1

Table-1: MICROSCOPIC BASIC TRANSPORT EQUATIONS

1. The continuity equation:
𝜕𝜌 𝐷𝜌
+ 𝛻⃑ . (𝜌𝑣) = 0 ; + 𝜌(𝛻⃑. 𝑣) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝐷𝑡
Eulerian form Lagrangian form

2. The momentum transport equations:

(a) The general equation of motion:
𝐷𝑣⃑
𝜌 = −𝛻⃑𝑝 − 𝛻⃑. 𝜏 + 𝜌𝐹
𝐷𝑡
(b) The Navier-stoke’s equation:
⃑
𝐷𝑣
𝜌 = −𝛻⃑𝑝 + 𝜇𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣 + 𝜌𝐹
𝐷𝑡
(c) The Euler equation:
⃑
𝐷𝑣
𝜌 = −𝛻⃑𝑝 + 𝜌𝐹
𝐷𝑡

3. The thermal energy transport equation:

𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝜌
𝜌Ĉ𝑣 𝐷𝑡 = −𝛻⃑. 𝑞 − 𝑇 ( 𝜕𝑡 ) (𝛻⃑. 𝑣) − (𝜏⃡: 𝛻⃑𝑣 ) + 𝑠̂
̂
𝑉

(a) For Isotropic bodies: −𝛻⃑. 𝑞 = 𝑘𝛻⃑ 2 𝑇

(b) For Newtonian fluids: −𝜏⃡: 𝛻⃑𝑣 = 𝜇𝜙𝑣
𝜕𝜌
(c) For Ideal gases: −𝑇 ( ) (𝛻⃑. 𝑣 ) == −𝑝(𝛻⃑. 𝑣 )
𝜕𝑡 𝑉
̂
(d) For Incompressible flow: 𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 0
𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(e) For Solids: Ĉ𝑣 = Ĉ𝑝 , = , ⃑⃑⃑𝛻 . 𝑣 = 0
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
(f) For Natural convection: −𝛻⃑𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔 = − 𝜌𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇̅)𝑔

4. The species transport equation:

𝜕 𝜌𝐴 𝜕 𝐶𝐴
+𝛻⃑ . 𝑛⃑𝐴 = 𝑟𝐴 ; or + 𝛻⃑. 𝑁
⃑ 𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

(a) For Binary mixtures of constant and uniform 𝜌 and 𝐷𝐴𝐵 :

𝐷𝐶𝐴
=𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛻⃑ 2 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑅𝐴
𝐷𝑡

(b) For Binary mixtures of constant and uniform 𝐶 and 𝐷𝐴𝐵 :

𝜕 𝐶𝐴
⃑⃑⃑ 𝛻⃑ 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛻⃑ 2 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑅𝐴 − 1 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 );
= −𝑉.
𝜕𝑡 𝐶

(c) Fick’s Second law of diffusion:

𝜕 𝐶𝐴
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛻⃑ 2 𝐶𝐴
𝜕𝑡

5. The equation of motion for natural convection with

 2

Table-2: CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS OF SOME SIMPLE FLUIDS

1. Newtonian fluids:
2
𝜏𝑙,𝑘 = −𝜇(𝑣𝑙,𝑘 + 𝑣𝑘,𝑙 ) + ( 𝜇 − 𝑘)𝑣𝑗,𝑗 𝛿𝑙,𝑘
3
𝜕𝑣𝑙
𝑣𝑙,𝑘 = 𝜕𝑘 , 𝑣𝑗,𝑗 = 𝛻. 𝑣, 𝛿𝑙,𝑘 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 = 𝑘
= 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 ≠ 𝑘

