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General Certificate of Education

Physics 6456
Specification B

PHB4 Further Physics

Mark Scheme
2008 examination - January series
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the
relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any
amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme
which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the
mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner
understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation
meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not
already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after
this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the
meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner.

It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further
developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper.
Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be
avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change,
depending on the content of a particular examination paper.

Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk

Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

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 Physics B PHB4 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series

NOTES
Letters are used to distinguish between different types of marks in the scheme.

M indicates OBLIGATORY METHOD MARK

This is usually awarded for the physical principles involved, or for a particular point in the
argument or definition. It is followed by one or more accuracy marks which cannot be scored
unless the M mark has already been scored.

C indicates COMPENSATION METHOD MARK

This is awarded for the correct method or physical principle. In this case the method can be
seen or implied by a correct answer or other correct subsequent steps. In this way an answer
might score full marks even if some working has been omitted.

A indicates ACCURACY MARK

These marks are awarded for correct calculation or further detail. They follow an M mark or
a C mark.

B indicates INDEPENDENT MARK

This is a mark which is independent of M and C marks.

e.c.f is used to indicate that marks can be awarded if an error has been carried forward (e.c.f.
must be written on the script). This is also referred to as a ‘transferred error' or 'consequential
marking'.

Where a correct answer only (c.a.o.) is required, this means that the answer must be as in the
Marking Scheme, including significant figures and units.

c.n.a.o. is used to indicate that the answer must be numerically correct but the unit is only
penalised if it is the first error or omission in the section (see below).

Only one unit penalty (u.p.) in this paper unless there is a mark allocated specifically for giving
a correct unit in the marking. Note that the unit is only penalised in the final answer to the
question.

Only one significant figure penalty (s.f.) in this paper.

Allow 2 or 3 s.f. unless otherwise stated. s.f. penalties include recurring figures and fractions for
answers.

Marks should be awarded for correct alternative approaches to numerical question that are not
covered by the marking scheme. A correct answer from working that contains a physics error
(PE) should not be given credit. Examiners should contact the Team Leader or Principal
Examiner for confirmation of the validity of the method, if in doubt.

Quality of Written Communication

Before accessing marks for the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) a candidate must first
score a minimum of one mark for the physics that is being communicated – this will allow
access to 1 mark for QWC. If the candidate scores more marks for physics (a minimum of two
or three – depending upon the total mark for that part of the question) then this will allow access
to 2 marks for QWC.

Good QWC: the answer is fluent/well argued with few errors in spelling,
2
punctuation and grammar
Poor QWC: the answer lacks coherence or spelling, punctuation and
1 Max 2
grammar are poor
Very Poor QWC: the answer is disjointed, with significant errors in
0
spelling, punctuation and grammar

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 Physics B PHB4 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series

PHB4 Further Physics

Question 1
(a) (i) acceleration (directly) proportional to displacement
B1
(from origin/equilibrium position)
always directed to origin/equilibrium position/centre
not fixed point B1
not force; allow formula if terms defined clearly 5

(ii) f = 2π√ k/m clearly seen B1

evaluates 1/2π successfully to 3 + s.f. (0.159) B1
(iii) calculates f = 5.2(8) Hz B1
(b) (i) (2π × 5.3)2 seen C1
A = (2π × their frequency)2 condone power of ten C1
= 13.1 m s-2 A1 5
(ii) acceleration is greater than g B1
object loses contact with surface/object in freefall B1
(c) graph an acceptable shape
B1
broad peak with labelled axis
explains resonance as matching of frequencies +
B1
large amplitude
max 4
indicates amplitude reduced at high engine speeds
B1
(on graph or in words)
to minimise effect: (increase) damping to system with
B1
specified method/increase mirror mass/decrease k
At least 2 marks for physics + Good QWC 2
At least 2 marks for physics + Poor QWC 1
At least 2 marks for physics + Very Poor QWC 0
1 mark for physics + sufficient attempt + Good or
1 max 2
Poor QWC
1 mark for physics + insufficient attempt or Very Poor
0
QWC
No marks for physics or Very Poor QWC 0
Total 16

