PLSQL 2 5 PDF

Database Programming with
PL/SQL
2-5
Writing PL/SQL Executable Statements
Copyright © 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Objectives
This lesson covers the following objectives:
• Construct accurate variable assignment statements in PL/SQL
• Construct accurate statements using built-in SQL functions in
PL/SQL
• Differentiate between implicit and explicit conversions of data
types
• Describe when implicit conversions of data types take place
• List the drawbacks of implicit data type conversions
• Construct accurate statements using functions to explicitly
convert data types
• Construct statements using operators in PL/SQL
PLSQL S2L5 Copyright © 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Purpose
• We’ve introduced variables and identifiers.
• In this lesson, you build your knowledge of the PL/SQL
programming language by writing code to assign
variable values.
• These values can be literals or values returned by a
function.
• SQL provides a number of predefined functions that you
can use in SQL statements.
• Most of these functions are also valid in PL/SQL
expressions.
Assigning New Values to Variables
• Character and date literals must be enclosed in single
quotation marks.
v_name := 'Henderson';
v_start_date := '12-Dec-2005';
• Statements can continue over several lines.

v_quote := 'The only thing that we can know is that we know
nothing and that is the highest flight of human reason.';
• Numbers can be simple values or scientific notation

(2E5 meaning 2x10 to the power of 5 = 200,000).
v_my_integer := 100;
v_my_sci_not := 2E5;
SQL Functions in PL/SQL
• You are already familiar with functions in SQL statements.
• For example:
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
FROM DUAL;
• You can also use these functions in PL/SQL procedural

statements.
• For example:
DECLARE
v_last_day DATE;
BEGIN
v_last_day := LAST_DAY(SYSDATE);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_last_day);
END;
• Functions available in procedural statements:
– Single-row character
– Single-row number
– Date
– Data-type conversion
– Miscellaneous functions
• Not available in procedural statements:
– DECODE (CASE is used instead)
– Group functions (AVG, MIN, MAX etc. may
be used ONLY within a SQL statement)
SQL functions help you to manipulate data; they fall into
the following categories:
• Character
• Number
• Date
• Conversion
• Miscellaneous
Character Functions
• Valid character functions in PL/SQL include:
ASCII LENGTH RPAD

CHR LOWER RTRIM
CONCAT LPAD SUBSTR
INITCAP LTRIM TRIM
INSTR REPLACE UPPER
• This is not an exhaustive list.

• Refer to the Oracle documentation for the complete list.
Examples of Character Functions
• Get the length of a string:
v_desc_size INTEGER(5);
v_prod_description VARCHAR2(70):='You can use this product
with your radios for higher frequency';
-- get the length of the string in prod_description

v_desc_size:= LENGTH(v_prod_description);
• Convert the name of the country capitol to upper case:

v_capitol_name:= UPPER(v_capitol_name);
• Concatenate the first and last names:

v_emp_name:= v_first_name||' '||v_last_name;
Number Functions
• Valid number functions in PL/SQL include:
ABS EXP ROUND

ACOS LN SIGN
ASIN LOG SIN
ATAN MOD TAN
COS POWER TRUNC

• Refer to the Oracle documentation for the complete list.
Examples of Number Functions
• Get the sign of a number:
DECLARE
v_my_num BINARY_INTEGER := -56664;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SIGN(v_my_num));
END;
• Round a number to 0 decimal places:

DECLARE
v_median_age NUMBER(6,2);
BEGIN
SELECT median_age INTO v_median_age
FROM countries
WHERE country_id = 27;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ROUND(v_median_age,0));
END;
Date Functions
• Valid date functions in PL/SQL include:
ADD_MONTHS MONTHS_BETWEEN
CURRENT_DATE ROUND
CURRENT_TIMESTA
SYSDATE
MP
LAST_DAY TRUNC

• Refer to the Oracle documentation for
the complete list.
Examples of Date Functions
• Add months to a date:
DECLARE
v_new_date DATE;
v_num_months NUMBER := 6;
BEGIN
v_new_date := ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,v_num_months);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_new_date);
END;
• Calculate the number of months between two dates:

DECLARE
v_no_months PLS_INTEGER :=0;
BEGIN
v_no_months := MONTHS_BETWEEN('31-Jan-2006','31-May-2005');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_no_months);
END;
Data-Type Conversion
• In any programming language, converting one data type
to another is a common requirement.
• PL/SQL can handle such conversions with scalar data
types.
• Data-type conversions can be of two types:
– Implicit conversions
– Explicit conversions
Implicit Conversions
• In implicit conversions, PL/SQL attempts to convert data
types dynamically if they are mixed in a statement.
• Implicit conversions can happen between many types in
PL/SQL, as illustrated by the following chart.
DATE LONG NUMBER PLS_INTEGER VARCHAR2
DATE N/A X X
LONG N/A X
NUMBER X N/A X X
PLS_INTEGER X X N/A X
VARCHAR2 X X X X N/A
Example of Implicit Conversion
• In this example, the variable v_sal_increase is of
type VARCHAR2.
• While calculating the total salary, PL/SQL first converts
v_sal_increase to NUMBER and then performs
the operation.
• The result of the operation is the NUMBER type.
DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER(6) := 6000;
v_sal_increase VARCHAR2(5) := '1000';
v_total_salary v_salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
v_total_salary := v_salary + v_sal_increase;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_total_salary);
END;
Drawbacks of Implicit Conversions
At first glance, implicit conversions might seem useful;
however, there are several drawbacks:
• Implicit conversions can be slower.
• When you use implicit conversions, you lose control
over your program because you are making an
assumption about how Oracle handles the data.
• If Oracle changes the conversion rules, then your code
can be affected.
• Code that uses implicit conversion is harder to read and
understand.
Additional drawbacks:
• Implicit conversion rules depend upon the environment in
which you are running.
– For example, the date format varies depending on the
language setting and installation type.
– Code that uses implicit conversion might not run on a different
server or in a different language.
• It is strongly recommended that you AVOID allowing SQL or
PL/SQL to perform implicit conversions on your behalf.
• You should use conversion functions to guarantee that the
right kinds of conversions take place.
• It is the programmer's responsibility to ensure that
values can be converted.
• For instance, PL/SQL can convert the CHAR value '02-
Jun-1992' to a DATE value, but cannot convert the
CHAR value 'Yesterday' to a DATE value.
• Similarly, PL/SQL cannot convert a VARCHAR2 value
containing alphabetic characters to a NUMBER value.
Valid? Statement
Yes v_new_date DATE := '02-Jun-1992';
No v_new_date DATE := 'Yesterday';
Yes v_my_number NUMBER := '123';
No v_my_number NUMBER := 'abc';
Explicit Conversions
• Explicit conversions convert values from one data type
to another by using built-in functions.
• Examples of conversion functions include:
TO_NUMBER() ROWIDTONCHAR()
TO_CHAR() HEXTORAW()
TO_CLOB() RAWTOHEX()
CHARTOROWID() RAWTONHEX()
ROWIDTOCHAR() TO_DATE()
Examples of Explicit Conversions
• TO_CHAR
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'Month YYYY'));
END;
• TO_DATE
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE('April-1999','Month-YYYY'));
END;
Examples of Explicit Conversions
• TO_NUMBER
DECLARE
v_a VARCHAR2(10) := '-123456';
v_b VARCHAR2(10) := '+987654';
v_c PLS_INTEGER;
BEGIN
v_c := TO_NUMBER(v_a) + TO_NUMBER(v_b);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_c);
END;
• Note that the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE procedure expects an

argument with a character type such as VARCHAR2.
• Variable v_c is a number, therefore we should explicitly code:
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(v_c));
Data Type Conversion Examples
• Example #1
v_date_of_joining DATE := '02-Feb-2014';
• Example #2
v_date_of_joining DATE := 'February 02, 2014';
• Example #3
v_date_of_joining DATE := TO_DATE('February 02, 2014',
'Month DD, YYYY');
Operators in PL/SQL
The operations within an expression are performed in a
particular order depending on their precedence (priority).
• Logical
• Arithmetic
• Concatenation Same as
• Parentheses to control in SQL
the order of operations
• Exponential operator (**)
Operators in PL/SQL
The following table shows the default order of operations
from high priority to low priority:
Operator Operation
** Exponentiation
+, - Identity, negation
*, / Multiplication, division
+, -, || Addition, subtraction, concatenation
=, <, >, <=, >=, <>, !=, ~=, ^=, IS

Comparison
NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN
NOT Logical negation
AND Conjunction
OR Inclusion
Operators in PL/SQL Examples
• Increment the counter for a loop.
v_loop_count := v_loop_count + 1;
• Set the value of a Boolean flag.

v_good_sal := v_sal BETWEEN 50000 AND 150000;
• Validate whether an employee number contains a value.

v_valid := (v_empno IS NOT NULL);
Terminology
Key terms used in this lesson included:
• Explicit conversion
• Implicit conversion
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
• Construct accurate variable assignment statements in
PL/SQL
• Construct accurate statements using built-in SQL functions
in PL/SQL
• Differentiate between implicit and explicit conversions of
data types
• Describe when implicit conversions of data types take
placeList the drawbacks of implicit data type conversions
• Construct accurate statements using functions to explicitly
convert data types
• Construct statements using operators in PL/SQL

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Database Programming with

Copyright © 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

• Statements can continue over several lines.

• Numbers can be simple values or scientific notation

• You can also use these functions in PL/SQL procedural

ASCII LENGTH RPAD

• This is not an exhaustive list.

-- get the length of the string in prod_description

• Convert the name of the country capitol to upper case:

• Concatenate the first and last names:

ABS EXP ROUND

• This is not an exhaustive list.

• Round a number to 0 decimal places:

• This is not an exhaustive list.

• Calculate the number of months between two dates:

• Note that the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE procedure expects an

+, -, || Addition, subtraction, concatenation

=, <, >, <=, >=, <>, !=, ~=, ^=, IS

NOT Logical negation

• Set the value of a Boolean flag.

• Validate whether an employee number contains a value.

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