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Functions of A Complex Variable

Questions and Theory

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Aditya Singh
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262 views

Functions of A Complex Variable

Questions and Theory

Uploaded by

Aditya Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Cuarter 3 Functions of a Complex Variable 3.4, INTRODUCTION ‘A-complex number 2 is an ordered pair (x,y) of real numbers and is written as z=x¢iy, wherei= (1 ‘The real numbers x and y are ealled the real and imagi- nary parts ofz. In the Argand’s diagram, the complex number? is represented by the paint P(x, ).If(r, 0) are the polar coord nates of P, then r= x" +9" is called the modulus of 2 and is ve denoted by | z |. Also 0 = tan-! > ia called the argument of and is denoted by arg. z. Every non-zero complex number: can a | be expressed as 55 2 =r (cos 0+ isin 8) = re fz =+ i, then the complex numbers ~iy is called the conjugate of the complex number 2 and is denoted by = Clearly, Ve Lele blz [az3, “gaia Rel 3.2, FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE If andy are real variables, then z =x + ty iscalled a complex variable. Ifcorrespond- ing to each value of a complex variable (= x + iy) in a given region R, there correspond one or ‘ore values of another complex variable 1 (=u + iv), then w is called a function ofthe complex variable 2 and is denoted by weafe)=usw For example, if w fa)=usiv 2, where 2 =x-+ ty and w + iy = (22-92) + i2ay) aay? and v= 2 sang TI Had th ol diana part fae ios fhe wa aan andy. then w= fle) = ulx, y) + ile, " [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMA ng, “ ne and only one value of w, then w ig cmt yore correspond mere than one values of, Un nh ale of er cee sinter os rch cee ut clued fonction i called pen, tno Angad ngTane: 0606 TOPPER represent w = fz) graphically ‘iugram i ealled the xOy-plane or the. point 2 andthe ater to represent w Te former rl and the latter wOv-plane or the w-plane- 43.3, EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE Def The exponential function ofthe complex variables =x +1y. Where x aDd y are ry in defined as eared eB rtd tee where ¢ 2.78 isthe bse of natural logarithms Replacing z by s+ iy, we have cya 14 222, Ete Gab, Sees 1 2! 3 Putting, x = 0, we get (Note. We have proved e” = cosy +i sin y Changing i toi (te, taking conjugates of both sides), ¢ = cos yi sin y.] * 3.4. PERIODICITY e* 18 A PERIODIC FUNCTION, WHERE z Proof. Let 2 then, by definition COMPLEX VARIABLE xtiy 1 = eFIcos y +i sin y) =e loos (nn + y) +i sin (Qn +y)l net elles) eva g xeon aye ice, remains unchanged when is increased by any multiple of 2x =+_e is a periodic function with period dni re eet —— ILtustRative Examples. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 13 Example 1. Split up into real and imaginary parts; wet Gil) ef +0 (itty Sol.) 8" 8 [ces fain 2 a 5 [ow $vian]=#0052. 100 =0, Imle 2") =¢5, een ase ey y+ isin e* sin y) 6 c05(e* sin y) Im (e"") =e 2 sine" sin 9) Example 2. Find all values of 2 which satisfy e = 1 +4 Sol. Since eset ae (cosy + isin y) : eC alti = eleosy tisiny) = 1+! Equating real parts “¢ cosy = 1 Equating imaginary parts et sin y = 1 Squaring nd adding (2) and 2), we get © (cos! y't sin? y)= 141 or e=2 or 2x =log 2 a (2 1 x= Flog? Dividing (2) by (2), tany = 1= tan 7 = yen, wher ina tee s zaxtiy=dlog2+i{nn+%), where m=0,21,22, 2 Example 3, Prove that [sin (a— 6) + ein 8" = sin! a [sin (a ~ n0) +e sin m0) Sol. LLHS. = [(sin « e08 @ ~ cos «sin 6) + (cos ~ i sin a) sin 6)" = (sin «1 c0 0 i sin a sin 0)" = (sin at (cos @ i sin 8)" = Ising et)" = sint a. RUS. Jn?! «sin «1 c08 n8 — c08 a sin nO) + (cos a ~1 sin a) sin 8) = sin a [sin a cos nb — i sin a sin n0) = sin* a [cos m0 ~¢ sin 8 in" ae" LHS =RHS. eee 1 ; wven 1 = cPi+Lwhere L, P, R are real, express 9)in the form Ae* Example 4. Given 5 = 7 5; x Siving the values of A and 0. are 7 Sol. LPRi (R- LP*CR) - LPé (acLptcw «LP: (R- LP*CR)- LP: LPH (LPRIR-LP*CRY R= LPPCR? + ar = Acos 9+ isin 8, say iquttng real and imaginary parts, we get ver Neos 8= Ge TpCR FP LPR (R-LP*CR) Asin = QI LPICRE + EP* Squaring and adding (1) and (2), 3 jp = SPIRE SPR? R= LPICR? = LOR + EPP Lep*RYLP? + (R-LPCR)*] = R- LP'CR + FPF . PPR? peer ae (R-LPCR? + PP - LR, (R - LP*CRy + Lp? Dividing (2) by (1), Rae - Ra-LPoy iF Hence . P=A (cos + isin 6) = Ae where La Virgie 8 0 = tant [eaure 0 % . Definitions. For all real values of z, we know that e*scosxsisiny and ¢ ‘Adding and subtracting, we get cos x =©° ~ ‘Those ae called Euler’ Exponential ale fis and om where x€ R. Ifz =x + then trigonometric functions of z are defined as follows cos2 ile +e sing @@=g®* 82 2. Euler's Theorem, For all values of 6, real or complex, For all values of 8 real or complex cos 2 Hence e* = c08 0 + i sin 0 forall values of 3. Periodicity of Circular Functions. (a) To prove that sin z and cos z are periodic functions with period 2n. coe + ising = © We know that sin If mis any integer, then sin ( + 2nn) = fs em = Samy sin z remains unchanged when 2 is increased by any multiple of 2n, ‘sin z is a periodic function with period 21. Similarly, cos z can be shown to be a periodic function with period 2x (6) To prove that tan z is a periodic function with period 1, We know that tan er If is any integer, tan (2 + n¥) [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC, OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 16 pnenors u7 ‘Maltiplying the numerator and denominator bY ¢ asl bet (w) sin (2) = é =tanz = Oey * ite ee ven] terre") ene == tanz remains unchanged when zis increased by any multiple of tan z is a periodic function with period % (z= y? +3xy(x~y) 1 OT aR leh ener ee 3.6, TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Worsine? ¢ 90% sinait« fz is a complex variable, prove that | (sin? 2 +e0stz = (diy sin 22 = 2 sin 2 6082 1 3 FA sin 2 + 6i sin Sina —4 sin? 2 Stan 2-tan’ | wid) RES. = 1-Stan?z iii) cos 22 = cos? 2 - sin? z = 2 cos? - -2sint?e 2tanz net [tee PO = oan ede-ant 3 i “i ytante = 2am z= tan! s —F fee PT ledsinseessine-taets (idan te = SEER val eee as a Sen = ory wal ae aP (ret 3 - lu Beer el | seta | yy ferveaeene hit setien th rae -eyeeaes s( Pox? y+) _ (Bel +3e% +6 re re™ 2) iy? yF4Be yh +a) ye se 22490 oe deg) Oe i) RHS.=2sinz.cosz= 2 ov farmers ESP ve se +1) em fs (a —bxa® +b? + ab) ab | tas bxa? +B? ~ab)= on EXERCISE 3.1 1. Ife = iy, find the real and imaginary parts of (0) expe? eye | 2 Prove that ae cara pe) ake) | (sin (a+ n0)—e sin nd =e" sina Ki [sin (x4 )—e* sin OI = int a ‘rl mn BL it se) } (iy = tan 8, where =e 8. Prove that bya prope choice of p and g, p* + grcam be made equal 05 cos 20-7 si 2, 4 Ifz is a complex number, prove that (0 08 (-2)= 08 iran tan? (iit) c08 32 = 4 cos! 3.082 w)tane= oe Sr ay a rr EEE stow that es Aki dukisiia LL 7 a 2 14 nana, + Log (c+ iB) = 2nna + tog (c+ iB) = 2nni «Log iXc08 0 + i ain O] ent «ogre = 2am loge oge ta ag 8 5 it jo) sin 2 ¢ in zy = 25in “1522 cog 2-2 = 2nni + log faba pF b 18 ¥ nmi + 2 Yon (cP + BP a 2 7 « log (a? + 6) RolLog (a + if) Ing +61 =o 1 Ate# - eens a. pas ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Rxatpl Pre hat ag +r) = gt rcv 8 ito! Answers ory ny wet oder Date hat ogc sn 0 og 2-2) 8 mong) isthe) ewig) inti» So gre) og Hc in = ag #8) in 2 a 1 +d tant SiN = 5 bog (C1 + rcs OF + ir sin 64] + ¢ tan: pe 1 rain =) hog (1+ 2r cas 0 +7 cost + sin? 8+ tant F809 2 el os 1 +r cos® 1-theoeg 0? 1 (6-70, 1 pe teem a p=dote=3 rsin® ) 3.7. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE a where 2 and w are complex numbers, then 2 is called a logartin = Flog It + 2r cos 0 rf tant “SEO log (1 + cos 6 +i sin 8) = log (1 +e) Definition. If stato the bse e. Thos bg, 2 oe 1. Prove that log, is « many-valued function. Putting r= 1 in (i Proof. We know that €™* = cos 2ng+ i sin 2an rae sind Lt a0, then eae dat tao logit + con + isin 0)= 4 log» 2eon 8 +1) «tant HOO = By definition lo, w = 2+ 2ni, where nis zero or any + ve or ~ ve integer. oe t sin © os = 10 1211 + cos OW +i tant —_2 2 ‘Thus ifz be a logarithm of w, 50s « + 2nni Hence the logarithm of a complex num infinit sand is thas? ‘many-value function, PORE Pr, bao ‘Mote: The value z+ Zari called the general value of lg, wand is denoted by Lag, us Log, = 2 + 2ani = 2nti + log, MAZEL then Low +i ns tg «igh 2 Prove that itt eneral value, we get the principal value of 2. 10 log (-N) = 5i + log N, where N is positive. Example 2, Find the general value of log (-3) Scien =3e* Proot : og NING B= Neos gisin t= N vet N) = log iN.) = é 8 Separate Lag ee OREN ge = N+ am s s Log (— 3) = Log (3e) = 2nni + log (3 e") ene lg loge” = Dem + lag = lg + i2n 6 D8 Proof, Let «+ if\= ricos 6 *isin@)sothat r= (CF, pi 2 B Vo? +p, 0= tan? A TERBDOK OF XGNEEING MATH, 120 aang spr trl onder Port La 4° (MDL. Dee ae Bol Let 4+ Si rfeos0+i sin ® aguating real and imaginary parts” Squaring and adding, r= 16+ 9= 25 3 Dividing, tan = Log (4+ 38) = Lag eos @ + sin 0] ean log + lage = 2a + log 5+ 10 = 10g 5 + 2mm tages 2 cos=4;rsin 0=3 _ 728 na, oetant > = Log (re) = 2nni + log (re) Reflog (4+ 31 =log 5 (oes) InafLog (4 + 301 Example 4 Prove tat an Sol.Let ¢+ib =r(cos +i sin 6) Bquating real and imaginary parts r ens 0 = a, r sin @ = tine Dividing, Also o-tbsrle sing 9-80), LHS. = ta [ie cemnoc ia] toe = tan [log e 2] = tan lit 20) log e} 2tand ab | vn a te tan - 2 ae ‘Example 5. Express Log (Log ) in the form A + iB. Sol. isco sisin 2 Bian Eve Lagi = 2a + lg? zs x ti itn & Log (Log i) =| fives x 10s [e009 = Ann +g [in +18] = 2m lagi +g tan 1) = 2m 6 log 4 ® +o 4a +1) © omni oj ® 5 ’ . Dy stm si ® slog tan DF betano sim sy) S FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE ai ES 3 THE GENERAL EAPONmNTIAL FuNETIN Definition. The general exponential tion a! is define ye equation a” = & share andar any sumer eal orcompln waned Wotan =e {Prove that one many vl fetion Prost Sane” Logasanss ge ea Hoe nny ttn edi pip versie by ing = 2, Separate (a + ib)**" into real and imaginary parts. Proof, (a + ib}'*17 = e+ ytanie >) Seeeaicoeas _rvfone ne mt fie aoe ye tne a =e