guess at her true feelings about the story because she kept her
ideas to herself and never spoke in the class.
Which word is a synonym of timid?
A. shy
B. boisterous
C. kind
D. seriously
3. Fortunately, the dizzy spell was transient. He was able to continue playing within seconds and had no
trouble winning the match.
When you describe an event as “transient,” you are saying that __________.
A. it sounds like a train
B. it is quite harmful
C. it helps you win
D. it doesn’t last long
4. When they heard the good news about the court’s decision, the angry crowd cheered and then began
to disperse. “It looks like everyone is going home,” one reporter stated.
Which would be the opposite of “disperse”?
A. come together
B. smile
C. fly like a bird
D. sing
5. The woman crossed her fingers as her daughter did the cheer. She was hoping that everything
would work out for her daughter as she vied for a position on the squad. Her daughter wanted
to be a cheerleader.
Which would be closest in meaning to the word vied?
A. shouted
B. enclosed
C. expanded
D. tried
6. The boy knew that the lake was teeming, and overflowing with bass, so he brought a big net to
help get the fish in the boat.

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 A. rare
B. enclave
C. full
D. sparse

7. There is a legal battle raging and the judges are concerned that time is running out. Lawyers are being
asked to expedite the matter by getting their paperwork in early.
What does “expedite” mean?
A. quicken
B. agree on
C. sue
D. discuss
8. It was difficult to listen to Tommy speak because he droned on and on just like a buzzer that
won't stop buzzing.
What does droned mean?
A. shouted
B. murmured
C. giggled
D. whispered
9. The lithe girl was perfect for the basketball team because she was all muscle and could play
well.
What does lithe mean?
A. lean
B. cubed
C. thick
D. eerie
10. We walked slowly down the trail with great trepidation. No one who had gone this way had ever been
heard from again. Had they simply found a better place to settle on this dark planet? We doubted that.
Which word is a synonym of “trepidation”?
A. movement
B. worry
C. enjoyment
D. laughter
11. Colonial South Carolina was characterized by cultural _________; Europeans, Africans, and Native
Americans each absorbed some customs of the other groups.
Which word is suitable to fill in the blank?
A. tension
B. conservatism
C. integrity
D. convergence
12. Anna Freud's impact on psychoanalysis was _________, coming not from one brilliant discovery but
from a lifetime of first-rate work.
Which word is suitable to fill in the blank?
A. tangential
B. premature
C. exorbitant
D. cumulative
13. Sleep actually occurs _________, though one may receive clues signaling its _________ for several
minutes before one falls asleep.
Which word is suitable to fill in the blank?
A. gradually...abruptness
B. temporarily...length
C. inevitable...approach
D. instantaneously...onset

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14. Displays in the Australian Museum's exhibition on dinosaurs are designed to be touched, offering
visitors _________ experience.
Which word is suitable to fill in the blank?
A. an archaic
B. an aural
C. a rustic
D. a tactile
15. The professor argued that every grassroots movement needs _________; without this public
declaration of motives, there can be no cohesive organization.
Which word is suitable to fill in the blank?
A. an invocation
B. a prospectus
C. a manifesto
D. a mandate
(http://www.shsu.edu/~txcae/readingless.html)