2. Bingham plastic fluids:

𝜏
𝜏 = −{ 𝑜
⃡ + 𝜇𝑜 }⃡
∆,
1
for |√ (⃡
𝜏: ⃡)
𝜏 |>𝜏𝑜
⁄√1 ⃡ ⃡ 2
| (∆ : ∆) |
2

⃡= 0 for √1 (𝜏: 𝜏) <𝜏𝑜

∆
2

3. Power law fluids:

𝑛−1
1
𝜏 = − {𝑚 |√ (⃡
⃡ ∆: ⃡
∆) | }⃡
∆
2

4. Reiner –Phillipoff fluids:

1
𝜏 = − {𝜇∞ + (𝜇𝑜 − 𝜇∞ ) ∕ [1 + (⃡:
⃡ 𝜏 ∕ 𝜏𝑜2 ]} ⃡
𝜏 ⃡) ∆
2

5. Ellis fluids:
𝛼−1

⃡
1
∆= −2 (∅𝑜 + ∅1 |√ (⃡
𝜏: ⃡
𝜏) | )⃡
𝜏
2
 3

For simple flow shear flows

𝑑𝑣𝑥
1. 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣𝑥
2. 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇𝑜 ± 𝜏𝑜 if ⎸𝜏𝑦𝑥 ⎸ > 𝜏𝑜
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣𝑥
= 0 if ⎸𝜏𝑦𝑥 ⎸ < 𝜏𝑜
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑣𝑥
3. 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝑚 | 𝑑𝑦𝑥 | 𝑑𝑦

𝜇𝑜 −𝜇∞ 𝑑𝑣
4. 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = − {𝜇∞ + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 2
} 𝑑𝑦𝑥
1+( ⁄𝜏𝑜 )

𝑑𝑣𝑥
5. − = (∅𝑜 + ∅1 ⎸𝜏𝑦𝑥 ⎸𝛼−1) 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 4

Table-3: VECTOR AND TENSOR OPERATIONS

1. In rectangular Cartesian coordinate system (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛):

𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
𝛻⃑𝛷 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑖𝑦 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑖𝑧 ;

𝜕 𝛷 2𝜕 𝛷 𝜕 𝛷2 2
𝛻⃑ 2 𝛷 = 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ;

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣
𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝑥 + + 𝑧;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝜏

𝛻⃑. ⃡
𝜏 = ( 𝑥𝑥 + + 𝑥𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑥 + ( + + ) 𝑖𝑦 + ( 𝑧𝑥 + + 𝑧𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑧 ;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2 2 2
𝜕 𝑣𝑦 𝜕 𝑣𝑦 𝜕 𝑣𝑦 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣
𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣 = ( 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑥 + ( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ) 𝑖𝑦 + ( 𝜕𝑥 2𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 2𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧 2𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑧 ;

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣

𝜏: 𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝜏𝑥𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑦 ) + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑧𝑧 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 ) + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦𝑧 ) +
⃡
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑥𝑧 + );
𝜕𝑧

2 2 2 2 2 2
⃡ 𝜏 = ∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝜏𝑗𝑖 = 𝜏𝑥𝑥
𝜏: ⃡ + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 2(𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 );

𝐷𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
= + 𝑣. 𝛻⃑𝛷 = 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧 ;
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

⃑
𝐷𝑣 ⃑
𝜕𝑣
= + (𝑣. 𝛻⃑)𝑣;
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦

=( + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑥 + ( + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑦 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧
( 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑖𝑧 ;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 5

2. In cylindrical Polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛):

𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
𝛻⃑𝛷 = 𝜕𝑟 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑒𝜃 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑒𝑧 ;

1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + 𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜃 + 𝜕𝑧𝑧 ;

1 𝜕 𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕 𝛷 𝜕 𝛷 2 2
𝛻⃑ 2 𝛷 = 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ;

1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏𝑟𝜃 𝜕𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝜏𝜃𝜃 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜏𝜃𝑧

𝛻⃑. ⃡
𝜏={ (𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑟 ) + + − } 𝑒𝑟 + { (𝑟 2 𝜏𝑟𝜃 ) + + } 𝑒𝜃 +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏𝜃𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧
{𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) + 𝑟 + } 𝑒𝑧 ;
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑣2 𝜕 1 𝜕 2
1 𝜕 𝑣 2
𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣 = {𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃𝜃 + 𝜕𝑧 2𝑟 } 𝑒𝑟 + {𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2𝑟 +
2 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕2 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧
+ } 𝑒𝜃 + {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 ) + 𝑟2 + } 𝑒𝑧 ;
𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏: 𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝜏𝑟𝑟 ( 𝜕𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝜏𝜃𝜃 (𝑟
⃡ + 𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑧𝑧 ) + 𝜏𝑟𝜃 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 )+
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏𝜃𝑧 (𝑟 + ) + 𝜏𝑟𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑟𝑧 + );
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
= + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ;
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

⃑
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃
= ( 𝜕𝑡𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 + − + 𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑒𝑟 + ( 𝜕𝑡𝜃 + 𝑣𝑟 + + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑒𝜃 + ( 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) 𝑒𝑧 ;
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
 6