where, a= 5 log(a? +B*)—2nny- ytan B= Logie! +68) +2 + xtan? = (asi =e" (com B +i sin) Re [ia+ ib 7) = e* cos B and Im l(a + iby *1 = "sin B ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Example 1. Prove that i! is wholly real and find its principal value. Also show that the values of form a GP. Sol. [By definition} we glteneint _ gage ian etme which is wholly real. ‘The principal value of = (Putting n = 0) Putting n = 0, 1, 2, sn. the values of # are e-*4, 2, 4, which form a GP. whose common ratio is ¢*. itn Det (U.K 2005) Example 2. [fi *"® = a + iB, prove that o + fF = € Sol a+ ipoist® agar 2 oleae + ei 0 Dn ge tn gla ste «IE ne i BH . f, ox ox] seg Rest, gtet gins | m0CAN + DS + isin (te oY bs cos 8 +i sin Ol A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING ane as ete 183. sin (4n + 1) cos? (4n +1) geen Example 8 Considering only the principal value, prove that the reat part of 1 sig ia Be coe Be?) npg oi Lis Dlg a ng2- om gt gle Dads gin ga) *[om( f+ ie) +n +803) = vofen( Eas loa} sie (§ + oe] be eet ty > Real part of "9 ne col E+ tog} AP + Bae, (MD, Dec, 2010) Sok “Agi APs ALiB Now AsiBaihvBaghrBiogs B (Taking principal values only) GASB agin ot gf A Bhat wg Beason) seme ets ge (eg AE, (ee Equating real and imaginary parts Ae eB cog AE s i) Be eB gin AP s ) Dividing (i by, tan AEB m2 i Squaring and adding i and ti), a® 4 BP 2 @™ av uNeTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARABLE in. porona or acowmexvammpey a 2tent(® ample 61/16 +18P «ten pro that =A whe nly princi olues are considered sol. (a eiby emer ‘Taking log ofboth sides, log (a + ib P= log mi! or log (a+ ib) = #9) log [2 gta? +64) +4 tant] = [bloc 6h estan] stop +i lg ‘Considering ony the principal values) ‘Equating real and imaginary parts x log m = }p log a? + 6*) uti) ’ _y log m= ptan ® «i > ab ptan* tan’ i) x —_—_, 2 »= 4 Desig G0 by Gh 7 Yplogta? +B)” logia? + Example 6. f tan log («+ iy) = 0 + ib and a? + b+ 1, then prove that 2a tan lg (22 +92) = FE Sol. tan log (e+ iy) = 0+ ib wo = tan log (e-fy) = 0-0 wi Now tan log (2 + y®) = tan log (x4 ive — iy) tan log (x +iy) + tan log x - iy? =tan log(s +9) + log e— Ol = 7 Soe sis) -tam loge) atibre-ib 20 ee ease where a? + 68 41. * Tote +ibKa-ib) 1a? -b* ———————— exercise 3.2 A, Find the general value of Gog -2) 2 Prove that i) log +0. oan (EF ex- Dan's auree 3. Show that log + itan a) = log see ae {A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING tx THe 125 FANGTIONS OF A COWPLEX VARABLE “ nna ~ rian S MPU bean, 9.9, HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS coaaeerr—vr 1, Definitions. For all values of x, real or complex i eg + 8 = on Seite S| - (i the quantity is called hyperbolic sine ofx and is written as ainh x wy ite asp egies (20 25} (254) t ‘ (i) the quantity © is called hyperbolic cosine of x and is written as cosh x. (2282 i whoty ral mr iF a that in ag?) = = ie i Lofts ‘The other hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of hyperbolic sine and cosine as Pretax = elt) follows: 1. Mloglog +9) =p +iq,show that y= tan [tan ¢ log fx? + | Prove that he pric ale of ino 2050 +0 0g) isin 290+ 407, where r= GF SSF andes tans foot ear 62 9, HE eit prve that one ofthe values otan® © ig net y og 2 ne asom = : 10 Prove that 1° ging 2) cos og 2 - . 2. a) Relations between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions = 1 Prat eal prt the nepal ase i ¥ cn og} snes 12 Prova Logi = 2 here mand are integers Putting @ = ix in these equations, we get Geet 1A tts.) i64 point on the circle having its centre atthe origin and radius a, prove that — Ety-e Ayame Feyee 2 ory? 14 Prove that og» og Hone 9) 4 I a = hog gone +i } 18. Ia say ‘wholly real and principal values are considered, prove that letra ayn ae inte bateagr gg ght Pe tae iva! set, os ap toe tt yy B sre Answers covee (ix) = Sin (ie) isinhx i? sinhx Lng =. 1 9 hein yy 2 {TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHENAY Gg isin: where n is any integer aay =D ee tee de ems gle t-et ‘Thus sinh x remains unchanged when x is inereased by any multiple of 2xi. Hence ssinh x is a periodic function and its period is 2ri. ‘where n is any integer eM ]adlet 14e j= 2 22 ecoshs ‘Thus cosh « remains unchanged when x is increased by any multiple of 2mi. Hence cosh x is a periodic function and its period is 2zi. anal © Multiplying the numerator and dens wominator by o*™ cos 2a +4 sin Bar =I FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIAGLE i ee tanh x is a periodic function and its period eons ae eh beeen eae so RS er errata tanh x respectively, are 10, FORMULAE OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Ne a 1, Prove that (a) cosh#x ~sinh# x = 1, (b) sech®x + tank?x= 1, (c) coth x eowech! x= 1 Proof. (a) For all values of 6, cos? @ + sin? B= 1 Putting 0 = ix, we get cost (ix) + sin’ (ix) a (cosh x! + (ésinh.x}®=1 [> coe x = cosh x in (ix) = sinh 2} 3 cosh? x sinh? x = 1 te #2=11 (b) We know that cock x ~sinh# x =1 Dividing both sides by cosh? x, we have 1 tanh? x = sech?x > sech®x ¢ tanh! x= 1 (c) We know that cosh? x ~ sinh?.x = 1 Dividing both sides by sinh x, we have eoth?x—1=cosech?x => coth®x—easech? x = 1 2, Prove that (a) sinb (x+y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y (b) cosh (x #y) = cosh x cosh y t sinh x sinh y tanh x + tanh y Co tanh (+9) = SE J 1 (sin ix cos ty # cos ix sin fy) = sinh x cosh y tomb. ésinhy) Lip sind® «sinh 6; 00 = sinh x cosh y + eosh x sinh y fost 9) les cosh = cos i] i com y Fin isin fy = cosh xeoshy ¥ i sinh. i sinhy toch coshy ¥ (~ainh.x sinh) fen eath. osh y sinh xsi y Sah(e#y) sinh x cothy tosh esinhy (©) tanh £9) = “sist ty) sh x eosh y inh xsinh y tanhx tanh y Dividing the numerator and denominator by cosh xcoshy = (ks ani ssh 8) 2tanhe 8, Prove that (a) sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh = _(TB0OK OF ENGINEERING are oe MATHEW, gyyCTIONS OF A CONPLEX VARIABLE 128 geinkte Le taahts (yeaah tem cobs sinktiz= eoshtz- 1226 Tani 2tanhs (tanh r= BE Tr tanh! eat Proof. (a) We know that sin 202 sin Precis we got nn i) = an (x) coe ior sinh 2x= 2.1 sinh x. cosh tsinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh = ere Also in 20 tg (6) We know that cos 20 = cos? @ -sin® 0 Putting 0 = cx, we get cos (2ix) = costix)~ sin® (ix) or cosh 2x = (cosh xF¥— Gj sinh x? ‘cosh 2x = cosh? x + sinh? x We know that os 26 = 2 eas! 6-1 Putting 0 = Cor, We know that cos 28= 1-2 sin? Putting 0 = ix, we get cos (2ix) = 1-2 sin? (éx) ‘cosh 2x = 1-24 sinh x)? =1 +2 sinh? x ing g - S8022-1 2 We know that” cos 9 = 1=t0n 8 Ls tant 6 A-tan? Gi) _1~(étanh 2? Uttam? Gi) 1+ (tanh x) () We know that tan 26 Putting 0 = ix, we get tan (2ix) = nae ‘tanh Qe = — tame Zita TGtanh or or ga8 129 2tanh x T+ tanh? x 4, Prove that (a) sinh 3x =3 sinh x + 4 sinh’ x, tanh 2x = (b) cosh 8x = 4 cash? x~3 cosh x (c) tanh 3x Proof. (a) We know that sin 3 = 3 sin @—4 sin? 8 Putting 0 = ix, we get sin (3x) = 3 sin (ie) —4 sin® (ix) sinh dx = 34 sinh x~4 (1 sink 2) (sinh x= 34 sinhx + 4 é sinh x L sin Gr = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x (b) We know that cos 99 = 4 cos! 8 3 cos 6 Putting 6 = ix, we get cos (Six) = 4 cos (ix) ~ 3 c08 lx) ‘cosh 3x = 4 coth x - 3 coch x Stan6-tan?@ (o)Weknow that tan 3 1-3tan? @ Putting 0 = ix, we get tan (aix) = 21m is) — tan’ is) 1- Stan! (im 1-3 tanh 2 ‘Si tanh x+itanh® x Stanh x + tanh’ x fuahaa 1+3 tanh? x © wahate 1+3 tanh? x 5. Prove that (i) 2sinh A cosh B= sinh (A + B) + sink (AB) (ii) 2 cosh A sinh B = sinh (A + B) - sinh (A~B) (iit) 2 cosh A cosh B= cosh (A + B) + cosh (A ~ B) (iy) 2sinh A sinh B = cosh (A + B) ~ cosh (AB) Proof. We shall prove only the last result. ‘The first three are left as an exercise for the student. We know that 2 sin x sin y = cos (x ~y) ~eus (x + y) Putting x = iA;y = iB, we get ‘2 sin (iA). sin GB) = ens i (A~B)~ cos i(A +B) 2 i sinh A i sinh B= cosh (A B)~ cosh (A + B) ~2 sink A sinh B = cosh (A ~ B) ~ cosh (A + B) (ea 2 sinh A sinh B = cosh (A + B) ~ cosh (A ~ B) 6. Prove that @ sinh C + sinh D 2 eink £*D 2 cosh. (i sinh C sinh D = ‘A TE> sin eae esemtty eateroet ay we (a) cat eg iy) = SEE) | Deonlz + iy)sinix —iy) Postings = iAandy=B,weet * sin Gx +iy) ” Bein x iy)sin (a iy) 08 A) ~c08 (1B) = 2sin | F sim 2 -sin diy [20s Asin B=sin(A + B)~sin (A ~ Bi] Tauiiy=emax | rin Asin B= cos(A ~B)-con(A +B} - ‘sin 2v-i. sinh 2y sin 2x sinh 2y_ sink A=B = coah2y cot 2x cosh 2y cone” conh 2y con Br 2 Hi Bes te=9) sinh (~x) = sinh w sects +) = eam) 2eos (x + ty) cos (x = ty) 2. Prove that _ eet sin ny) 2a chy sin ish) tach ey va)» lam tanh tanh anh tn tanh Teo any mn T+tanhy tanh tanhy tanh 2 + tanh tanh x = Rares, aan Proof. We know that, ri 2sinte- i) tan (a+ B +7) = tenet tans tany — ten atanB any DP cosee tx + iy) = aie sapy ~ Dain (x +iy)sin x) T-tana tanB- tan tan y—tany tana 2(sin reas iy ~ cos xsiniy) _2(sin xcosh y +008 x.isinh y) Putting B= iy; y= 12, we get . cos Diy — cos 2x ha ‘cosh 2y - cos 2x 2sin xcoth Boos xsiah y 1 2 Separete the following into real ond imaginary parts: ‘tanh Grey 2) = Ltaahar+ tanh y +itanh 2—ftanh x.