apollo medicine 13 (2016) 224–228

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apme

Review Article

Customer relationship management (CRM) towards

service orientation in hospitals: A review

Aditya Vaish a,*, Abhishek Vaish b, Raju Vaishya c, Sarika Bhawal d

a
Executive (Sales), Meril Life Sciences India Pvt. Ltd., India
b
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Healing Touch Clinic, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, India
c
Sr. Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
d
Deputy Manager, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India

article info abstract

Article history: Customer relationship management (CRM) is significant for hospital services as it has been
Received 27 October 2016 for any other businesses. A hospital helps in restoring and maintaining the health of the
Accepted 11 November 2016 people. In healthcare facilities, CRM practices are mainly patient focused strategies which
Available online 2 December 2016 involve a combination of patient interaction and management of hospital interface which is
effective. A CRM system is an innovative technology which makes the process of acquiring,
Keywords: developing and maintaining relationships with customers more effective and efficient. The
CRM benefits of CRM could be improved customer service, reduction in cost and better retention
Service orientation of clients.
ICT # 2016 Indraprastha Medical Corporation Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hospital healthcare

control of service quality difficult, as the patient is not able to

1. Introduction
judge the quality before consumption and purchase.2

Service in healthcare can be defined as a benefit which is

2. What is service orientation?
intangible, and it cannot be physically viewed, felt, counted,
touched or measured like other manufactured goods.1 As the
healthcare service is intangible, service quality depends on the Service orientation means to give a direction of the products
customer, service process and service provider interactions. At and services an organization has to offer towards customer's
times, it becomes difficult to provide the same service which welfare.3 With the consumers gaining more and more control
can differ between customers, producers, time and places. This and having a variety of choices in the healthcare industry,
kind of heterogeneity may occur due to different types of service orientation towards consumers is more important
professionals (such as nurses, doctors and physicians) delivery than ever. Many scholars think that service-oriented culture is
services to the patients having different kinds of varying needs. a must in today's time for a successful organization.4 The aim
Services in the healthcare sector are produced and consumed of service orientation is to provide comprehensive and
simultaneously, and they cannot be stored to consume later. professional service items to the consumers. Service orienta-
There are two other contributing factors, which are service tion helps in building customer-centric operations and also
delivery process and service provider interactions. It makes the develops competitive advantages, hence improving the

* Corresponding author at: 94, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India. Tel.: +91 9810809090.
E-mail address: aditya.vaish007@gmail.com (A. Vaish).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apme.2016.11.002
0976-0016/# 2016 Indraprastha Medical Corporation Ltd. All rights reserved.
 apollo medicine 13 (2016) 224–228 225

performance of the company and customer value. Also, the and maintains the health of the patients. Preventive health-
research conducted by scholars found out that customer- care, care of injured and sick people, training of medical and
oriented companies can increase the value and customer paramedical staff and health research are the general
satisfaction by meeting the expected demands of the functions of a hospital. CRM is a management strategy that
customers and also by providing high-quality service. Service unites information technology like ERP with marketing for
orientation can be conceptualized at three levels as strategic, delivering better services. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource
individual and organizational.4 The individual level is con- Planning. ERP is a software for business process management
cerned about whether an employee is more service-oriented as that helps the organization to use a system of the integrated
compared to the other staff members. Hogan et al.5 in 1984 application so as to manage their business and automate
defined service orientation as 'the disposition to be helpful, various functions related to services, technology and human
thoughtful, considerate and cooperative.' resources.11 These systems are complex information systems,
The strategic level is business strategy related. Wu et al.6 and implementation can be high cost and difficult. CRM in
stated that service-oriented companies are capable of actively private healthcare services includes communication services,
providing professional and complete services to consumers strategic planning, database construction, consulting services,
throughout the whole service process. Homburg et al.7 even predictive segmentation, campaign management and com-
proposed that service orientation should be defined regarding munication strategies. CRM systems enable the company to
three dimensions: (a) number of services being offered, (b) to gather and also constantly generate customer knowledge.
how many customers these services are provided to and (c)
how strongly these services are emphasized.4
5. Role of ICTs
The organizational level refers to whether the organization
establishes and delivers excellent service and how it develops
quality constructs. The organizational level differs from the Since the last ten years, the focus on service across
strategic level in the sense that organizational level looks at socioeconomic sectors coupled with transformational devel-
establishing and planning processes whereas the strategic opments in ICTs has been increasing. The value of ICT to
level mainly looks at how these services are being provided to organizations involved in the service sectors has been
the customers. Lytle & Timmerman8 defined service orienta- recognized. ICTs are technological tools in the process of
tion as when organization's plan, pro-actively engage in, and service delivery, which plays an important role to achieve
reward service giving practices, processes and procedures that efficiency and productivity. ICTs can also lead to new markets
reflect the belief that service significantly affects the creation over time.12 ICTs combine with resources such as knowledge
of superior value and excellent services.4 and skills to help information to be repackaged and trans-
ported in various contexts to generate opportunities for
innovation and service exchange.
3. What is CRM?