16. Benjamin Franklin loved to write. When he was twenty-two, he set up his own printing shop and
started a newspaper. He also printed a book called Poor Richard’s Almanac. It had funny stories,
information about the weather, and wise sayings.
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Benjamin Franklin loved to write stories and books.
B. Benjamin Franklin worked very hard when he was young.
C. Benjamin Franklin knew a lot about the weather.
D. Benjamin Franklin was very poor.
17. Benjamin Franklin loved the city of Philadelphia. He started the city’s first hospital and fire
department. Ben also started Philadelphia’s first public library. Benjamin Franklin worked very hard to
make Philadelphia a better place to live.
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Benjamin Franklin worked hard to make his city a great place to live.
B. Benjamin Franklin worked for the fire department.
C. Benjamin Franklin knew a lot about books.
D. Benjamin Franklin went to school in Philadelphia.
18. Benjamin Franklin was very interested in electricity. One day he tried a very dangerous experiment to
prove that lightning was electricity. He attached a key to a kite string and flew the kite during a
thunderstorm. When the lightning hit the kite, sparks flew from the key. Benjamin Franklin proved
that lightning was electricity.
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Benjamin Franklin liked to play in the rain.
B. Benjamin Franklin performed an experiment that proved lightning was electricity.
C. Benjamin Franklin knew a lot about thunderstorms.
D. Benjamin Franklin invented a new kind of kite.
19. Benjamin Franklin invented many things that made life easier in the late 1700’s. He invented the
lightning rod that saved many homes from fires. He also invented the Franklin stove. The stove could
heat a room better than a fireplace and saved people a lot of fuel. He also invented a special kind of
glasses called bifocals. This new kind of glasses helped people to read better.
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Benjamin Franklin thought reading was important.
B. Benjamin Franklin was not afraid of fire.
C. Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor.
D. A Franklin stove can heat a whole room.

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20. There are gender differences in adolescents' satisfaction with their bodies. Compared with boys, girls
are usually less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images. Also, as puberty
proceeds, girls often become even more dissatisfied with their bodies. This is probably because their
body fat increases. In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably
because their muscle mass increases.
What is the stated main idea of the paragraph?
A. There are gender differences in adolescents' satisfaction with their bodies.
B. Compared with boys, girls are usually less happy with their bodies and have more negative body
images.
C. Also, as puberty proceeds, girls often become even more dissatisfied with their bodies.
D. In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably because their
muscle mass increases.
21. Don't wait for your company to send you to school. Determine your needs and ask about the
company's training program. If they don't have one, sign up for classes at a local college. When it
comes to your profession, you should be a lifelong learner. Put a high priority on learning new skills and
on personal growth and professional development. Learn new software technology and improve
interpersonal and writing skills.
Which is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Don't wait for your company to send you to school.
B. Determine your needs and ask about the company's training program.
C. When it comes to your profession, you should be a lifelong learner.
D. Learn new software technology and improve interpersonal and writing skills
22. Before clocks were made, people kept track of time by other means. In ancient Egypt, people used a
water clock. Water dripped slowly from one clay pot into another. People measured time according to
how long it took one pot to empty and the other one to fill. Candle clocks were common during the
Middle Ages. As such, when a candle burned, marks on its side showed about how much time had
passed. A final ancient way to measure time was the sundial, which used the movement of the sun
across the sky. The shadows moving across the face of the sundial showed the current time.
Which is the main idea?
A. As such, when a candle burned, marks on its side showed about how much time had passed.
B. Before clocks were made, people kept track by other means.
C. In ancient Egypt, people used a water clock.
D. All the above.
23. 1 One common example of instinct is the spider's spinning of its intricate web. 2 No one teaches a spider
how to spin: its inborn instinct allows it to accomplish the task. 3 Another example of instinctive
behavior is the salmon's struggle to swim upstream to lay eggs. 4 It would be much easier for the
salmon to follow the current downstream, but instinct overrides all other considerations. 5 Instinct is
clearly a strong influence on animal behavior.
Which is the main idea?
A. Sentence 1
B. Sentence 2
C. Sentence 3
D. Sentence 5
24. 1 In response to customers' bitter complaints about long lines, banks are trying new ways to shorten
the wait or at least to make it more pleasant. 2 One bank provides coffee and cookies so customers can
munch while they wait. 3 Other banks show action movies on a large video screen. 4 One daring bank in
California will pay a customer five dollars if he or she must wait more than five minutes for service. 5Still
other banks offer the most obvious solution of all: they simply hire more bank tellers.
Which is the main idea?
A. Sentence 3
B. Sentence 4
C. Sentence 1
D. Sentence 2