étanh y.ctanh = oe eke ‘anh .ttanh y-Ttanh y ftanh2= rank 2 tank = ganesh aie or tanh (x+y +2) = tanh x + tanh y + tanh z + tanh x tanh y tanh z (e) sech (x + ty) (P\cosech (x + iy). T+ tanh x tanh y+ tanh y tan 2 + tanh z tanh ol. (a) sinh (x + iy) = + sin i x + iy) Le ‘sinh @ = sin io} ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES —————————> sin (x y) =~ (sin ix 08 y ~ cos ix sin y) Example 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts ‘ Gs x cosy cosh «sin y) = sinh x cos y+ {cosh x sin y stn 08) pone cosh siyd= cos ix tiv? [> cash @ = ene mete cane 0s (ir —y) = 0s i cosy +sin x sin y sata) oes = cosh x cosy + sinh xsiny Sob (a) sin (x + iy) = sin x cov + con xsi 7 "can ys a © tanhee id=} tantixs iv? [es dtanh @ = tan cosh y+ e082. sinh y=sin x cooh y 6 cos.xsinhy @ 5 b peor (8) com (x4 i= con x 08 iy in in ty snGe=y)__, Beinle-y tan (ix -y) qastur=y) |” Beos x= yheostie+ 9! sin 2ix-sin2y __; isin 2x—sindy cos 2ixeos2y — cush 2x+eos2y ‘osx eashy=sinx.isihy=copxeoshy — isin sinhy ATEXTBOOKOF ENGINEERING WATHONAN, | jyyerons OF A COMPLEX VARABLE 133 $32 sigh, ;, #029 1+ tan wa Attan® aide eeuty cosh + 02” a et et 2 se conhir oi) __cmaile ib) soGE=2} 1tan wr riet iy) = sean) coal EE 3 2 (dh cath cin) = Tesi) Taimiteee) EH? By componendo and dividendo Bain ic + eosiz=¥) Same saint z (1+tenf)-(1-tan) 7 (pein y)ein Gey)” c08y—cos Bir pe ae tanh tan ® sinh 2u-sin2y ___—sinh2s_,;,__siny-__ (2+tan$)(1-tan 9) 2s 2 ysis "any cosh ie a) ‘sinh 2y sindy Z A+tanht 2 1+tan? ? * Gaktecewiy ooh tee w oh we 2.2 sing part (i ee i ttanh? £ 1-tan? 2 (©) sche O)= ites py case) gt lore Zeoslis +») __ 2easixens y—sin sin y) con ~ *e *Goale= 3) Deas(ix+ y)eostiz=») cos Zi +co82y Example 4, If sin (A + iB) = x + iy, prove that oth 28 y~isin vin 3) qh Sas on aaa (id? cose A~ yee A= 1. _ Pooch renay _; 2sinbesiny Sol, ety =cin(A +B) cosh x + cos 2y "cosh Bx + cos 29 in Acos iB + coe Asin (B =n A coch B i oos A sinh B Rtn cipe at 1 Enquating real and imaginary parts on both sides P comch 8+) eB) Taniteoo zesin A coth Bjy = cos Asinh B a Santee aig -tak alga eea Bin lie yin) aj, Rtimieosy+ eosiesiny) _; 2dsinh—~—? ~ cosh 2x ~c0s2y "cosh B= cosy” Bak A cos A or = cosect A —y* sec? A = 1. 7 Example 5 f+ fy = cosh (uit) show that Bxample 2.171 =eg ton (5+), then prove that ? 2 ee o x (is? sec? oy? cosee? v= 1, Sol. 0 ” tanh = tan 5 (PTY, 2006) id cosh w= see 6, soteta( cosh ua sink (M.DU. Dee. 2010) Sol x+y = cosh (u + iv) = cos ilu +0) > cosh O = eas i] = c08 i ~ 0) = cos ite eos v + sim iu in » = cosh u cos v +f sinh w sin» Equating the real and imaginary parts x= cosh u cos vy = sinh u sin w “0 From, irae 2 = Fes Lan(ot) tan 1e Tsing Toor vin * cos 2 +sin ee o in [oog-ang 248) o (ara, , = Ting pits of bth ies loge = log tan( E42] or = lor tan( 7 +8) 1 pieom(j Example 8 Separate into real and imaginary part Tag sin +) Sol og sin x + i) = lg sin x oe + nxn i) og sin x cosh y +cat x sinh 3) og (a i), where = sin.x cosh y, B= cos sinh y Liste 18 = low Co? BP ou tanet (eae) Jogl 1=S082 cosh 2y+1 1 e082 cosh 2y — 1 te 2 2 2 + i tan“ (cot x tanh y) = 4 lag 2 cons 2608 1 +t etx tanh y) 4 log 1 (cosh 2y~ eos 2 + itn (cot x tanh y). Example 10. if z = x + iy is a complex var nm dewacsar iy vplex variable, then prove that sin 2 and cos z are not Sol, We know that log (sin? x cosh? y + cost x sink? y) + i tan” sin 2 = sin (+ iy) [sing |? in x cosh y +4 cos sinh y | sin x cash y + ie08 x sinh y [2 = sin? x cosh? y + os! x sinh? y in? x (1 + sinh? y) + (1 ~ sin? x) sin? sin’ x + sinh? y e Since x is real, 0 | sinz | and hence sin z is not bounded. UNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE “137 nacre Oe Similarly, | cos 2 |# = cos! x + sink? y =| co82 | and hence eos zis not bounded. Hence for a complex variable 2, sin 2 and cos 2 can have any value Remark. | sinz | 51 snd | cose | $1 only when is rea Baample 11. Find all values of z such that (sink 2 (ii) cosh 2 = 0 Sol, We know that sinh z = sinh (x + iy) = sinh x cos y +i cosh x sin y and cosh 2 = cosh (x + iy) = cosh x cosy + sinh x sin y | sinh 2 |? | sink x cos y + cosh x sin y |? = sinh? x cos* y + cosh? x sin? y sink? x (1 ~ sin? y) + (1+ sinh? 2) sin? y sinh? x + sin?y (MDU. Dee. 2010) [See Example 2 (a) and (6)] Now sinbr=0 = |sinhz|=0 = sinbtx + sinty =0 = sinhx=0 and siny=0 = x and 'y = nx, where n is any integer. pextiyenn sinh z = O only when is purely imaginary and 2 = nri, Sinan, |ohs [Pons omy Now cohzc0 > [ene | <0 = sinh? x + cos? y = 0 = Sine and cory=0 - sod (an +1) 5, wbere inane x - persye@nen Es cosh 2 = O only when + is purely imaginary and x = (2n +1) 5 é Example 12. Find all values of z such that sin = = 4. S| Sea Eaemps 2k " ee ! by comparing real and imaginary parts. ita oat 5 se=t0n 1) Ewha min any integer ory = 0 ee react ‘which is not possible since x is ral A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEE; hens «(2a 1, fom, we et +) eeanged n(n 5) coshy (1 cosh y= 4 shen n i od, cosh y = 4 which isnot possible since cosh y> O for every, in must be an even integer. From(3)eoshy=4 OF ack rere 5 =(Qn4 1) = +ieosh"4, an+3) 5 + ico or CIP sin 5 coshy =4 y=cosh 4 Te is a een sath) % wich, where is any inp, INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ——_—«“e 1. Prove that sinh! x = log (x + x" +1) Rejecting the nagativ sign, © #x + a? 71 Taking logarithms, yelogiz+ Ye #1) or sinh! x= log + eo) 2. Prove that cosh"! x = log (x+ yx? —1) Proof. Let cosh! then.x = cosh y ese? eM 41 2 oe a quadratic in &” or e®—2re"+1=0 aa on tera Rejecting the negative sign & =x + gy yeheg e+ Fat) of 9-Prove hat tn! xo Ng Ht Proof. Let y=tanh"'x,thenx=tanhy gp %_e”-e” 1_ e+e” Toe" gtehae? FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE By componendo and dividendo 1+* _ ©” In ys Bymg = or ya ding 4 tanh x= fog 4. Prove that: (sink? x + sink"! y= sinh “(altey® + y (tre) (ii) cosh! x + cosh! y = cosh (xy + Dy?) Proof. i) Let sink*x=u and sinh! so that xesinhu and y=sinhv Now sinh (u + v) =-sinh w cosh v + coob u sinh v sinh u (rainkt + sinh » (Ivanka sabe ey fier inbr! (xf 9 + y faa? > sinbr! x + sinh! y = sinh! (x14 y? + y{1+2") Gi) Let, cosh? and cosh y =u sso that xscoshu and y= cosh o Now, cosh (u +0) = cosh w eash v + sinh u sinh v ‘= cosh w cosh v+ yeosh? w- 1. yeosh? v— 1 = ay ¢ fe? - DG v - us encoth (y+ fa? DGD) caste e+ cost! y = cosh! (y+ Yl DEY Example 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts (sin e006 + isin 0),0<0< 5 (i tan («+ iy). Sol. (i) Let sin-? (cos @ + i sin 6) =x + iy & cos 6 + sin @ = sin (x + iy) = sin x cos fy + cos x sin iy = sin x cosh y + cos x sinh y TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING 8 pera, we Bove Tuning oe and imaginary ar | —— cos 6 = sin x cosh Y sin @ = cos x sinh Y 4 att tnd adding, we BAPE (iyand “we . A int x cok + ost «sin!» | stele siaht +00 | on sinh? y = 1~ sin? x = 6087 sesame pent dntgment ail steete, + ata | = coax = 08 ab a Realpert zoos y “ sind = From (i, Beg nO y= sinh (sim 8) clog isin + TvaMOL. |v sib x= logis 7, Imaginary party = log (ain + YT i8) Gtr taser sien rio : thea tar! ei) = ule +) ‘Adding (i) and (i), we have | 2 = tan (x + iy) + tame! Ge ~ iy) (+b) an far G+ o) Dat 2 oe Subtracting (i) fom (i), we have Bio = tan (x + iy) ~ tan — iy) | > Ast riykx-g) 2iy > itanh 2 = —9 et oy Example 2 Find al! als of: suck ha sinh 2 = Sol. Let 2 = x +1y, then . sinhz=¢? > sinh tx siy)ae? | 8 | 2 or sinh x c08 7 +4 coth xsiny = coe ® 5 gig ® 5 visio? wie ‘eyNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE ut Bquating real and imaginary pars, 1 sinh eosy= 1 sichxe Ya > sha Deoey ) 3 a Gaba ye 8 (cake : yey 2 chen Tiny 2 Using cosb? x - sinh? x= 1, we have 3 1 or Sosy -sinty dainty Temes 2(1 ~sin’y) ~ sinty = 4 sin?y (1 —sinty) 4 sinty -8 sinty +3=0 2 sin?y -3)(2siny-1)=0 tyed eb =o 2 ietig sity = 3, incest £1 forse, weave nel Sw i sintye bo singe negative, from (2), cosh x is also negative which is imposible When siny Ce eoah x > 0 for all 2) 1 sing He ain? = yen ele Eerste inthe ener ae Case L Hn in even, y=n m+ 7 ®) cog tet aking n= 2h, cony=con(22+ 5) con Fae 1 From(0, sth = Fg I ‘Taking n = 24+ 1,cos y = cos [2+ [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING tari eee colin fuNcTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE uNeTIONS OF A COMPLE ts ‘bf sin (04 18) = cov a+ isin prove chat cor? () sin O= ain, iy 08 20+ cosh 29 = 2 eon (0+) =e in, prove that From(), —sahs= "7g Z ) 10, @) fain 0+ i) = tan a+ i see, show that 608 28 cosh 24 = 3 1 () I tanh @=€08 0, prove that a= lo (corer 8 + cot svans(-3} ts o poo that alo Gee a @) ae cos (x ~ iy) B21, (m-3) (Prove that log {SEE tan! Gam tanh 9) sextiyelog ye ti" 4 | (@ sin xcosh y= cos @ and cos sinh y= sin 8, prove th Example 8, Show that tanh! cos @) = cosh" (ose 8). (UX 2005, | sinh? y son! (i cat x= in! 0 1 (cos 0)=@ then cos @ = tanh ¢ 11, @lcos 0+ 4) = Rico @+ isin , prove that 2 = 32 (UK 2005) = cost tanh? == 1-sin?O = tanh? 9 ~ . = Lgesset pnttening ta (+8) reese (Zo ace = asin ane 1. jan @ + i see a, show that e# = toot > and 20 Taking reciprocals cosh # = cosee @ 2)" = eee URUK, De. 200, Dr, 2010 = _ = cosh! (cosee an (x+y) = sin (w+), prove that SBZE SR. tanh! (6088) = cos (cosee 0 1a, Iftan (e+ pein +i) prove that SOE EE (SUTU. 2000 ittan (+ 9 = inh (2+ iB. rove tha anh tan = se 2 in 2 EXERCISE 3.3 Pe eee ae a 2 peta aA Ha += Ae pm itt fauiminte Civ each + sah af = eth a sinh x; being positive integer. “oe 1 Pro the em sinh ot Drote #(onh ME anh) (Lets) coh ihe. | () Prove that si 11, Ifeosh x= see 6, prove that uct geo De, 008 en eatatan(E uyemusniteime stipe? bar tate (a) Iftan y = tana tanh and tan ¢ = cot tanh f, prove that tan (y + 2) = sinh 2B cosec 20. @ tank’ (i) cone = cos 2 aa Itan Z=tanh 5, prove that (LDU, Dee, 2009 con seosh u= 1 i) tan x= sinh 4 tan = tanh x coty and tan 0 tanh x tan y, prove that $928 _ cosh 2x + 0082 diye=togea (+2) i) w =o tan (3 Be cosh +10) = + prove that sin 29 "cosh Bx - c08 29 19, Ife 2.cos a cosh f. y= 2 sin a sinh, prove that sec (a+ i) + eee (1B echt 0+ y#cotech* Bet aaron © trtan e+ 9)= A +18, show nat A= 8025 “3 BT wah ay se Atin fg (As in} nz+ show that 5 = Br = bee 1. sin (+19) (MDW. May 2010 (08 «+ 1 sina), prove that 21. Soparate into real and imaginary parts: p= 3 teosh 26 cos 2 ono (ins i lag cos tx + 9) (i tan a= tanh cot 6, wre 14 2. a. m, A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING tthe, cy tran ers <8 avon Prove that: tan “= ene #0, bow tat (coah — cos w¥2 Tat pete eamivenoh qna-siey oe en ncin sp prove at co cand cab Bare ve oats ofthe equation Bde eereated. | J and cosh flare the routs of the equation (a) I (by tain" ha i) = +i, prove tat sin : fee eat=0, Poa eu ow -5 tan Prove that tan! (e = Find tanh x if sinh x —coth x= 5 . [Plt Divide bath sides by cooks, squae, replace see! x by (1—tanh#2) and olve fr tag, +18, show that i)? sech® + y*coseeh? B= 1. ind all he rots ofthe equation: i008 =2 jiytanh : +220 (ity in 2 = coe & (io) sinh 2 = Ie] eon tu + ied} = 1, show that sn? = sinh, og sin (0+ 19) = + i, prove that 2 cs =e oe Se2t Solve tan 2 =e, where is ral (44.0.0, May 208 eosh-! + iy)» coh tis» cath! a, prove that 2 (a Yh? + 10 + Ly# = a2 = 1 iy cos (8 — f) =e os (8 + Answers yer? [cos sinh sin y+ i sin (sich « sin yi 3 sh eh “al! ‘ iy Sgn a] = ean ta) 2 29.10 2a + log (2+ JB) a 5 tu Plaga dns te wtane ne (ii) an +P Seat gman 1 7] Mint. Se Beample 7) FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 145 3.12, LIMIT OF A x {P-TU. May 2006) iaipe oa nace aos SST nibeapedd ect wn LAs cea nt di is ; sere Rer tena ln any a rn igo egret ; rapa ee eer and we write lim f(z) =f | ‘Remark 1. 