3. In spherical Polar Coordinates(𝒓, 𝜽, ∅):

𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕𝛷
𝛻⃑𝛷 = 𝜕𝑟 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑒𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑒∅ ;
𝜕∅

1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣
𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝑣𝑟 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 (𝑣𝜃 sin 𝜃) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅∅ ;

1 𝜕 𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕 𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕 𝛷 2
𝛻⃑ 2 𝛷 = 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 (sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 ) + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜕∅2 ;

1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏 𝜏 +𝜏
𝛻⃑. ⃡
𝜏 = {𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝜏𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 (𝜏𝑟𝜃 sin 𝜃) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅𝑟∅ − 𝜃𝜃 𝑟 ∅∅ } 𝑒𝑟 +
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏𝜃∅ 𝜏𝑟𝜃 cot 𝜃
{𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝜏𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 (𝜏𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + − 𝜏∅∅ } 𝑒𝜃 +
𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝜏𝜃∅ 1 𝜕𝜏∅∅ 𝜏𝑟∅ 2cot 𝜃
{𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝜏𝑟∅ ) + 𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + + 𝜏𝜃∅ } 𝑒∅ ;
𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟

2𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2𝑣 cot 𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 𝑣
𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣 = {𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑟 2𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃𝜃 − 𝜃𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅∅ } 𝑒𝑟 + {𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃𝑟 − 𝑟 2 sin𝜃 2 𝜃 −
2 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑣
} 𝑒𝜃 + {𝛻⃑ 2 𝑣∅ − 𝑟 2 sin∅ 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅𝑟 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜕∅𝜃 } 𝑒∅
𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜕∅

𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟

𝜏: 𝛻⃑. 𝑣 = 𝜏𝑟𝑟 ( 𝜕𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝜏𝜃𝜃 (𝑟
⃡ + 𝑟𝑟 ) + 𝜏∅∅ (𝑟 sin 𝜃 + + ) + 𝜏𝑟𝜃 ( 𝜕𝑟𝜃 + 𝑟 −
𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣∅ 1 𝜕𝑣∅ 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 cot 𝜃
) + 𝜏𝑟∅ ( 𝜕𝑟∅ + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − ) + 𝜏𝜃∅ (𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑣∅ );
𝑟 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟

𝐷𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝛷 𝑣 𝜕𝛷
= + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑟 sin∅ 𝜃 𝜕∅ ;
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

⃑
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 2 +𝑣∅ 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣∅ 𝜕𝑣𝜃
= ( 𝜕𝑡𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑟 sin∅ 𝜃 − ) 𝑒𝑟 + ( 𝜕𝑡𝜃 + 𝑣𝑟 + + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅
𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝑣∅ 2 cot 𝜃 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣∅ 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝑣∅ cot 𝜃
− ) 𝑒𝜃 + ( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑟 sin∅ 𝜃 + + ) 𝑒∅ ;
𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟
 7

TABLE-4: COMPONENTS OF STRESS TENSOR FOR NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS:

1. In Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate system (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣𝑥 2
𝜏𝑥𝑥 = −2𝜇 + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣;
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 2
𝜏𝑦𝑦 = −2𝜇 ⃑ . 𝑣;
+ (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ∇
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣𝑧 2
𝜏𝑧𝑧 = −2𝜇 + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣 ;
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇{ 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + };
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = −𝜇{ 𝜕𝑧 + };
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇{ 𝜕𝑥𝑧 + };
𝜕𝑧

2. In Cylindrical Polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣𝑟 2
𝜏𝑟𝑟 = −2𝜇 + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣 ;
𝜕𝑟

1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 2
𝜏𝜃𝜃 = −2𝜇 (𝑟 ⃑ . 𝑣;
+ 𝑟𝑟 ) + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ∇
𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣𝑧 2
𝜏𝑧𝑧 = −2𝜇 + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣 ;
𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 𝜏𝜃𝑟 = −𝜇 {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 };
𝜕𝜃
 8

𝜕𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝜃𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝜃 = −𝜇{ + };
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏𝑧𝑟 = 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = −𝜇{ 𝜕𝑟𝑧 + };
𝜕𝑧

3. In Spherical Polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, ∅):

𝜕𝑣𝑟 2
𝜏𝑟𝑟 = −2𝜇 ⃑ . 𝑣;
+ (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ∇
𝜕𝑟

1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 2
𝜏𝜃𝜃 = −2𝜇 ( + 𝑟 ) + ( 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣;
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 3