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25. 1 Caffeine is a natural ingredient in coffee, cocoa, tea, and chocolate, and is added to some prescription
and non-prescription drugs. 2 Despite being "natural," caffeine is also a powerful drug which greatly
affects the body. 3 In healthy, rested people, a dose of 100 milligrams (about one cup of coffee)
increases alertness, banishes drowsiness, quickens reaction time, it enhances intellectual and muscular
effort, and increases heart and respiratory rates. 4 Drinking one to two cups of coffee an hour before
exercise encourages the body to preserve glycogen and burn fat -----something that results in greater
endurance. 5 In addition, caffeine masks fatigue. 6 In doses above 300 milligrams, caffeine can produce
sleeplessness, nervousness, irritability, headaches, heart palpitations, and muscle twitches. 7 Caffeine is
also habit-forming, and those who try to suddenly stop after heavy use may experience such
withdrawal symptoms as headaches, lethargy, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating.
The main idea of this passage is that caffeine
A. is a powerful drug that affects the body in numerous ways.
B. is good to drink before working out.
C. is linked to various health concerns.
D. is a strong drug that only enhances the body when used.

(http://sites.austincc.edu/tsiprep/reading-review/identifying-the-main-idea/)

SECTION II
Read each of the following passages and answer the questions that follow.

Passage 1 (10 points):

1
Anthropology distinguishes itself from the other social sciences by its greater emphasis on fieldwork
as the source of new knowledge. The aim of such studies is to develop as intimate an understanding as
possible of the phenomena investigated. Although the length of field studies varies from a few weeks to
years, it is generally agreed that anthropologists should stay in the field long enough for their presence to
be considered ‘natural’ by the permanent residents.
2
Realistically, however, anthropologists may never reach this status. Their foreign mannerisms make
them appear clownish, and so they are treated with curiosity and amusement. If they speak the local
language at all, they do so with a strange accent and flawed grammar. They ask tactless questions and
inadvertently break rules regarding how things are usually done. Arguably this could be an interesting
starting point for research, though it is rarely exploited. Otherwise, anthropologists take on the role of the
‘superior expert’, in which case they are treated with deference and respect, only coming into contact with
the most high-ranking members of the society. Anthropologists with this role may never witness the gamut
of practices which take place in all levels of the society.
3
No matter which role one takes on, anthropologists generally find fieldwork extremely demanding.
Anthropological texts may read like an exciting journey of exploration, but rarely is this so. Long periods of
time spent in the field are generally characterized by boredom, illness and frustration. Anthropologists in
the field encounter unfamiliar climates, strange food and low standards of hygiene. It is often particularly
trying for researchers with middle-class, European backgrounds to adapt to societies where being alone is
considered pitiful. It takes a dedicated individual to conduct research which is not in some way influenced
by these personal discomforts.
4
Nonetheless, fieldwork requires the researcher to spend as much time as possible in local life. A range
of research methodologies can be utilized to extract information. (1) These can be classified as emic or etic.
(2) While emic descriptions are considered more desirable nowadays, they are difficult to attain, even if the
researcher does his utmost to reproduce the facts from the natives’ point of view. (3) More often than not,
aspects of the researcher’s own culture, perspective and literary style seep into the narrative. Moreover,
research generally involves translations from one language to another and from speech into writing. In
doing this, the meaning of utterances is changed. (4) The only truly emic descriptions can be those given by
the natives themselves in their own vernacular.
5
The least invasive type of research methodology is observation. Here, the researcher studies the
group and records findings without intruding too much on their privacy. This is not to say, however, that the
presence of the researcher will have minimal impact on the findings. An example was Richard Borshay Lee,
who, in studying local groups in the Kalahari refused to provide the people with food so as not to taint his
research, leading to an inevitable hostility towards the researcher which would not otherwise have been
present.

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 6
A variant on the observation technique, participant observation requires that the anthropologist not
only observes the culture, but participates in it too. It allows for deeper immersion into the culture studied,
hence a deeper understanding of it. By developing a deeper rapport with the people of the culture, it is
hoped they will open up and divulge more about their culture and way of life than can simply be observed.
Participant observation is still an imperfect methodology, however, since populations may adjust their
behavior around the researcher, knowing that they are the subject of research.
7
The participatory approach was conceived in an attempt to produce as emic a perspective as possible.
The process involves not just the gathering of information from local people, but involves them in the
interpretation of the findings. That is, rather than the researcher getting actively involved in the processes
within the local community, the process is turned on its head. The local community is actively involved in
the research process.