8 usually depends on . | Peer eer erneare ru ape (mS peasant atin ten oases se cies ‘any path, straight or curved. The mit must be independent of z lite aia oemeten, teegeetaaes (+ limits a2 25 exist long two diferent paths then linit doen not ‘THEOREMS ON LIMITS 1.1 lim (2) exists, then itis unique, 2. ffi) = ux, 9) + dolz,y), where z = + fy and 2, =x, + iyy,then lim fiz) =1= uy ity ifand only if fim uiz.y)=u) and im x. 9)=¢y 3. If lim fiz) = J and cis a constant, real or complex, then im eft2) =e lim fz) 4.1f Jim fle) fy and iy fe) = then Gi fim {fled + ged) = Jim fled+ Yim 02) = 1, + Cy No fe)~ atch fim 7) him la) = io = in Fi = tot (ed fig Da Ea pie 48 ” a" Ta oi LEE ed 8 2g) Tim #2) [A TEXTEOOK OF EMUNEErIN MATHEMAT 6 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ——————_—=>= | ‘Example 1. Prove that sim = does not exist Sol. Ifthe limit exists, then it must be independent of Sa aeeagaaset" x-iy) x seething) dt | Beas x ay, [Now consider the path x ~» 0 followed by y -» 0, we get £28) - jim = Hing = tim 3 iy iy ° As 2 > along two different paths, we get different limits, Hence the limit does not exist, Example 2 Show that ln, BEEP doe not ei. Sol, Let 2 -» 0 along the path y = mes, then tim (Ree—tme)* 4, (e=y)*_ yi ema? which depends on m. For different values of m, we have different paths and different limits, Hence the limit does not exist, Example 3. Prove that tim 2 ate 53648 = te |_s3-f _ sole (= 1¢Dia- 1-0. L oe eae lim (2-140 | at | zi 1 Osi a? JNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE ENCTONS OF A CONN te Eiri 3,4 show thatthe following limits do not exis: + Bi Ree tin Bet Be Tal ‘ind the following limits lim (24 442-7) oe 1. Jim 22-549 ® Thea in 222-1 py Me Naerana oF (PU: May 2007) Answers 1 & -3-6i oi 151 1,4 a Teds ate endl 3.14, CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION Let fe) be a single-valued function of defined in a neighbourhood of 2 = 2p then lz) is i to continuous at z= if given an arbitrary real number « > 0, however small, uhere exists ‘real number § > 0 such that [fa)—fiag’| <0 whenever | 2-251 <5 In other words, lz) is continuous at 2 = 29 if lim ftz) = fzy) ‘Thus three conditions must be satisfied that fiz) is continuous at 2 = 2, 1. flz)in defined at 25 Le, fiz) exists 2. lim f(e) exists 8, lim f(2) = flzy. If any of the above conditions is not satisfied then lz) is said to be discontinuous at rex 3.15, REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY 315, REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY If fizg) exists and lim f(z) = L exists but fz) # {, then. 18 called a point of remou able discontinuity. A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEER NG ary 148 tee that iy) = 1s the function ean be made con ze, such . te contin By dig ag ant be reived: Existence of Limi i thy oN im f(z} does not exist, ery Spin far removable dieoniati er rations nen eNO A a _ Telia man emacecinty aes nets 2 Rd te ea «(Jace ee i dee apo and ge) ar cot at fy thn Alan Ae the 2 Sein pes cept £2 he Remark $f) is cotinuous in region, then the real and imaginary parts off) ar iy fle = ux 9) + iv 9), then lz) is continuous if and only if w(x, y) and uy) am separately continuous funetions of x and y. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ———————— ‘Example 1. Show that the funetion flz) defined by [Recz*) a a0 f=} a? ("0 ao is not continuous at « = 0. Sol. Given f0)=0 Let 2 + 0 along the path y = ms, then si, ed tin BA i =F te 2=(+i) Gime? nt PRemiF Lem we have different paths and different lists ‘is not continuous at z = 0. that the function. = (x? —y?) + 2inl PRE eet which depends on m. For diferent values of Hence the limit doesnot exist and the tena Example 2 Find the value offi) eo fis) = #222842 yay 8 continuous at 24 = I~, lim f(z)= tim 2222242 @-1? sn AO ie at tn oO 41 estat cpt = im tei 2? (1-1)? ete (ey Ite 1e tim (2-1-0 golei = im sah wieisdei =m eli Now flz) will be continuous at z, if wD = Jim flo eg) lim fle)=* =——— EXERCISE 3.5 1. Examine the continuity of the following functions: Vo {tos tity fad = |=” |3sa., 2. Show that the felling functions are continous for all. (ine tive [Hint Bapress eas us.y) + uy) and show that ux, ) and, 3) are continuous forall eal | vals of andy] 3) Show that che function mts) 240 fn Fa K a int continuous at += 0. (D0. Dee 2005) A. 4 Find the valu offs thatthe fnetion fap $=) is continuous at N Answers S41, co Not continuous (i) Continuous i) Not eontinuous 4. ‘3.47. DIFFERENTIABILITY 2.17. DIFFERENTIARITY 2) be a single-valued function of the complex variable. w+ aw = fiz + 82), then A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINE} SS tim LE tim, = Jim, uae 3 HFG. wative of fz) and is denote i in LoL ‘Thus Bape im ‘Te function fie id to be differentiable at # = #9 if im f= Fs) ifit exist, Maat - ‘Thin limit sealed the derivative offic) at z= 2, and is denoted by fz), Fg tap te Lezfitd Equivalently, by putting z~ zp = 4, we have ste) = tim £20482) flay) fe) = jim, 3.48. ANALYTIC FUNCTION (KUK. Dee, 2010; M.D.U. 2006, 2007, May 2008; P.T.U. May 2007; UP.TU. 299, If'a single-valued funetion fa) possesses a unique deri tion of z in R. ive at every point ofa reg R, then fa) scaled an analytic funetion or a regular function or a holomorphic fin, ‘A point where the function ceases to be analytic is called a singular point. 3.19, NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR f(z) TO BE ANALYTIC The necessary and sufficient conditions for the function” = ule, y) + ivf, ») {t0.be analytic ino region R, are wo a a Be" bya" By OE mtinuous functions of x and yin the region R. ty 2 a The conditions in (i) are known equations, Pa (a) Necessury Condition. Let w = fz) = u(x, R, then > =/"e) existe ‘uniquely at every point of that region, Let &x and dy be the increments in x sponding increments in u,v and 2 respectively, The 1a) jin, Fert), tim (t+ 84) + io + by) - tu +i) eso & as Cauchy-Riemann equations or brie/ly CR (KUK Dee 2010; MD.U, 2006, 2007, 2008, P'.U. 208) .¥) + iol, y) be analytic in 0 r0 and y respectively. Let bu, 6u and &z be the oom All (OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 151 FUNCTIONS OF ACO ‘Since the function w = flz)is analytic inthe region R, the limit (1) must exist independ ent ofthe manner in which && +0, ie, along whicheve- path x and 5y > First, let & +0 along a line parallel to x-axis so that By = 0 and && = & {since z =x + iy, z + Be = (x + &) + ily + 8p) and Be = Be + iby) = From@, — /'@) (2 ‘Now, let fe — 0 along a line parallel to y-axis so that dx = 0 and fr =i y. 1a) fm (Mesto) a2 2 From (1), re) jin B)ig-= oy Hence the necessary condition for ffz) to be analytic is that the C-R equations must be satisfied. () Sufficient Condition. Let fiz) = u + iv be a single-valued function possessing par- 3 at ach pinto region Rand satyng C-R equations a ae ie, ES Se ‘We shall show that f(z) is analytic, ic., f(z) exists at every point of the region R. By Taylor's theorem for functions of two variables, we have, on omitting second and higher degree terms of & and Sy fis + Be) = uls + Bx, y + By) + in6e + 8,9 +) a x[usor (Meee dee oan Ses Fo] » ua 9) ite ho (Bo) oe) ay spoooed)e(Bed}» A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEN4, ay wf poe jo, Bett au 1 fe) exits, because Sexist Thus (2) exits, oe Hace f=) arbi one Hse puta we Si ay ed cmon sa 1 ek a a een me an Halen 7 etary eheraoan Se ee Ss nents irate a codon, ii oo peel) = pshee ee ee atone 3.20, CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES (V.T.U, 2006; M.D.U. 2008; K.U.K. Dec. 2009; BM HELE, Des SUE TU Let (r, 8) be the polar coordinates of the point whose cartesian coordinates are (x,y) then usiv = fe) = fire) A) Differentiating (1) partially w.rtr, we have 2 [sing (2) Let fz) = u + W be analytic in some ress 3 ‘equations. . the xplane, then w and v satisfy CR “aNcriONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE @ @ ao ae Aowaming Ze = Zand ding (9) and 0, we at uu aot Now, differentiating (1) partially wart y and (2) wrt x we get eaees rae ay Be =o 6) 16) and Baus function satisfy the Laplace's equation. ‘Hence u and v are krown as harmonie functions 3.22, ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM ‘Beery analytic function fl) = u-+iv defines two families of curves uix. 9) ¢, an (UPT.U. 2008) fx, ») =e which form an orthogonal system. Consider the two families of eurves v ue. 9) =, w “t and via, y) 2) Differentiating (1) wrt. x, we get ‘Similarly, from (2), we get 1s A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMA eg te. ou a and * a ay * & & am ee From (3), ‘Thus the product of the slopes of the curves (1) and (2) is ~ 1. Hence the curves interseee ‘at right angles, Le, they form an orthogonal system. 3:23. APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS TO FLOW PROBLEMS: Since the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy the Laplace's equa tion in two variables, theae conjugate fonctions provide solutions toa numberof eld and fow For example, consider the two dimensional irrotational motion of an incompressible ‘uid, in planes parallel to xy-plane. Let V be the velocity of a fluid particle, then it can be expressed as i) “ Since the motion ia irotational, there exists a scalar function x,y), such that @) From (1) and (2), we have (8) The scalar function 9), which gives the valocty componcat, it led he veloc potential function or simply the velocity potential. ‘" ‘Also the fluid being incompressible, div V = 0 Z+iZ) sod seh a0 w Substituting the values of v, and v, from (3) in (4), we got 2.