6. Differences between CRM in public and

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a combination of
private healthcare
processes, people and technology that is seeking to under-
stand the customers of the company.9 Today some definitions
are available for CRM. According to Bose, CRM is an integration There are major differences between the CRM in the public and
of technologies and business processes used to satisfy the private healthcare.
needs of a customer during any given interaction. More
specifically, CRM involves acquisitions analysis and use of 1) In public healthcare, there is no competition, and it is the
knowledge about customers to sell more goods or services and responsibility of the government to provide healthcare
to do it more efficiently10 whereas Gartner10 defined CRM as a services to their citizens whereas, in private healthcare,
broad term and widely implemented a strategy for managing hospitals compete with other private hospitals to provide
interactions with customers which involve using technology better services to patients.
to automate, organize and synchronize business process – 2) Public sector deals with a large volume of patients, millions
principally customer service, sales activities and marketing. and billions whereas private sector deals with a relatively
It is an approach which is integrated into nature and looks small volume, as only people having good money can afford
to manage relationships by focussing on relationship devel- these hospitals.
opment and customer retention. Companies which are 3) In public sector, there are huge numbers of heterogeneous
successful in implementing CRM will achieve long-run services/uncontrollable due to political decision making; in
profitability and customer loyalty. To successfully manage, private there are homogeneous/controllable quantities.
CRM implementation requires a balanced and integrated 4) One size fits all approach is used in public sector whereas
approach to technology.9 more of a personalized approach is employed in the
industry.
5) There is a lack of human resources and also salaries are
4. CRM in private hospital services
poor as compared to the private sector.
6) The healthcare services provided by public sector are not for
CRM which has had an important significance for businesses is profit whereas the private sector works towards profit
also crucial for private hospital services. A hospital restores orientation and maximizing the shareholder value.13
226 apollo medicine 13 (2016) 224–228
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]
Internal
The literature of CRM recognizes the long run value of (Existing)
current as well as the potential customers. Marketing activities
which are directed towards maintaining, developing and Existing customer segmentation Existing customer behaviour pattern
enhancing good CRM often result in increased profits, Strategic important customer Retention and defection pattern
revenues and shareholder values. The inputs of CRM should Loyal, defect to, defect from Satisfaction and loyalty
be majorly considered in decision making regarding the
organizational capabilities development, resource allocation Who How
and also the management of value creation. The CRM is now (Profiling) (Pattern)
deemed to be an integral part of the company strategy.14 CRM
has attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners. Demographical segmentation Defecting pattern to competitors
Customer-centric strategies, tools, programs and technology New customer acquisitions Defecting pattern from competitors
are being adopted by more and more companies for effective Prospective customers Customer pattern loyal to competitors
and efficient CRM.15 CRM is an extensive approach which looks
External
to maximize the relationship with all their customers,
suppliers and distribution channels. Customer-centric busi- (Prospects)
ness strategy and data mining techniques help the organiza-
tion to get to know the client and also consistently offer more Fig. 2 – Analytical customer knowledge acquisition.
services and products for improved customer loyalty and Source: Xu and Walton.17
retention over a longer period. Peppers and Rogers16 referred to
this as maximizing lifetime ‘‘customer share’’, hence resulting
in customer profitability and conservation.
so as to classify the segments in which knowledge needs to be
attained (Fig. 2).
7. CRM strategies