26. The main premise of the text is…

A. the steps to be followed when undertaking anthropological fieldwork.
B. a history of anthropological fieldwork methodology.
C. the effects that an anthropological fieldwork has on local communities.
D. the problems with conducting anthropological fieldwork.
27. The main reason for anthropological researchers remaining in a community for an extended period of
time is that…
A. they can gather as much information as possible.
B. they can try out a range of different research methodologies.
C. they want local people to behave naturally around them.
D. they need time to become accustomed to the conditions.
28. What does the passage say about researchers who are considered a ‘clown’ by locals?
A. They do culturally unacceptable things without realising it.
B. They do not gain respect among high-ranking members of the community.
C. They cannot conduct any research of value.
D. They do not study the language and culture of the region before their arrival.
29. What does ‘gamut’ mean?
A. idea or impression
B. prohibition or taboo
C. range or extent
D. secret or mystery
30. The writer believes that the most difficult aspect of fieldwork for educated westerners is
A. the lack of companionship.
B. poor sanitary conditions.
C. failure to meet expectations.
D. never being left alone.
31. In paragraph 3, it is implied that…
A. the fieldworker’s emotions and mood prejudice the research.
B. the longer a researcher spends in the field, the more depressed he gets.
C. middle-class Europeans find field research more difficult than researchers from other
backgrounds.
D. anthropological texts tend to exaggerate the difficult conditions that researchers experience.
32. Where in paragraph 4 does this sentence belong?
A native’s point of view of his own lifestyle is emic, while the analytical perspective of the outsider is
etic.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
33. Which of the following is NOT true about an emic account?
A. It is likely to be more analytical in style than an etic account.
B. It is told from the perspective of the person being studied.
C. It is currently the preferred way of conducting anthropological research.
D. It cannot be translated without altering its meaning.

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34. Why is the example of Richard Borshay Lee given in paragraph 5?
A. to demonstrate that observation is an ineffective method of gathering data.
B. to highlight why it is important that researchers minimize their impact on a community.
C. to show the dangers of researchers trying to lessen their impact on a community
D. to show how a researcher’s choice of methodology can influence the validity of his findings.
35. How does participant observation differ vary from straight forward observation?
A. It requires the researcher to become actively involved in the daily lives of those being studied.
B. It allows the subjects of the research a greater degree of privacy.
C. It eradicates the problem of research subjects altering their behaviour towards researchers.
D. It takes longer to perform this type of research effectively.

Passage 2: The Creators of Grammar (10 points)

1
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word
sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations
in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to
take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this
complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have
clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you
and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are
summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no
matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?
2
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is
created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence.
Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order
to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe
how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
3
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from
a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no
opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins
are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar,
and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to
whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B]
Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be
exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the
strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D]
Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by
children.
4
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not
simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages.
Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was
documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in
1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip
reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures
that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no
consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was
already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the older
children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of
grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A
new creole was born.
5
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The
English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-
did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children.
Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are
first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex
structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.

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36. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
B. To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D. To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
37. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A. It contained complex grammar.
B. It was based on many different languages.
C. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D. It was created by the land-owners.
38. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A. The language has been created since 1979.
B. The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C. The language incorporates signs which children used at home.
D. The language was perfected by younger children.
39. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin
language, nor the language of the colonizers.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
40. 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A. from the very beginning
B. in simple cultures
C. by copying something else
D. by using written information
41. 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
A. complicated and expressive
B. simple and temporary
C. extensive and diverse
D. private and personal
42. Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence?
Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is.
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar.
B. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little.
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.
43. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.
44. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?
A. English was probably once a creole.
B. The English past tense system is inaccurate.
C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.
45. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. natural
B. predictable
C. imaginable
D. uniform

(https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/TOEFL_reading6.htm)

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Passage 3: Four Positive Books about the World (5 points)