(0), 2 (a9) a alB)-5(5)-0 « St Zt.0 ‘Thus the function is harmonic and can be treated as real of an analytic function w = flz)= Ox, 9) +i wix,y) part ofan For interpretation of conjugnte Rincon wy, leita Va, y) =¢'is given by lope at any point of the curve FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 155, (By C-R equations) By «3 ‘This shows thatthe resultant velocity jo? +o? ofthe uid particle is along the tangent to the curve v (2,y) =¢’ ie, the fuid particles move along this curve. Such curves are known, 1s stream Lines and y (x,y) is called the stream function. The curves represented by 6 (x,y) Se are called equipotental tines, Since 0 (x, y) and vx, y) are conjugate functions of analytic function w = fz), the ‘equipotential lines @(z, ) = cand the stream lines y (x,y) =’, intersect each other orthogonally Now, [By C-R equations) (By il ‘The function w = flz) which fully represents the flow pattern is called the complex potential. In the study of electrostatics and gravitational fields, the curves @ (x,y) = and y (x9) = ¢ are called equipotential ines and lines of force respectively. In heat flow problems, the curves 9,7) =¢ and y (x,y) =e" are known as iothermals and heat flow lines reepectively ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: ‘Example 1. Find p such that the function fla) expressed in polar coordinates ax {ffe) = r# con 28 + i sin pO is analytic Sol. Let lz) = u + iv, then u = r¥ cos 28, v=? sin pO Forfa) tobe analy, = : ‘Poospt sad Brent Brain 28 Both these eution ast =2 . aa ean fos ban, tn feces prt deni ane ma be csr a eitne oC etc 156 s. Se, Example 2. Show thatthe fmetion (3) sf isnot analytic at the origin, ge, CCouchy-Reemann ents are sified there Orr arlae a) 9) ee ATL. He I = VT v4, A Au the origin (0,0), we have 7 a 0) ~ il 30 ign Me Clea, Hence CR equation are satisied the origin im L21= 10) i V2 115-40 ng the line y= ms, we Ret 10) tig AL yy Sl LO Yo casi) S20 Lim Now this limit is not unique since it depends on m. Therefore, /“(0) does not exist Hence the function i not analytic at he origin Example 3. Prove that the function f() defined by 20+i- i) a “sv ” Rpoainnes ‘and the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin, yet { (0) does nat {MUD U. Dee 208, May 20 Now 1O= li 144 0and f(0) = 0 fore Pte + sum ri) ao Py les ferrari EET ey ye tet Since Rese ay BE ney 240 > Stye0 ate, Mean inns See ‘and y with non-zero denominators. Thus. "Vopr coon rng ec ebony t= nce = r(co8? 0 ~ sin® 8) and ¢ = When 240.7 0 Pande= r (cos? 0+ sin® 6) in «= lim (con! 8~ sin’) = 9 ‘FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARABLE uence: Aconex Wren OT Similarly, hmv =0 lim, fe > f(z) is continuous at 2 = 0, [Hence fz) is continuous forall values of [At the origin (0, 0), we have Preite ey°)-0 Now, 110) im F2LO ite yizeiy) Let 2+ 0 along the line y= x, then Orde? ¢ _tt-d 5) = im 222 Oe Maeara ti” F Also, let 2 +0 along the raxis Ge, £10) tim = Beh a 2 ® ‘Since the limits (1) and (2) are different, (0) does not exist. Example 4. Prove that the function sinh 2 is analytic and find its derivative, (PTV. 2007) Sol. Here ‘ge sinh (x + iy) = ain x cosy +1 coch x siny ‘Thus C-R equations are satisfied A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATI¢g coutinuows functions satisfying C-R equal Hence /(2) is analytic every where Es ; -=conh x cosy +i inh xin y = conh (&+ 6) = comb 2 Example 5. Determine the analytic function whose real part is &(x c08 2y ~y sin 2) (Bombay, 2005; M.D.U. 2005, 2007, Dee, 2011) e the analytic function, where = e(x 608 2y —y win 2y) 2 sew f= Sol. Let fle)= SE = tes cm ty yin 29) + 00% 2 = 12x cm dy By nin dy €08 29) “ ge nin zy nin 29 —2y 60" 29) y = 02" (he win 2y nin By + y€0% 29) hy 4 must mutnfy CM equations Since fiz) is nnalytic, wn ay iw ay tx Lectin eonnant, wo god ee sin fo(-2 =e (ein y+ yc» 2y) FC) where 94) ix an arbiteury function of x i com dy —2y nin By 4 0m By) 2 Be (x wi dy + 04 By) Fe (im 2+ 9°09) ee (de nin 2y + win 2y + By cos 2y) + gO) ae Hut = (ein By + win 2y + 2y cum By) [From (2) : euno ” ‘H) 6, am arbitrary constant From (3), 0-0 Genin dy + y com By) be Had= i 0 (con y = y nis 2p) + Fe Cen By + y ony) + e+ ip von dy +e + i win 2 +e + ine (oom dy + i wim By) + de = aul 20 + fee ae + igre + je, cron OFA COMPLE Vinee secromorncnnewmee (in Thomson's Method ‘his aha deternioes tb any ton fa) hear Since ze2tiy, =x-b sothax Let fie) = uls,y) + fulx,y) ay Considering this as an identity in the two independent variables z, 7 and putting = =2, we get fe) = ule, 0) + 012, 0) which is the same as (1) if we replace x by # andy by 0. ‘Thus to express any function in terms of 2 replace x by 2 and y by 0 Now feyeusio stay a Oe 28 = tk : ~ fae See 1C-R equstionsl = eH (2x eon 2y — 2y wim 2y + 08 2y) 4 et (2a wim 2y 4 nim 2y 4 2y con 29) we jot 2) = (22 4 1) On replacing x by 2 and y by on Ru TF viene ie taking the constant of integration as imaginary since w doos not contain any constant Example 6, Determine the analytic fanction w = u + iu, fu = lg (et +7) #2 ~2y. Bol. Hero w= log a? +92) 42 2y e Integrating wack. 2, we have fl) = (2e 4 1) Since dw, , jw , de de ae! Sax” ay" Oe “ef dw Roplacing x by z nnd y by 0, we wet 7 = ee epee vipeuoa? 4 2iloge +6 Intograting wart. 2, we have weld ] A TEXTWOOK OF ENGINEERING WATHEMATIog uNcTONS OF A COMPLEX VARIMOLE emmy 7. Sho that he function =% sin 2-9) i harmonic Find the function v and express u + iv as an ‘analytic function of 2. ‘conjugate Sol. Here u=e#sin (94) i z ay 20 sin (22 — 97) + 2x29 c08 (= — 9) He caytem sin at) ty er ents dee eos it 9) day €89 ens 292) = det e% sin G2) 12) Sa are sin ty) By eer contet- 9) Bu tet e 20 im (x? —y9) + day 27 cos (2? — y") — Ber 20 os (x? —y2) + day 27 cos a 92) —Ay® eA win (=~ ¥7)_ 2) ‘Adding (1) and (2), we get ou eu ' Fu, Te cow ees that u is harmonic. 2 + ZF = O which proves that us harmon Now, let fiz)=usiv then rine BiB {OR equations) = f+ By ee gin 2 — y+ Be #9 cos (x? ~ 99) +i [Be 2 sin (xt 32%) + 2y 29 000 (24-94) Replacing x by 2 and y by 0, we get f(a) = 2: cos 28+ Biz sin 2% = 22 (oe 2? +i sin 24) = 22 el Integrating w.rt. 2, we have fiade-ie# vie Which expresses u + io as an analytic function of Sinco uti =—iel sien ie" sie niet ID! 4 eet el 450 ie® [cs ot ~y9 + i sin (24 -y9)] +e 69 sin Gy) +i [-e% cos (2? -y)] +f 9 cos (x94) +6 Example 8, An electrostatic field tn the _ tential function = 3x2 y—y% find the stream function. so-plane ts gioen by the potent fs Sol. Let yx, ») be a stream function, 2 ’ By C-R equations a) nl Integrating (1) wrt x, treating yas constant, we get yea214 397+ FY) ny so that eco Fo) From (2) and (), G:y+FY)= Gy or FY)=0 = Hence want + Bry +e. Kxample 9. If u—u= (cyte? +4ay +?) and fle) =u iv is an analytic function gx + i, find fle) in terms of z Sones: (3) Fy)=e Sol. Wehave uv =G—yWet+ dey +9) =x) + Oxty—3n?-y* ou _ we # Ee tee Ad) 320 ae and ay 78-89 -* a au a or ~ BM oat -69-9) 42) Subtracting (2) fom (1) du au gwemy oo Sat ‘Adding (1) and (2) 1 gm ® cyt = ere Pie diated ‘Thus pepe i wy +597) ‘Replacing x by 2 and y by 0, we get fa)=— 3 Integrating flz)=-iz* +e. sind aie Bxample 10 If +0 =

fle)=constant. 18. // (2) is regular fumetion of z, prove thal be +o) 2H) ea tes iree ay, NTU, 2005: MLD.U, Dee. 2011; U.P, 2005, 2p Sol. Let flz)=u+ iv so that | fe) | = Yu? +0 | fz) |? =n? + 8 = 96x, ») Gay) @ Fs #o_ofau (uy, (20 2 2 254(&) 8) Hy _ 9 |, du (au) | ate | (avF Fol 2 (mY 2 (0 a (s () 3) du, ae tu + Boe Similarly, Adding, we get PUEDES] © Since fe)=1 + ivis a regular function of 2 u and v satisfy C-R equations and Laplace ‘equation, au # From (1), we get ACOMPLEX VARIABLE: \cHONS OF. i Now fa)= uri renee ma rove (By (8) ae) m # vom aiweent (ZZ onairor or (SoH) popes sor. ‘Example 14. If (2) is « holomorphic function ofz, show that By Paes eo {Sao {Zina} = 1% v. (M.D.U. May 2007, Dee, 2010 K.U.K. Dee, 2009, P-T.U. 2005, U.P-T.U, 2009) fe)=usiv 1 fa) | = (a2 + 08% = ofx, 9) (say) then 8 Vag aya (20 + 2 pute (2m 2 ) BF -Bl-ataleEekT-C-E-3] stale nS) eI) 8) = Riel 2 rreif BY -BY 0 fa)=usiv ee Also PPPS gy] au = rey Sik A 1EXIBOOK OF Ep oT ire ; 1 From (1) and 2) we Bave § PeoalPen nad aie} +2 cen =i Fe {gue fs" (a? a), a pxample 18 f2=x+ 0 show that Se ao7|=4 ae go.Wenaerextiy = ex- Se Lee ae eeqereyegG-F ao Now eZ oe 8 ‘i wd, a)-H 1(® a) we) 2 ileS) Hence Note. Remember the result of Example 15, Example 16, if lz) is an analytic function of z, prove that (FS) 0 Sol. We know that (2, #4 2% “(eS 2 Alto tog 112) |= 2 og | fe) [2 5 RIM LE =F hg) +g 12 # # } ay 4 a (e FMI | 2 og te) + tog 21 Ions OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE SS EXERCISE 3,6 SS 1, (o)Determine ab, 80 thatthe function fe) = ts axy + By t+ day «in arate stermine p such that the func ad a sp etiam son R= lg) art Ee aml nn ‘2. (@) Show thot fz) = 2y + fy is everywhere continuous but pot analyte () Show that fl) = 27 isnot analytic anywhere i the complex plane, (BED.U. Dee 2006) dw (Mw = lg , find SE and determine where w is no-analyic. (NTU, 2005) a re) ‘Show thatthe polar form of Cauchy Riemann equation are = * = ree Pu juce that 2 Dede that £3 Ame Pu a eae 4 1rfa)=232=, 2 £6,00)=0, prove tbat not as 2 0 id any manner. (ALD.U. Dee, 2010; KUK-2009) 0 an 210 along any radios vector but 5. (e)Show thatthe funetiog le) defined by te) = GEA 20,70 0 is tok analytic at the crigin eventhough it satisfies Cauehy Riemann equations a the erga. ea is not analytic at « = 0, although C — R equations are satisfied at the origin, {) Examine the nature ofthe funetion Age ‘ fant et sew aoe [Fev dlnt, c48 ry) ® 2-0 {in a region including the origin. 6 Determine which ofthe following functions are analytic: z 1 ey ere wot wip oR ste it i an kai yl a a origin. i 1s a (P-T.U. 20051 (8) Show thot the function fla) == | 2 | is not analytic anywhere, 1y where e #0,is not an analytic function of: = x-+ iy, whereas u— iv x-H+e is such a funetion. 