1 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 cot 𝜃 2
𝜏∅∅ = −2𝜇 (𝑟 sin 𝜃 + + ) + (3 𝜇 − 𝑘) ⃑∇. 𝑣 ;
𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟

𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 𝜏𝜃𝑟 = −𝜇 {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 };
𝜕𝜃

sin 𝜃 𝜕 𝑣∅ 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜏𝜃∅ = 𝜏∅𝜃 = −𝜇 { ( ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 };
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅

1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕 𝑣
𝜏∅𝑟 = 𝜏𝑟∅ = −𝜇 {𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟∅ )};
𝜕∅
 9

Table-5. COMPONENTS OF RATE-OF-DEFORMATION TENSOR:

1. In Rectangular Coordinate system (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧

∆𝑥𝑥 = 2 ; ∆𝑦𝑦 = 2 ; ∆𝑧𝑧 = 2 ;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦
∆𝑥𝑦 = ∆𝑦𝑥 = ( 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + );
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
∆𝑦𝑧 = ∆𝑧𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑧 + );
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑥
∆𝑧𝑥 = ∆𝑥𝑧 = ( 𝜕𝑥𝑧 + );
𝜕𝑧

2. In Cylindrical polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑧

∆𝑟𝑟 = 2 ; ∆𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟 + ; ∆𝑧𝑧 = 2 ;
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
∆𝑟𝜃 = ∆𝜃𝑟 = {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 };
𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑧
∆𝜃𝑧 = ∆𝑧𝜃 = ( 𝜕𝑧𝜃 + 𝑟 );
𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑧
∆𝑧𝑟 = ∆𝑟𝑧 = ( 𝜕𝑧𝑟 + );
𝜕𝑟
 10

3. In Spherical polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, ∅):

𝜕𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟
∆𝑟𝑟 = 2 ; ∆𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟 +2 ;
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟

1 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 cot 𝜃
∆∅∅ = 2 (𝑟 sin 𝜃 + + );
𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟

𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
∆𝑟𝜃 = ∆𝜃𝑟 = {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 };
𝜕𝜃

sin 𝜃 𝜕 𝑣∅ 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃
∆𝜃∅ = ∆∅𝜃 = { ( ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 };
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅

1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕 𝑣
∆∅𝑟 = ∆𝑟∅ = {𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟∅ )};
𝜕∅

3 3
⃡
Δ∶⃡
Δ = ∑ ∑ Δ𝑖𝑗 Δ𝑗𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

= (∆2𝑥𝑥 + ∆2𝑦𝑦 + ∆2𝑧𝑧 ) + 2(∆2𝑥𝑦 + ∆2𝑦𝑧 + ∆2𝑧𝑥 )

 11

Table-6 ENERGY DISSIPATION FUNCTION FOR NEWTONIAN

FLUID

1. In Rectangular Cartesian coordinate system (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑧 2

𝛷𝑣 = 2 {( 𝜕𝑥𝑥 ) + ( 𝜕𝑦 ) + ( 𝜕𝑧𝑧 ) } + { 𝜕𝑥 + } + { 𝜕𝑦𝑧 + } + { 𝜕𝑧𝑥 + } −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
2 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧 2
{ + + } ;
3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2. In Cylinderical polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛):

𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 2 1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝜃 2

𝛷𝑣 = 2 {( 𝜕𝑟𝑟 ) + (2 + 𝑟𝑟 ) + ( 𝜕𝑧𝑧 ) } + {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟𝜃 ) + 𝑟 } + {𝑟 + } +
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑧 2 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 2
{ 𝜕𝑧𝑟 + } − 3 {𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟. 𝑣𝑟 ) + 𝑟 + } ;
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

3. In spherical polar Coordinate system (𝒓, 𝜽, ∅):

𝜕𝑣𝑟 2 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑣∅ 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 cot 𝜃 2 𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 2

𝛷𝑣 = 2 {( ) +( + 𝑟) + ( + + ) } + {𝑟 ( 𝜃) + } +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
sin 𝜃 𝜕 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 2 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕 𝑣 2 2 1 𝜕
[ ( ∅ ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ] + [𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ( 𝑟∅ )] − 3 {𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 . 𝑣𝑟 ) +
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣∅ 2
(𝑣𝜃 sin 𝜃) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 } ;
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