EARTH, BEING A TERRESTRIAL
PLANET, IS COMPOSED OF ROCKS
AND MINERALS AS PART OF THE
GEOSPHERE.
JOYCE ANNE R. LALUNIO 1
EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE
2
RESOURCES ON EARTH
LESSON 4
ROCKS & MINERALS
• Minerals are the
ingredients of
rocks.
Or
• Rocks are made up
of minerals.
inorganic elements or compounds with specific physical and chemical properties.
Mineral Properties
Used to identify minerals
1. Color
• Least useful property in identifying minerals.
• Why?
All of these are varieties of quartz!
COLOR AND STREAK
STREAK
- THE COLOR OF THE
POWDERED MINERAL
PRODUCED WHEN IT IS
DRAGGED ACROSS AN
UNWEATHERED SURFACE
- USEFUL IN DISTINGUISHING
METTALIC MINERALS THAT TALC
LOOK VERY SIMILAR
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2. Streak
• “streak test”
3. Luster
• How the minerals surface reflects light.
• Metallic vs. non- metallic.
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4. Hardness
• The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched.
• “Scratch test”
5. Fracture/ Cleavage
Fracture Cleavage
• Mineral breaks • The tendency of a
unevenly or Mineral to break
irregularly evenly along its
weakest plane.
6. Crystal Form
• Some minerals tend to form crystals that aid in the
identification of the mineral.
7. Specific
Gravity
• The ratio of the
density of the
mineral to the
density of water (1
g/cm3)
8. Others
• Acid test – Calcite
• Magnetic – Magnetite
• Taste - Halite
A minerals properties are
due to the internal
arrangement of its atoms.
Be like a mineral natural but worthy. -Jalalunio
Write true if the underline statement is true
if false give the correct answer.
_____ 1. Minerals are identified by observing their physical
properties.
_____ 2. The Miller Scale measures how hard a mineral is.
_____3. Streak is the color of powdered mineral.
_____4. Specific Gravity is how easily something can be
scratched.
_____5. Luster describes how the mineral reflects light.
_____6. Fracture is if something breaks into smooth flat layers.
_____7. Cleavage is if a mineral breaks apart in a jagged or
rough layer.
_____8. Dull, silky, waxy, pearly, and earthy are terms that best
describe the luster property of minerals.
_____ 9. Minerals are inorganic substances.
_____10.Minerals are in liquid form.
• _____ 1. Minerals are used to make many different products.
• _____ 2. All minerals form in the same way.
• _____ 3. Some places inside Earth are so hot that underground rocks melt.
• _____ 4. The only water on Earth’s surface that contains dissolved salts is
the ocean.
• _____ 5. Salts easily precipitate out of water.
• _____ 6. The mineral calcite is deposited only when magma cools.
• _____ 7. Water moves through cracks in rocks below Earth’s surface.
• _____ 8. Water can dissolve rocks and form a solution.
• _____ 9. Geodes result from the formation of large mineral crystals.
• _____ 10. A vein of minerals forms when lava cools inside a crack in a rock.
MINERALSARE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
ROCKS.
ROCKSARE NATURAL BUILDING
BLOCKS OF EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE.
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A ROCKIS A NATURALLY-OCCURING
AGGREGATE OR COMBINATION OF
MINERALS AND MINERALOIDS, SUCH
AS FOSSILS AND GLASS.
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THREE TYPES OF ROCKS
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK
METAMORPHIC
ROCK
The Rock Cycle
Rocks
Monomineralic Polymineralic
• 1 Mineral • More than 1 Mineral
Rocks are classified by
how they are formed!!!
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
- ACCUMULATE ON THE EARTH’S
SURFACE IN A PROCESS CALLED
DEPOSITION
- LITHIFICATION – THE PROCESS
BY WHICH UNCONSOLIDATED
MATERIALS SOLIDIFIED INTO
ROCKS
- Compacting and cementing
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2. Non-Clastics
A. Organics (bioclastics)
• Form from living things.
Examples: Coal, limestone
B. Chemical (crystaline)
• Formed from the evaporation or precipitation of sea
water.