8 Show that w+ is eH, ite function whose re part WOU, dg UE, De, ‘pine (econy 009) Hae (yettenay-yeou) Creer seer 0% aang (WHT U. 208, £000 (oi) xin each yyeon sinh ¥ (itd) & [02 -99) co y—2ay sin y} noe (MDL. May 2008, De yy 0 Fndtergular fation whose imaginary partis ot Bao sonhy 0 ssh zany (er. 3005; M.D, Dre 2001) (LDU. Dee 2006 (ive exiny-yeosss (etercony + ysin 9 (RTL, 299 11, Fndhe al pt the gla fnctionwhowe imainary part is 2S (Bombay 203 12, (@ Prove that u =22—y*—24y-2e+ Gy is harmonic. Find a function vsuch that f2)=u + eis nnalytic, Also express (ein torms af 2 (@) Show that the function v (x,y) =In (+ 9?) #2 2y is harmonic. Find its conjugate harman function u(x, 9) anc the corresponding analytic function 2. LD.U,, May 2006 18, Anlectrostati Geld in the y-plane i given by the potential function @=x%~3%, find the star function 14 If w= 9+ iy eepresents the complex potential for an electric field and (RAK, De. 208 termine te function @ 18. Ifthe potential function slog (+ 9), find the flux function and the complex potential functor (AL.D.0, May 208 tala 16. Inutwodimensional uid Mow. the stream function is y=tan-! (2). mae vost 17. Ife)= + ioienn anugifnetin, tnd fit 4 u—v=e" (605 y~sin y) EUR, Dec. 2010; MD.L, 2006, 2007, May 2080 ute Ey, when )=1 +y © Bieos x= cash 9)” (ine wai(8)=0 Lo A COMPLEX VARIABLE yt Function of, prove 16 fa) is o(5) (RAD Pea} re a vtipor=airor 1 Find the analytic function fe) = u(r, + ir, 6) uch thet wr 8) = foe 29 eae 0g 90 (5) Find the analytic function lz) ~ u + te, given u=a(1 + eee), ve ‘o » prove thot = 2898 and 9 = 277 are harmon fueins of, but ae harmonic a1. cua. Answers (ant be-ten-1de2 pst 2 oreo (Not differentiable atthe origin and hence not analits in he ren, GG (4d and it); Gio), () andl (oi except when's = 0 2 DPrMrteic Ui age ic fneadte (eponea vie (ier s0 Gers id avine +ie (ote +e m oltee Giensse ie (inetoe 7 (io)mze* 0 12 (a)y 2389? + Bay — By — Be +6, fla) =(1 +e? => Be sie ule 9) =— Dx -y— tant 2 +5 fla) 6-224 Blogs re (2) oc, 2tege tie Rawal sactge tee tatu Este i aft re ptf coat a6. Jiagtt arse ere wo 3fttea | w(t In nee as 4), 24 og e= 1-29 liver ree ate oa 10N COMPLEX INTEGRATI arma sariable 2 = + Let lz) bo a continuous function of the complex variable "5 9 ne points cla carve A Aen anak iets A an B. Divide tho curve Cinton Part =B = fag Pyles nes Pz aon Pas! (alt + cos 0 + isin Oleg +818) $70 ‘A TEXTBOOK OF ENGNEERING MATHEAUICg 3. and & be any point on the are P,, Then the limit ofthe sum Seow, 8 + mand ench fe, - 0, i ie the line fntogral of a long the cure Ces dota by [norae Incase the points P, and P, coincide so that closed curve, then this iategral is called contour intogrl andi denoted by f eh (ALD.U, May 2005) ci Ifa) = ulx, 9) + ivi»), then since de = de + idy, we have [rere Le + Hod + idy) = [tude way +f ctr + wey) “which shows that the evaluation of the line integral of a complex function can be redueed to the evaluation of two line integrals of real Functions. ‘Moreover, the value ofthe integral depends onthe path of integration unless the integrand is analytic. When the same path of integration is used in each integral, then [resdn- frie Ife isa point on the are joining a and b, then [reas=[[rerde sf rerae ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: 1 Brample 1 Bata (yd, (a) along the straight line from 2 = Oto2 = 1+ () along the ral axis from 2 = Oto2 = Land then along als imagi rom arnt the nd then along a line paralle! to imaginary axis Walon ti famginary ate b= ated from 2=itosel +1 ae Sol. (a) Along the straight line OP joini: varies from 0 to 1 along a line paraltel to real axis ing O(2 =0) and Ple = 1+3), ¢ dy = de and x ions OF A CONPLEX VARIABLE ¥ 2 fenrsitiden fey ritise sity 4 POM aflecsratacvide(ietarod gif ol vival) Lily weasn ita (b) Along the path OAP, where Ais z= 1 AMO) [e-yeetide =f e-a sities | ey sitar “6 Now along OA,y = 0, de = dx and x varies fom Oto 1. Suen [tert 2.2] Jiuie-yricdtes [oxo ite E sl, ‘Also, along AP, x = 1, de = idy and y varies from 0 to 1 1 ‘ ry iy yeczemdeefit-ysoidye[otein-t ecnictented : 2) 1a 43 15) ree tom 0), [e-yoithndee(odi)e(-t4hi}a-to8 (Along the ath OBP, where Bis =i fienysictiden fie ytistider foroy ies ® Now along OB, x= 0, de = idy and y varies from 0 to 1 [ier tistiee= ic ypidy: 0 1 Hence from 2), f e-y riah de = diel: Note, The vals ofthe integral are diferent along the thre diferent paths ‘Example 2. Bvaluate jie ~iy)dz along the paths Wy=8 (by=x. inn cet rete (1492-30 é § (®) Along the parabola y = x*, dy = 2x dx so that abode ods (0 Bis de tod x vce fram Oo 1 [it -oraee fit ia «aera sao [tae aede-a-0 1,4). Geaneay 51 nono (34s) e000 81, Example 3. Evaluate |")? de, along (a) the real axis to 2 and then vertically to 2 + (©) along the line 2y =, Sol (P= (r-iy =G2-y-2ay (a) Along the path OAP, where A is (2, 0) and P is (2, 0. [era =[e- ~ disy) de AL) Now, along OA, y =0, de = cx and x varies from owe Jia =? Bin de feels] u Alo, along AP, x= 2,de = dy andy varies om Ot 1 Jogi? -9? ~ Bien de = [4 »* sip idy Bigg) de ta? - = [4-22 oay* [ss e »| Hence from (1), we have ["(2)*dew Sea, d “ 3 (ONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE nen mm (6) Along the line OP, 2y-=2, d= 2dy sothat de w2dy si dy <2 0a =Qsidy setyvare fo [iorepiey Diy de fy? 94 -anhv2 6 ndy 0 8, ig sa si99—40 [tayo ole) b Example 4, Integrate fle) = 2+ ny from ALI, 1) 0 B12, 4 along the curve x= = Sol. Equations ofthe path of integration are x= ¢, y= ALAC, D, and at BO, 4),¢=2 Joven de feet ieptee += ff ead «2a = fe-whariffan anf 27 3G) Beample 8 Prove that of ena i f e-aitde = 0 [mis.an integer #1), where C is the circle | 2-2 | ‘Sol. The equation of the circle C is |e-a[=r or 2-a=re® where @ varies from 0 to 2n as 2 describes C once in the Yt anti-clockwise direction. Also de = ire d0. of efor Wf aor dee fe antes ein emma d . gerine sim | ~ ne-M sola re ae oi tein 2 cog in + Ti+ sin Bn + Dee +O =0. ' ‘TEXTBOOK OF ENONEERING MATHEMATICg |, yCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARMBLE v5 Lata? + Salgt 3 20? 1 Anta! + Sata? + Qn + Mtn + 28 + 8 iy 20)¢ + dia — 1 nha? frees tea et Da oti ere Cis the arc of the exloid x = 008+ sing ample 8 Bele [e+ de 17 a(t = ont) between the oat (0,0 nd (20 Sol. The function fiz) = 24 + de + 2 is a polyno sal and therefore analy in plane: Hence the ie integral of lz) between the points O(0, 0) and A(na, 2a) is indpendent te path oning these punts, Lat ot chome the path of intron a (© From 010, 0 to Bi, 0 lng the real exis fatlowed by 2 : 0 ig sate (ii) From Bina, 0) to Atma, 2a) vertically (@) the line y= 5 @) the real aus to 4 ond then vertically to 3-4 [rrae-[, perder rinde ® (9 thepmaienni Now along OB, y = 0 Soe soca sexeiyen, donde aa and x varie fom 0 on (o thet in ning =D 18+ 9) Shocare x= 1.9 = Aaja etre Qarto dre? . . to 7 2 bya sa, along the curve given by 2= 1+ it (AED.U. Dee. 2006, [yfrte-sesneef Bal f pile pastel a A aunts Jeevan tur theta 0.0.0.0. Dandi Pe, Se! oan Maat at «om 12) ‘A, along BA, Show tat fe= Dade = 0h Cth una fhe sur he ei ete siyemary, pate nsGieete= 14 iendea Mb. Dre. 208 May 208 r= iy andy vais fos 02a : Rvs [0-4-8020 de, whore Cathe tight ne fom 20401 faded! 93662 tsa vip ma +9) 02 L rs Jpg flere [Wn «yp + sina 0) #2) iy 2. Buatute [fede where isthe upper half the cle | £ |= 1 What the aif this imtogral iC isthe lower half of above circle? (MDL. Dec 2011) fe tee i vol (by Evaluate [urs ‘where Cis tho upper half of the eile [31 = 1 2 Piri viii Co Beaute [(2~ 2" where Csthewper alate | 2-2 | =3. What ath au mem + 8 yay aia ths nage CHa he ne lf a she i cil? (LDU: Dee 2000) (), wa have & Prove that dz =~ ni or ni according as Cis the semi-circular are | 2 | = 1 from ~ 1 ue | above 4 x Fi AD May 205 2 224 2)de= "tet nes 1s Pigeon, Bt ortalow the al i f 6 (Aah Sra + )6 Fine Bi» ME a gai 8. Show that forevory path between the imi ia — Aghg?—3g'at eens 4a Bata? Bet five i 10, Byaluate [_ (2% + 21d along the Line joining the points (1-1) andl (2 _ 11, Byoluate fete whens (On bet bal tho nt othe unit ciel 12, value floes de, when Answers, 1 oer Bi vee Bs wor Fi % en 2 utes ie a4 iG (oat wo 2 rates SIMPLY AND MULTIPLY CONNECTED REGIONS. (MLD.U May sane curve is called simple closed curce if ds muitiple curve (Eig 2 crosses itl called Fig Fig 2 A region is called simply connected ifever the region anly. (every close curve Hy cout oC Aegan which no amply eanneced i ealled x mullipy connected ream between two sepa ultiply¢ ts (ea. along the dete CAUCHY'S INTEGRAL THEOREM atement. 1/3) 8.0 analste func cand on a simple closed curve C the ee leds clockwise sense ed region as ane which hi A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINE non OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE sce AY cs not cross itself (Pig. D. A curve whit Fig ncloses pontaet dosed curve inthe regi ely withont 9° be contracted inde rng holes. Big} shows a multi nile’, (Phere ean be more th toa simply ed nected region, ne AR) OLDE Dew Xd £(3) 6 continous at each poant wil the region hounded by the curve © 9) + tote, 9, then (us wilde +idy) =f ude drs f tede + udy) a Since /'(2) is continuous, the partial derivatives ue dv ey" a" ay are ls continuous in R. Hence by Green's Theorem, we have Growl (-2-S)iff(S Mau Now fiz) being analytic at each point ofthe region R, by Cauchy-Riemann equations, we 1 mee ae aay OM By ae Thus, the bo dub ops in 2) nish tee felde wo Coe 117 fe anayicin reion Ron Pad Qt its in Rtn de is independent of the path joining P and Q and Iving entirely in R. Let PAQ and PBQ be any two paths joining P and Q. By Cauchy's theorem. Irae +0 2 Fal? + fig fterde «0 | ) \ we fpgfttlde- [fede = \ WA { | or. is analytic in thereon Bounded by worm ple closed curves Cand C,, then yds Let Abe rotating teres Ca then he = Aessy Sonne ten bees Simpy cone ‘ ou a ~\ By Cau treo oN : of poe ft )., * Ban! fu Joule Sonu! fards <0 + fre + fonts Gotegrats around a closed curve are taken positive when the curve is triversed in counter clockwist direction) rN et TT OO. YT r - 18 A TORBOOK OF PENEERNG UAT, pc TONS OF ACOMPLER VARIABLE Hence ffarde=f fede 1 theorem can be extended. TPs coud curv € casing non:intetetng coed EV Cy, Cyn Cy, then introducing cross-cuts, it can be shown that by {tordenf. fordeof fodder +f flode. BLD. sa 260 3.27. CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL FORMULA (W.T.U, 2007; UP-TU. 2006, 2007, 2005) in and on a closed curve C and a is any point