9. Overview of the healthcare industry in India

These could be defensive and offensive strategies. A defensive
strategy focuses on existing customers and building relation-
ships with them for long durations whereas an offensive There are two types of healthcare sectors in India, public sector
strategy focuses on acquiring a new market share, customers and the private sector. The public sector healthcare services,
and leaving behind their competitors. The two methods are known as government hospitals, are taken care of by the
different in nature (Fig. 1), and it is for the organization to administration, and the patients do not have to pay for the
decide which one is suitable for them. services provided whereas, in private sector, the patient
themselves or through medical insurance have to pay for the
services rendered. It is often argued that private sector
8. Analytical customer knowledge acquisition
healthcare in developing countries be more accountable,
sustainable and efficient as compared to the public sector.18
It has become imperative to develop tools which can provide Most of the newer advanced surgeries such as laparoscopic,
essential knowledge to analyze the data collected about arthroscopic and elective surgeries like replacements are
customers. Xu and Walton17 used the model shown below usually not covered in government set-up due to patient
[(Fig._1)TD$IG] overload and lack of funding whereas these procedures are
Increase customer performed routinely in the private set-up. Life-saving surgeries
sasfacon and trauma take priority in the government sector. The critics of
Defensive the private sector believe that only rich and upper class can
(Exisng Customer) afford the private services whereas public services are beneficial
Build switching for the poor people. As health has become the top priority for all
barriers human beings, healthcare industry in India can be seen as an
emerging industry. Each and every citizen of India is becoming
Generic Strategy
more and more health conscious leading to the requirement of
healthcare of top quality. The national average of the proportion
Increase market share of household in the higher middle class and even in the middle
class income groups has seen an increase to 20% in 1996 and
Offensive 38% in 2012 from 14% in 1990. Private insurance is seen to be the
driving force of the healthcare revenues. The worth of the
(New Customer)
Indian healthcare industry is around 1 billion pounds today, and
Enlarge market it is expected that it will grow by around 13–15% annually.19 The
Indian healthcare industry is on a steady and strong growth
curve with a huge scope for investing in the multi-speciality
Fig. 1 – Defensive vs. offensive strategies. hospitals, installation of the advanced technology and also the
Source: Adapted from Peelen.20 expansion of the existing facilities in recent times.
 apollo medicine 13 (2016) 224–228 227

Private healthcare is becoming one of the fastest growing Training to the employees must be given by professionals
sectors in India with the major private hospitals like Apollo from across the world on relationship building and to teach the
Hospitals expanding its chain into various cities of the country. latest and advanced know-how in the healthcare industry.
Healthcare marketing has passed its earliest stage of develop- Any changes made by the management so as to provide the
ment and is now developing its character. There is an obvious services in a better way must be clearly and promptly
need for hospital management to have a sense of basic conveyed to all staff members. Information must be stored
understanding of healthcare marketing concepts. The survival safely and securely at every interaction with the customer
of the corporate hospitals will depend on the ability of the so as to generate a wider customer view. It is also important
hospitals to respond to the needs and expectations of the to make a note of what things went wrong and not according to
patients through innovation and quality services more the plan, as it is important to learn from the previous mistakes
efficiently and effectively, hence aiming at customer satisfac- and ensure that they do not get repeated the next time. The
tion which is the main goal of the marketing philosophy. In importance of taking the opinions of the staff members is
today's private healthcare marketing in India, there is much crucial when deploying a system because at times they can
competition to attract the attention of patients in all fronts. provide a very good idea which could improve service
The main objective of these private hospitals is not only to orientation.
provide the specialized services more efficiently but also to
maintain the overall quality of services provided.19
12. Conclusion

10. Campaign management and response

To be successful and popular, every hospital has to put in hard
analysis
work in maintaining relationships with customers and to
provide enhanced customer experience. Even though the
Different types of campaigns including Doctors day, blood concept of CRM is new for the private healthcare sector in
donor day, etc. are organized, and customized emails are also developing country like India but the hospitals are trying hard
sent to the clients. Status of the campaigns is sub-divided and to gain knowledge about CRM and to promote CRM towards
placed into three categories – completed, suspended and service orientation. The information about the customer can
inactive. be taken out any time and reviewed quickly using CRM. It helps
to make the organization more efficient as a staff member who
has recently joined or does not have information about that
11. Suggestions and conclusions
particular customer can easily extract their information and
read up. The patient's rights to privacy and confidentiality of
The quality of treatment is the prime factor for patients to care and information are respected. The quality of services
choose the hospital for their treatment. Hence, the manage- provided is the major factor to attract customer and then
ment must ensure that they recruit talented doctors and put promoting CRM towards service orientation adds to it. Till the
effort to sustain the quality of physicians so as to improve services rendered do not meet the customer expectations in
customer retention. The management team can provide free this competitive environment, CRM alone cannot make the
transportation services to the hospital so as to increase the customers happy.
convenience factor for the patients. They can also provide free
camps where the emphasis is on making a relationship with
Conflicts of interest
new unexplored clients. The management can slowly shift
from conventional methods to technology related services by
adopting technology like ICT. ICT leads the organization to The authors have none to declare.
huge cost savings. The complaint handling system can also be
improved, like a full compensation should be provided by the
hospital to the customer in case there is a certain fault on the references
hospital's part. Feedback taken by the clients must be seriously
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