Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 600 views

    CHAP1.0 - STA116 - Descriptive Statistics - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Ay Sy
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics. It explains that statistics involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. There are two main types: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to make predictions about populations. It also defines important statistical terms like population, sample, variable, and different variable types and data scales.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CHAP1.0 - STA116 - Descriptive Statistics - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Ay Sy
    600 views15 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics. It explains that statistics involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. There are two main types: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to make predictions about populations. It also defines important statistical terms like population, sample, variable, and different variable types and data scales.

    Original Title

    CHAP1.0_STA116_Descriptive Statistics_Introduction

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics. It explains that statistics involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. There are two main types: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to make predictions about populations. It also defines important statistical terms like population, sample, variable, and different variable types and data scales.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    600 views15 pages

    CHAP1.0 - STA116 - Descriptive Statistics - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Ay Sy
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics. It explains that statistics involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. There are two main types: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to make predictions about populations. It also defines important statistical terms like population, sample, variable, and different variable types and data scales.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    Designed and written by:

    Adi Hakim Talib


    FSKM, UiTM Melaka
     By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
     Explain the meaning of statistics
     Identify the role of statistics and statisticians
     Recognize the 2 types of statistics
     Explain the basic statistical terms
    o STATISTICS is a group of scientific method used
    to Collect, Organize, Analyze, Present &
    Interpret data as well as drawing valid Conclusion
    and making effective decision based on the
    analysis
     Application of statistics:
     a tool for researchers in other fields
     used to draw general conclusions in a large variety
    of application
     examples include forecasting and predicting
    winners of elections (in politics), average length of
    life of a life bulb (in industries) and etc.
     Statistician:

     collects the data


     arrange and organizing the data
     analyses the data
     infers general conclusion based on the analysis
     Descriptive statistics :
    consists of methods for organizing, displaying and
    describing data by using tables, graphs, charts,
    diagrams and summary measures to exhibit the
    information obtained from the data
     Inferential statistics (or inductive statistics) :
    consists of methods that use sample results to
    help make decisions or predictions about a
    population (generalizing from samples to
    populations)

    (Refer Statistics for UiTM, pg 7)


     Population consists of ALL elements (individuals,
    items, objects and etc.) whose characteristics are
    being studied
     Sample is a portion of the elements selected from
    the population. Hence, the sample is a subset of the
    population
     Sampling unit (experimental unit or element) is a
    specific subject or object (eg: person, item, state
    and etc.) about which the information is collected
     Sampling frame is a list of ALL members in a
    population and is necessary when samples are
    selected randomly
     Variable is a characteristic under study that
    assumes different values for different element (eg:
    incomes of a households, gender, height, hair color
    and etc.)
     Observation (measurement) is the value of a
    variable for an element
     Statistics and parameters
     A summary measure such as mean, median, mode or
    standard deviation computed from sample data is
    called a statistics while those computed from the
    entire population is called a parameters
     Cencus is a survey that include every members in a
    population
     Sample survey on the other hand involve only a
    portion of the population
     Random sample consider every member in a
    population has an equal chance or probability of being
    selected as sampling unit
     Pilot study is a study done before the actual fieldwork
    is carried out
     Datais a measure on variables of interest
    obtained from a sample (data set is a
    collection of observation on one or more variables)
     Data can be obtained from primary as well as
    secondary sources
     Researcherscollect primary data from primary
    sources or samples (researchers interview
    respondents and records their responses)
     Secondarydata are normally published data
    collected by other parties (eg: National Bank,
    Departments of Statistics and etc.)
     Advantages of primary and secondary data
    Primary Secondary
    More accurate and consistent Requires less time, less money
    with the obj of the research and manpower
    The researcher know how the Data help to decide what
    data are collected and the further research needs to be
    limitation done
    No reproduction error since
    data are gathered for the first
    time
    Up-to-date
     Disadvantages of primary and secondary data
    Primary Secondary
    Requires more time, more Lack of accuracy
    money and manpower
    Data may be biased because
    the original purpose is unknown
    Data may not meet the specific
    needs and obj of current
    research
    Leads to reproduction error
    since data are gathered for the
    second time
    Not every secondary data is
    readily available and
    inexpensive
     Variables may be classified as
     Qualitative variable : variable that cannot
    assume a numerical value but can be classified
    into two or more non numeric categories (also
    called categorical variables)
     Quantitative variable : variable that can be
    measured numerically and is divided into two
    categories
     Discrete :values are countable which arise from a
    counting process
    example:
     Continuous : values can assume any numerical value
    over a certain interval which arise from a measuring
    process
     Basically data can be divided into numerical and
    categorical
     Numerical: can be manipulated using ordinary
    arithmetical operations
     Categorical : can be sorted into categories
     Usually data is classified as
     Nominal scale
    Nominal data is categorical data where it is not
    capable of being manipulated arithmetically. Nominal
    data is the lowest in the level of data measurement
    example: gender, marital status, hair color & etc.
     Ordinal scale
    Data of ordinal scale can be arrange in ranking order
    and inequality signs can be used when comparing the
    values of the variables. However, the difference
    between data values are meaningless
    example: grade,

     Interval scale
    If the difference between data value are meaningful
    but cannot be manipulated by multiplication/division
    (eg: 30⁰ - 20⁰ = 20⁰ - 10⁰ but 20⁰/10⁰ is not twice as hot) and
    zero does not represent the absolute lowest value
    example: year, date, & etc.
     Ratio scale
    It has all the properties of an interval scale data, and
    also has a clear definition of 0.0 and represents the
    absent of the phenomenon being measured. This is the
    highest level of data measurements scale
    example: age, height, weight, & etc.

    You might also like