wii, fe af fae, Buleea Proof. Consider the function £), which is analytic at ‘every point within € except at z =a, \ ie \ Draw adil C, wit ae contre and rau pouch hat, lies entirely inside C. o : ‘Thus £2 i antici the repn Between Cad ©, f 1. By Gacy theorem, 0 have fe yg 10 Now the equation efi, cd an le-a| =p or pe woth det fy flee) 2 dea [PLB tani pape den [ete ean [repo Hens by, weave f £2 devi facia i” In the limiting form, asthe cirele C, shrinks to the point, 4e,, 0, then frm (2 f 22 dons arto =i fav- aya) x Lf fy ence fade tf, 2 de which nthe requir Couey integral frm Cor. By Cauchy's integral formula, we have yeh g fo fave hf 2 o where is any point within C and may be treated as a parameter. _ Dilerentating both sides of ) we. 1g afro), 1 tay= Lf 2/10) fo Ponsa f 2 fae tik GaP ag fa) smitty, fa)= 2g Sionilarty, Pel= aa (e-aP pros Sf for amie (z-ay* aad in general, ‘Thus ifa function ofa compiex variable has a first derivative ina simply connected region, lite higher derivatives exist in that region. This property ts not exhibited by the functions of ‘ral variables. = ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: eample 1. Biluatef (2? —y* + 2by)ds where Ci the contour | 2 |= Sol fi) 23°? + B= c+ 2 analyte everywhere within and on {2 | = By Cavey’ integral them, fide = Eaample 2 Bealute [tet ¢4e+ Die where Cy between (0, 0) and (2ra, 0) ‘Sol. Here, fz) = de? + 42 + 1is analytic everywhere so thatthe integral is independent ofthe path of integra tion and depends only on the end points 7, = 0 + {0 and \ 2, = 21a + i. [2 ete pde= [ast + tana om) [ested] la Ba? + 2na = Dna 4 sample 2 Bilute , £d,whr inthe cite ete tea wheled Bal fe) nan anny union (eye pt sine he el || =2. Dy Cauchy neg fala 1} 18 cen pent = f, 2 ede = Bie zi A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING way Tran ey uct] OF ACOMPLEX VARAGLE 2 at (b) The point « =~ 1 ies outside the circle | 2 | = 3 ‘The function + is analytic within and on C. mi By Cauchy's integral theorem, we have f a cos 2 — 4, where C isthe circle | 2 | fe De-D Example 4. ealuate Sol. The integrand has singularities where (#12) = cos mei an analytic function. Also ‘has “ ‘auf + 2ni AQ), where Az) = cos x2? ni + 2 = A Bai os.x + 2 cod eample fete f° ahr Cis the ci | 2-1 é DU. Dex 205, Sol. Th iterand has singslriin, wheres?-1=0 ie, ats Tumba Tile [2 |= hance at r= Tan rd 1 endian the te faved os na al eon rnin (@-1te-2)=0 ie, atz=1 and Both these points lie within the circle | z | = 8 a aft 2 Lig Setee 2h eri 1 Also zeD2\2-1 z+) whore fle) = et +2 = bx By Cauchy’ integral theorem, {Stee From (1), we have Sette wa Example 6. Use Cauchy's integral formula to evalua fee p te here Cis teint [= 1 @ Sol. The integrand has singularity at 2 =~ 1 which es within the cite | 2 | =2 Now Pua > Ef 1 ae 0 Here a=- ne 1=4 ie, n=3fae 1) 22 fla) PE 2 From (1), we have f dew wee Sf “aa Hence hace 1b aample7.118)=§ 2 27242 de,uhareCisthecirce sty fide lef (9.60 pana ra 9, 1D U we 2011) Sel. The given cle Cina? + y7= 4. or Tesontaide te cece | + let the The point = circle ete+1 a Ty Cauchy tora hore, we ae eel fittetNaeno = mao Ne 2 iy Chu gral mel wr hve analytic within and on C alytie everywhere. where § i a point within C auingy= § Se ees = f= 2G + TE = = 2065, 1) =28i fB0-)* 3-8) = 26+ 13) Ako 1°@)= 128 (0402 si ————— exercise 3.8 1 Verify Cauchy's theorem forthe intogral of = takem oer the boundary of the rectangle with verter perianal with w mad 2 Ye 402 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICg honed curve containing the point 4) Bvalaate f =F 2 *de, where inthe cide |= 1 = MD.U. Dec. 2015, 3 Bvatuate f 223 de, whore C inthe circle 4 Bvatuate f £5 de, where © in the crete telea wiel 5 Ponte f S270 ke ds where Ci the ea G@lelais Olasiiat isin} 6 bralate 882! ae, were Cites ers Fa of, SP ae wound «etna wih vertices 7 Bealunte f de, where Cis the ellipse 4+ 99° 1. (MCD.U, Dre, 2008, May 2008) & Bvaly a2 9c wvalante f 89°25 de, where Cis 11 =1 (ALD.U, May 2006, Dee 2006) “(-4) 25 ae where Cth cnl = (LDU: May 2005) (un Bvaluate f= de, wher 10, Evaluate § — +4 — where Cis the cele fe =e izi=as diet man. mf 12, Bvalunte § SOR +6002 oy where Cisthe cite | 2 |= Bacar Se eins 1. Beak “cde. where Cis the sire 2 | 3 PTV. 2008 1 bale f te Butta de, where Ciathe circle |) = 2 lc sie peee s mig 18, tvaluate f S82 de where Cithe cde | st |e @ ba aycONs OF ACOMPLEE ARE as La payrarterert and f MPa f MPa where Cis the cre || =1 Evaluate Pe. 3 {Baton sn aante fd tae Citi #1 18 (@) Evaluate {o$ where C inthe erele 12 |= ) Bvaluate whore Cin the cise || (©) Bonluate f a ae, wh he 1a, 170 = § 2288 ae, whore Cie tneatipae Xo Zw find (0), A FN amd 7-0 LN. ss, DU, Dre 207 0. Bvaluate, ning Cechy’sntgra oma @ Sa, whore Cin the citele | 21 = © er e-2 1 " — o {ds where Cis | 2-2 |= 4 PTL, 200%, MD.U. 2007) oka an03 2 sai lees M.D.U. May 2006 Gu La srbore Cie | 2-11 cp tigg de. where Cis 12 24 ADU. May 2011; CPU. 2008) wo f z de, whet 1 co | Bettas wer cine (9 [Ey ae whee Cie 2 oan Ee ee Cate cne | 2 nt f Se whe Ci th gure wth etn at 81 44 LDU Dee. 200%) Answers 2 wo wo Rem wo wo 8 Gu HO OE 2H 20 2 ioe & 0 ww 041 wes 2 18 Win bi MO rate ae ree 1-28 i lee ‘bine som, 2ni = 1), = Hn 6 1 G@ trie (hove 1s, vost 290 2. (amie) wast (= 108i we (ind (ai ai ln 2= O61} mar 2 Yee ATEN A TEXTOON OF ENGINEERING MATHEATCg ‘CONFORMAL MAPPING* (For KUK. Only) 3.28. TRANSFORMATION OR MAPPING We know that the real function y= ix) cam be represented graphically by a curve in thy _y-plane: Also, the real function 2 = ly) an be represented by a surface in three dimensional ‘Shave Homever, this method or graphical representation fails inthe case of complex functions Ereause a complex function «= fa) i, u * fo = fr + iy) involves four real variables, twp independent variables. and two dependent variables u,v. Thus a four dimensional region required to represent it graphically in the cartesian fashion, AS itis not possible, we choose, {wo complex planes and eal them zplane and w-plane. Inthe z-plane, we plot the point 2 =z ty and in the w-plane, we plot the corresponding point w = u + iv. Thus the funetion w = 2) Gefines a correspondence between points of those two planes. If the point z describes some curve Cin the eplane, the pointe will move along a corresponding curve C in the w-plane, Since to each Ce.) there corresponds a point (uv. The function w = fl) thus defines a map. ‘ing or transformation ofthe z-plane into the w-plane. 4 Zo)ane ie For example, consider the transformation w = 2-8 Lat ration w =: + (1-2, Lat ws determine the region D af the w-plane correnponding to the rectangular rion D in . ft wan ore lar region D in the splane bounded by = = 0 Since w= 2 +(1-0, wehave Usa ried eee Dey —D ‘Thus +1 and wey-1 ad Hence the lines y=0,x=1 and y- the. the and y= 2in the plane are mapped onto th nee 1,u'= Band v= Lin the w-plane. The regions D and Dr are shown shaded i he a ciasod as pO IRD TR FUNCTONS OF A COMPLEX VARIASLE = CONT ORMAL TRANSFORMATION O GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF ‘Suppose two curves C, Cin thez-plane intersect at the point Pand ‘qorvos C, Cy it the w-plane intartact at P under the transformation w curaection ofthe curves at P is the same asthe angle of intersection ofthe curves at both in ienatude ond sense, then the transformation is said to be conformal at P. Definition. A transformation which preserves angles both in magnitude and sense between very pair of eurves through a point is said tobe conformal atthe point “The conditions under which the transformation w = fz) is conformal are given by the following theorem. 3.30, THEOREM Wf fiz) i analytic and f(z) + 0 in a region R ofthe z plane, then the m ‘conformal at all points of R. "Proof. Let Plz) be 3 point in the region R of the z-plane and point in the region R’ of the w-plane, Suppose P moves on a curve inte adng curve C. Let Ql +=) bea neighbouring point on Cand CY 4w + Sw the corre sponding point on C’ go that PQ = fe and P°Q = Sw. *t lane sthen fe is complex number whoee modulus ithe length PQ and amplitude 06 the angle which PQ makes with the x-axis Beare” mar 2 VY ANY Fes eee FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARLABLE Similarly, Sw = re" where ix the modulus and 6'is the amplitude of Bw. mr Let the tangent oC at P make an angle a with x-axis and the tangent to C’at P make fan angle « with u-axis, then as Be + 0,0—>a and Oc pointes, ty Since (2) £0, lee) = pe ten p= |e) | and @=ampltde a) From (ty, pet a, (Z] ee a ons 2) and o= lt, @-oa0-a 3) Now let C, be another curve through P in the z-plane and C,’ the corresponding curve through P” in the w-plane. Ifthe tangent to C, at P makes an angle f with x-axis and the tangent to C,’ at P’ makes an angle with wats, then as in (3), op “ From (3) and 4), «’-a=B'—B or p-a=B'-a'=y ‘Thus angle between the curves before and after the mapping is preserved in magnitude A ere Hence the mapring by the analy fncton w = fs conformal a ech pit where ft) = [Note 1. A point at which 2) = 0 is called a eritical point ofthe transformation Note2 Fromiz) =, 14 It follows that under the conformal transformation w =f), the lengths of ares through Pare maid ine rai hore») | Th nnn leg pane ‘ied the factor | 12) | in the w plane and eonsoqentyinfntetmal areas in the pane are magrifed Dy the factor | /(2) | in the w-plane. Note 8. From (3), a» 4+ @ shows that the tangent to the curve at i rotated through an ‘angle ¢ under the given transformation. = omer i “ [Note 4. A harmonic function remains harmonic under a conformal transformation. clit Gr Mignon ( sen i rata te ei ene ants ee ee irae (i) the coefficient of magnification at 2 = 1 + iis 243. ii) The angle of rotation at z= 1+ iis = Cara ee aeeste ra eae einen ae nue raaaroaniTions a. some srawoanD reanaromwarions a rE ea entre shape and sae ro ‘example, the rectangle OMPN in z-plane is transformed to rectangle OMPN in the w.plane under the transformation i =z + (1+ 2 . my nei irei IN@so 188 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATIOG 2. Rotation and Magnification: w = ex, where c is complex constant, Let