Examples: Halite, gypsum
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IGNEOUS ROCKS
- FORMED THROUGH THE COOLING OF MAGMA OR
LAVA
- “IGNIS” – FIRE
- MAGMA MAY BE SOLIDIFIED IN THREE WAYS:
1. BELOW THE SURFACE, FROM A SLOW-
COOLING MAGMA
2. ON THE SURFACE, FROM FAST-COOLING
LAVA
3. ON THE SURFACE, FROM THE
CONSOLIDATION OF PARTICLES
ERUPTED BY
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
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Igneous:
- Form when liquid rock cools and solidifies
Intrusive Extrusive
• Cools below the earths • Cools at the Earths
surface (slowwwwly!) surface (quickly!)
• Magma • Lava
• “Plutonic” • “Volcanic”
The longer the rock takes to cool, the larger the
crystals!
• Cools slow …..Large crystals
• Cools fast …….small crystals
• Cools immediately……NO Crystals (glass)
Vesicular- gas pockets
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- FORMED FROM THE EXPOSURE
OF SEDIMENTARY OR IGNEOUS
ROCKS TO HIGH PRESSURE,
HIGH TEMPERATURE OR BOTH
- PRIOR TO METAMORPHISM, THE
ORIGINAL ROCK WHICH CAN
EITHER BE IGNEOUS ROCK,
SEDIMENTARY ROCK, OR A
METAMORPHOSE IS REFERRED
TO AS THE PROTOLITH
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Metamorphic:
• Rocks that are changed due to extreme heat
and/or pressure.
• DO NOT MELT!!! (they recrystalize)
Metamorphic rocks become…
1. Harder
2. More dense
3. Banded or foliated
4. Distorted
Banding
Foliated
Regional Metamorphism
• Occurs when large areas of rock are changed.
• Usually deep below the surface where crustal plates
collide.
• The Adirondacks!
Contact Metamorphism
• Occurs when liquid rock comes into contact with
other rocks.
Identifying Characteristics of Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary
• Intergrown crystals • Cemented fragments
• Glassy texture (sediments)
• Fossils
• Organic material
Metamorphic
•Banding
•Foliated
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS
1. APHANITIC
2. PHANERITIC
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APHANITIC ROCKS
-HAVE GRAINS THAT ARE TOO
SMALL TO IDENTIFY
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PHANERITIC ROCKS
-HAVE GRAINS WHICH ARE TOO
BIG TO SEE
When life hits you hard like a rock, remember to stand
firm. When pressure comes along let yourself cool
down and think wisely. When you feel like being
eroded and break down, NEVER GIVE UP!. Learn to
compact and bury those bad memories so that when
heat and pressure comes along, you know already
what to do. Life is like a rock cycle. When we hit the
lowest point, we are open to greatest change. Rock
your world! -JALALUNIO2019
BONUS:
• CLASSIFY this rock as igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic and EXPLAIN why you classified it that
way.
BONUS:
Name the mineral that has the following properties:
• Non-metallic
• Can scratch fluorite but cannot scratch quartz
• Exhibits cleavage
• Contains the elements sodium & hydrogen
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. The process by which water, wind, ice, and
changes in temperature break down rock into
fragments called sediments.
A. Deposition
B. Erosion
C. Weathering
D. Igneous Rock
2. Rock that forms when minerals form from
solutions or sediment from older rocks get pressed
and cemented together.
A. Sedimentary Rock
B. Metamorphic Rock
C. Igneous Rock
3. Rock that forms when pressure, temperature, or
chemical processes change existing rock.
A. Igneous Rock
B. Sedimentary Rock
C. Metamorphic Rock
D. Rock Cycle
4. The process by which metamorphic rocks are
formed...
A. heat and pressure
B. compaction and cementation
C. melting and cooling
5. The process by which igneous rocks are formed...
A. heat and pressure
B. melting and cooling
C. compaction and cementation
6. A metamorphic rock can become ______.
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
D. all of these
7. An igneous rock can become ______.
A. Metamorphic
B. Sedimentary
C. Igneous
D. all of these
8. rock altered, changed, by pressure and heat
A. sedimentary rock
B. metamorphic rock
C. Igneous
D. erosion
9. The name rock is given when it is broken down
into smaller pieces.
A. Texture
B. Weathering
C. Sediment
D. erosion
10. What does it mean for a rock to be extrusive
A. Have layers
B. Have Rounded Edges
C. Form from Lava
D. Form By Sediment
ANSWER KEY
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. C
