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    Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years, increasing computing power and decreasing costs over time. However, experts believe the limits of Moore's Law will be reached sometime in the 2020s due to physical constraints as transistors continue shrinking. Alternatives to shrinking transistors must then be found to further advance computing, such as cloud computing, wireless technologies, and quantum physics. Even Intel, a major chip manufacturer, will struggle to keep developing smaller transistors and may not be able to remain on the exponential growth path predicted by Moore's Law indefinitely.

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    Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years, increasing computing power and decreasing costs over time. However, experts believe the limits of Moore's Law will be reached sometime in the 2020s due to physical constraints as transistors continue shrinking. Alternatives to shrinking transistors must then be found to further advance computing, such as cloud computing, wireless technologies, and quantum physics. Even Intel, a major chip manufacturer, will struggle to keep developing smaller transistors and may not be able to remain on the exponential growth path predicted by Moore's Law indefinitely.

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    Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years, increasing computing power and decreasing costs over time. However, experts believe the limits of Moore's Law will be reached sometime in the 2020s due to physical constraints as transistors continue shrinking. Alternatives to shrinking transistors must then be found to further advance computing, such as cloud computing, wireless technologies, and quantum physics. Even Intel, a major chip manufacturer, will struggle to keep developing smaller transistors and may not be able to remain on the exponential growth path predicted by Moore's Law indefinitely.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    100 views2 pages

    Ass1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sachin Gupta
    Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years, increasing computing power and decreasing costs over time. However, experts believe the limits of Moore's Law will be reached sometime in the 2020s due to physical constraints as transistors continue shrinking. Alternatives to shrinking transistors must then be found to further advance computing, such as cloud computing, wireless technologies, and quantum physics. Even Intel, a major chip manufacturer, will struggle to keep developing smaller transistors and may not be able to remain on the exponential growth path predicted by Moore's Law indefinitely.

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    What Is Moore's Law?

    Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years,
    though the cost of computers is halved. In other words, we can expect that the speed and
    capability of our computers will increase every couple of years, and we will pay less for them.
    Another tenet of Moore's Law is that this growth in the microprocessor industry is exponential—
    meaning that it will expand steadily and rapidly over time.

    Is Moore's Law Dead?

    Experts agree that computers should reach the physical limits of Moore's Law at some point in
    the 2020s. The high temperatures of transistors eventually would make it impossible to create
    smaller circuits. This is because cooling down the transistors takes more energy than the amount
    of energy that already passes through the transistors. In a 2005 interview, Moore himself
    admitted that his law “can’t continue forever. It is the nature of exponential functions," he said,
    "they eventually hit a wall.”

    Looking Ahead

    Shrinking transistors have powered advances in computing for more than half a century, but soon
    engineers and scientists must find other ways to make computers more capable. Instead of
    physical processes, applications and software may help improve the speed and efficiency of
    computers. Cloud computing, wireless communication, the Internet of Things, and quantum
    physics all may play a role in the future of computer tech innovation.

    The vision of an endlessly empowered and interconnected future brings both challenges and
    benefits. Privacy and security threats are growing concerns. In the long run, however, the
    advantages of ever-smarter computing technology ultimately can help keep us healthier, safer,
    and productive.

    Intel

    Perhaps, however, Moore's Law—or its impending death—is most painfully present at the chip
    manufacturers themselves; as these companies are saddled, not only with making our computing
    chips but building them with increasing capacity against the physical odds. Even Intel is
    competing with itself and its industry to create what ultimately may not be possible.

    In 2012, with its 22-nanometer (nm) processor, Intel was able to boast having the world's smallest
    and most advanced transistors in a mass-produced product. In 2014, Intel launched an even
    smaller, more powerful 14nm chip; and currently, the company is struggling to bring its 10nm
    chip to market.

    Moore’s Law:
    An observation made by Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel.
    “The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since
    the integrated circuit was invented”.
    Moore predicted this trend would continue for the future. Moore’s Law to hold true until
    2020-2025.
    About every 18 months, a transistor would be half the size of the current transistor so that more
    transistors could be packed into a chip (droves exponential growth of computing power).
    Temperature Increases as power increases:
    Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles
    approximately every two years, which means a doubling of computer processing power. More
    processing power increases the temperature threshold of the tranistors.
    ⁃ Transistors consume power when they switch
    ⁃ High power leads to high temperature
    Power increases as transistor density increases.
    Prof Moore observed that transistor density (quantity) increases to assemble
    on to a circuit board. However this causes more power to be consumed.
    – Small transistors use less power, but density scaling is faster
    Voltage scaling reduces (dynamic) power consumption.
    Dennard observed that voltage and current should be proportional to
    the linear dimensions of a transistor.
    as transistors shrank, so voltage and current also reduces,
    circuits could operate at higher frequenices at the same power.
    Power = alpha * CFV2
    Voltage scaling cannot prevent leakage power loss.
    Dennard scaling ignores the leakage current and threshold voltage - a
    baseline of power per transistor
    Voltage scaling cannot prevent leakage power loss.
    Voltage scaling cannot prevent leakage power loss.

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