c= pe re, and w= Re then the transformation becomes Re = p 2!" R=prande=0+0 “Thus the transformation maps a point (6) in the z the w-plane, Hence the transformation consists of magnification of hyp © | and its rotation through an angle « = amp (. ‘Thus under this transformation figure in wplane is similar to the figure in 2 (aungnifed by | ¢ |) but rotated through an angle ‘Note 1 If > 0 then rotation is antilock wise and if <0 then rotation is clockwise, Note 2 nw = exif Ci real then = 0 then this ransfaretion i only that of magniiation in this case the two figures in z-plane and w-plane are similarly situnted about their respective origins but figure in-plane ie times igure in z plane. Such mapping is called Magnification For example the transformation w = (1+ i)2 maps the square OMPN bounded by: y=0,2= ly = 1 in2 plane tothe square OM'PY w-plane, plane into a point P(or, 8 + a) in the radius veetor of P ” Posa Nora Pao x we MN lg At ™ ha al eon ie ‘ sole pana Here usin eC eibirsi)ete-isiaty) 0 maps into w=, ie, eeu y= mapsinto w= ie rel maprintou=I-y, o=ley te, yol mapsinto w=r-1, vexsl ie, ‘Square in z plane is mapped into square inthe w plane bounded by u =v, u =~ 0s vue Verification: Here i= 1+i 3 lel= vB Hach se ofthe mpuare in avplann in| | te Le, (3) the side of th’ ue it i i la ini lth ea i plane also amp of = tar ‘pANCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE a ‘This transformation is rtation ae well ss magnification. Consider another example in which ¢ is real Example: The transformation w = 2 maps the triangular region OAB bound by the x+y into similar triangle OMB" in w plane ‘“ “ sy 1 mapsinto 5 +5 ke, atee? Varifiction: ‘The two figures are similar but figure in w-plane is 2 times the figure is plane, "This transformation is only Magnification Sulnversion: w= > Lat ea r™and w= Ret Seep hat R= t ‘then the transformation becomes Re! and ¢=—6. : ‘Thus under the transformation w = 7, point PU. 0) (2 in-plane ia mapped into tbe pint? (2-9) ‘Caulder te w-plane superpeed onthe rane. ACP in (7,0) and Ps 2,0), then 1.4 it circle with <2, op 07,21 o that Pi reverse of Pwr the unit op, gs te, 07.07, bia ‘is defined as the {he inverse of point Pw. circle having centre O and radius k point Q on OP such that OP, OQ = #° |ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 ‘Te election P of? nthe eal ans represents w » >. Thus the transformation w = t is an inversion of « wort. the unit circle |= | = 1 followed by reflection of the inverse into the real axis. Obviously, the transformation u = 2 maps the interior of the unit eirele | 2 | = 1 into the exterior of the unit circle | w |'= Land the exterior of | = | =1 into the interiog of}wl=1 However, the origin ¢ =O is mapped to the point w =, called the point at infinity, 1 Note. This transformation w = Tin ifthe circ in plane panes through the oii. ‘The general equation of any’ circle in the zplane is Poste Deer By vend mops acrcle ine plane toa cree in wplane oF toa straight ty so that eu? +0744 2¢u—2fo4 120 «a 1 #0, the crete (1) dues not pee through the origin and equation (2) represents in the w:plane Ite = 0 the cle (1 pases through the orga and equation 410 which oa taht nei tha wepane nt“ Sunhn )reaces to 2 2f0 , Rearing straight line asa rele of infinite adios, we can say thatthe transformation we = + maps circles int circles. 4, Bilinear Transformation: (PLU, May 2005) ‘A transformation ofthe form a) where a,b, ed are complex constants and ad~be ¢ 0 hero, be ar complex constants nd ad -b «Oincalled a bilinear or Mobius transfor uncTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE “ ‘The transformation given by (1) is conformal, since dw ad—be dz (est +0 ndw +b ‘The inverse mapping of (1) is = 2) js also a bilinear transformation. ‘The transformation (1) can be written as cous + wd - a2 ~ which is linear both in w and 2 and hence the name bilinear transformation. 4 From (1), we observe that each point in the z-plane except the point 2 =~ © maps into ‘a unique point in the w-plane, Similarly, from (2), we observe that each point in the w-plane oceptthe pointu'= mapsatoa ine prntin thea Considering the tone sre au inte a nisi esac les, we an sy ha there soe toe tun aie teen al aes or pane Every bina wastirnaton w= 2, a — bth coiton of i rants Tisai 220 1 (i ares = 3 (Gi) rotation and magnification: = cz By actual division, we have w= piig Satta digest nc one ‘Thus, by these transformations, we successively pass from z-plane to «plane, from wyplane 10 wrplane, from w,plane to wplone and finally from wyplane to w-plane ‘Since each of these auailiary transformations maps cicles into circles, hence «bilinear transformation also maps cireles into circles. Note 1. Gross Section: If four complex aumbers 2, £y, £4.24. are taken in order then fer-eyhes-20) Sey =eNlts 20) ig ctted the erss-nction of 2. 23925:% (@y~2yXe,-)) aes [Note 2. The crossratio is invariant under a bilinear transformation ‘Thus if ny ey ty ind ware the reepective images of our distinct points ey, 2, and #5 thes (uo, wy — wy) | 3) gta) Gey wm)” 2) AD azeh Alenominator ofthe right hand side by one of the four constants, we observe tbat there are arly three independent constants, Hence dhree independent conditions are required to determine @ biinear transformation. [Note 3. In the bilinear transformation w = ad ~be #0 diciding the numerator and Vif VST ARYL | TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES —————————— Example 1. What ir the region of w:plane into which the rectangular region ia the plane hounded by the lines x = 0, = 0, x= 1, 9 = 2 18 mapped under the transformation warse-u? Sol. The given transformation is wars) tenusivextive2—i +2 = x=0 — mapsinto wa? y=0 maps into v x=1— mapsinto u=3 y=2 — mapsinto v=1 also a rectangle bounded by w= 2,u =—1,u=3,0 ‘So the mapped region PQRS (chown in the figure below) plone Example 2. Consider the transformation w = ¢* and determine the region in wplane corrponing th triangular rgion boc by he ine = 0,7 = ed's +7» 1b the Sol. The given transformation is co isin) #9 1 ie, whine Adare L Mey eiteeyh 1 1 uefa oe bien eee ates em 1 1 x eOmapsinto w= yo oecu e eee y= Omapsinto «=, 0 x+y = 1 maps intow (TONS OF A COMPLEX VARASLE s ve lane ‘The transformation w= ¢* z transforms the triangle OAB in z-plane into a triangle (Ox in w-plane rotated trough an angle seamen 8: Cir a eniranin w © dig ia ing are @ 12-21 (Kerala 2005) Wy-2+120. (PT, May 2007) Sol. The given transformation is 1 1 u-w wet or ead or ree ay 0 that seqtiy od y=-aty a (The given curveis [2-21 |=2 or | x+iy~2) or +G-MIA2 or ateyt ty 20 2 ‘which is a circle in the 2-plane with centre (0, 2) and radius 2 ‘Substituting the values of x and y from (1) in (2), we get or 8 straight line which isthe required image of the given curve ‘maps into a agtig agg + 1s ie, -u-vtutee 1 or u? +b uv = Owhich is a circle with centre at under the transformation reg Example 4. Find the image of infinite strip | $7 $9 ‘Also show the regions graphically. ATEXTBODK OF ENGINEERING MATHEATICg Sol. The given transformation is 1 1 2 “eh wet so that i or Wore du=0 or ue + (+ 2} 1 Ity = 5. then or w+ uty 20= " T yet = ye oy ———-® Zplane . 1 Hence the infinite strip < <> is transformed into the region between the two circles ui? +(v +2)? = 4, centre (0, ~ 2), radius 2 and u2+ (w+ 8 = 1, eentre (0, ~ 1), radius 1 Example 5. Show that the image of the hyperbole x2 3 = 1 under the transformation 1 w = > is the Lemniscate p° = cos 20. (Bombay 2005; J.N-T.U. 2005) Sol. Given transformation is w w= pet rit 1 pet = 2 p= Te=-0 Equation of the hyperbola is ie, ros Or? sin?@=1 or t =1 or pt= 098.29, 2243 a4 Example 6. Show that the transformation w = =*3 maps the circle 28 + 2-42 =0 onto the straight line du +3 =0. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX Varuste 195 Sol. The given transformation is y= 22+ 24 ‘The inverse transformation is» 4043 my Now the equation * + 44s - 0 can be written as #¥~ ‘Substituting for 2 and z from (1), we get 4043 143 faws3 aay w=2 BE we 2 +310 or 16wid + 12u + 1207 + 9-2 (dui + 9p -Bw-6 + dws + Su 8H -6)=0 s 22(w+)+33=0 or 22124) +93=0 or Au +320. Example 7. Show that w=! maps the rial io the plane int the cine wel =1and the half plane y > 0 into the interior ofthe unit circle |w| = 1in the w-plane. (PW. May 2007) Sol Given ranstomatin ou = 2 stor final = live! a licx-iyl=liszsol or |-esit-pl = leeinenl or (Pada =f satyF or yt? or 4y <0. or y=0 which is the equation of real axis in z-plane Hence the real axis of z-plane is mapped into fue ‘Now the interior of |w| =1 means 1 | lwl<1 ie, | [S2leu tes W-sleliee! or se(oyPeete(l+yF or -4y<0 or y>0 Hence the half plane y > 0 is mapped into the interior of the cirele |w| = 1. Example 8. Show that the transformation i = 2? maps the circle |z- | ‘cardioid = 2(1 + cos @), where w = pe*in the w-plane. Sol. Let z= re®, then w=2! => get= re a so that per and 9=20 into the or =i GF +y Ks fia WD e TD praaece: ty sereantartoct isa or rates or Paseo cane t or P= 21 + cos 20) or p= 21+ e080) athe cele | #1 |= Ln plane transform into the enrildp = 214 +e 6) is w-plane, +196 |ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 9. Decermine the region ofthe w-plane into which the fist quadrant of =ptan, is mapped by the transformation Sol, Proceeding asin example 6, 9 = 20 For the frst quarant insane, 0<0< > O<0 Rets0<|wl0, Hence the interior of the circle x* + y*= Lin the «plane is mapped into the entire the w-plane to the right of the imaginary axis, us ae ee eal er nnn FUNCTIONS OF A COUPLE varuguE = ————————— oo bere 3,9 1. Pind the imaye ofthe circle | | = 2 under the tassformationw = «92 2, Find the image ofthe triangle with vertices a1 + 1-1 te lane under the tana lane in which the rectange bound by the lines = 0, andy = 3s mapped under the transformation w =e! Consider the transformation w = 22 and determine the region DF ofthe w-plan ito which the {angular ropionD enclosed Ly the lites x=0y = 0,-©9'=1 inthe s-plane Is mapped under Find the image of the semiinfiie trip x> 0, 0

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