Factfulness – Hans Rosling with Ola Rosling and Anna Rosling Rönnlund

In Factfulness, Professor Hans Rosling, along with two collaborators, asks simple questions about the
world. Questions like 'How many girls finish school?' and 'What percentage of the world's population is
poor?' It turns out the majority of us get the answers to these questions completely wrong. Why does
this happen? Factfulness sets out to explain why, showing that there are several instincts humans have
that distort our perspective.
For example, most people divide the world into US and THEM. In addition, we often believe that things
are getting worse. And we are consuming large amounts of media that use a sales model based on
making us afraid.
But according to the authors, the world isn't as bad as we think. Yes, there are real concerns. But we
should adopt a mindset of factfulness – only carrying opinions that are supported by strong facts. This
book is not concerned with the underlying reasons for poverty or progress, or what should be done
about these issues. It focuses on our instinctive biases, offering practical advice to help us see the good
as well as the bad in the world.
 
Enlightenment Now – Steven Pinker

Are things getting worse every day? Is progress an impossible goal? In Enlightenment Now, Steven
Pinker looks at the big picture of human progress and finds good news. We are living longer, healthier,
freer and happier lives.
Pinker asks us to stop paying so much attention to negative headlines and news that declares the end
of the world. Instead, he shows us some carefully selected data. In 75 surprising graphs, we see that
safety, peace, knowledge and health are getting better all over the world. When the evidence does not
support his argument, however, he dismisses it. Economic inequality, he claims, is not really a problem,
because it is not actually that important for human well-being. One cannot help wondering how many
people actually living in poverty would agree.
The real problem, Pinker argues, is that the Enlightenment values of reason and science are under
attack. When commentators and demagogues appeal to people's tribalism, fatalism and distrust, then
we are in danger of causing irreparable damage to important institutions like democracy and world co-
operation.  
 
The Rational Optimist – Matt Ridley

For more than two hundred years the pessimists have been winning the public debate. They tell us that
things are getting worse. But in fact, life is getting better. Income, food availability and lifespan are
rising; disease, violence and child mortality are falling. These trends are happening all around the
world. Africa is slowly coming out of poverty, just as Asia did before. The internet, mobile phones and
worldwide trade are making the lives of millions of people much better.
Best-selling author Matt Ridley doesn't only explain how things are getting better; he gives us reasons
why as well. He shows us how human culture evolves in a positive direction thanks to the exchange of
ideas and specialisation. This bold book looks at the entirety of human history – from the Stone Age to
the 21st century – and changes the notion that it's all going downhill. The glass really is half-full.
 
The Great Surge – Steven Radelet

The majority of people believe that developing countries are in a terrible situation: suffering from
incredible poverty, governed by dictators and with little hope for any meaningful change. But,
surprisingly, this is far from the truth. The reality is that a great transformation is occurring. Over the
past 20 years, more than 700 million people have increased their income and come out of poverty.
Additionally, six million fewer children die every year from disease, millions more girls are in school
and millions of people have access to clean water.
This is happening across developing countries around the world. The end of the Cold War, the
development of new technologies and brave new leadership have helped to improve the lives of
hundreds of millions of people in poor countries.
The Great Surge describes how all of this is happening and, more importantly, it shows us how we can
accelerate the process.

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Questions 46 – 50 (5 points)

46. Which book talks about how we can continue to make things even better?
a. Factfulness
b. Enlightenment Now
c. The Rational Optimist
d. The Great Surge

47. Which book covers a long period of human history?

a. Factfulness
b. Enlightenment Now
c. The Rational Optimist
d. The Great Surge

48. Which book claims that human intuition negatively affects the way people think about the world?
a. Factfulness
b. Enlightenment Now
c. The Rational Optimist
d. The Great Surge

49. Which book says that current establishments are under threat from politics?
a. Factfulness
b. Enlightenment Now
c. The Rational Optimist
d. The Great Surge

50. Which book explains that we tend to mentally divide humans into two clear groups?
a. Factfulness
b. Enlightenment Now
c. The Rational Optimist
d. The Great Surge

(https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/advanced-c1/four-book-summaries)

~ You may excel in any lesson, and may reach any degree of scholarship,
but without love of literature you are only a smart animal ~ Pramudya Ananta Toer

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