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 Physics B PHB4 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series

Question 2
(a) (i) RC = 2400 × 6.3 × 10-4
B1
condone power of ten error in this mark
1.51 s B1
(ii) 15 = 120 e –t/RC C1
4
t = 3.14 s
A1
not -3.14 s or solution that would yield –ve answer
[alternative: ‘half life’ = (0.69 RC =) 1.04 s C1
120 → 15 is 3 half lives so 3.14 s] A1
(b) (i) use of ½ CV2 C1
4.5 J (4.54 J) A1
(ii) use of power = energy/time 4
C1
(do not credit constant current solutions)
0.11 s (0.113) e.c.f. from (b) (i) A1
(c) maximum 3 from
voltage limits 120 V and 15 V for charge and discharge B1
total time clearly computed (3.14 + 0.11; e.c.f.) B1 max 3
correct charging curve B1
relative time ok by eye, condone poor shape B1
Total 11

Question 3
(a) (i) Ft: impulse B1
2
(ii) Δ(mv): change in momentum B1
(b) (i) 836.4 [kg] B1
(ii) uses mass × speed change C1
83.6 (kg m s-2 or kg m s-1 N or N s) A1
5
(iii) same answer as (b) (ii) in correct units B1
opposite direction to motion of bar
B1
stated or drawn on diagram
(c) use of Q = mcΔθ (800[836] × 440 × 1190)
C1
do not allow 273 added to temperature change
3
power supplied = 4.2 × 108/(3 × 3600) C1
39 kW (38.8) A1
Total 10

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 Physics B PHB4 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series

Question 4
(a) (i) pV evaluated correctly for two readings taken correctly
M1
from graph [pV = 170 J; unit not required]
pV evaluated correctly for three readings taken
A1
correctly from graph [170 J]
states same so isothermal/some slight variation so
not 5
A1
alternative: calculates constant and hence derives
data points then compares to graph; mark as scheme
(ii) carry out [infinitely] slowly/container good conductor B1
allowing heat to escape/flow in B1
(b) uses p/T = constant C1
T = 193 (K) A1 3
correct conversion of any temperature B1
(c) maximum 3 from
quotes ΔU = Q + W and defines ΔU Q and W B1
ΔU change in heat energy B1
Q at least ‘heat’ B1
W at least ‘work’ B1
max 3
constant volume so W = 0 B1
cools so U falls/ΔU -ve B1
hence Q negative and heat needs to be removed
B1
from gas
expect equation to be in sentence and grammatically
correct, else 1 QWC error; allow ΔQ and ΔW
At least 2 marks for physics + Good QWC 2
At least 2 marks for physics + Poor QWC 1
At least 2 marks for physics + Very Poor QWC 0
1 mark for physics + sufficient attempt + Good or
1 max 2
Poor QWC
1 mark for physics + insufficient attempt or Very Poor
0
QWC
No marks for physics or Very Poor QWC 0
(d) attempts to evaluate area under line C1
area under line = 81.6 [c.a.o.] J A1 3
internal energy change = [420 - 80] 340 J B1
Total 16

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 Physics B PHB4 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series

Question 5
(a) (i) 2π × 260/60 B1
= 27.2 rad s-1 B1
(ii) uses a = rω2 C1
5
do not allow solutions from shm theory
2200 m s-2 [2220] [2700 if 30 used] A1
(iii) F = ma; 310000 N [ecf] / 378000 N A1
(b) (i) Δl = Fl/AE = 331000 × 2.8/0.21/1.6 × 1011 C1
2.59 × 10-5 m A1
4
(ii) ½ FΔl = 0.5 × 331000 × 2.59 × 10-5 C1
4.0 J [4.04] [½ × (a) (iii) × (b) (i)] A1
(c) without counterbalance there will be an unbalanced
B1
torque accept force/moment
counterbalance produces opposing torque/net force in
B1 3
shaft vertical
avoiding disintegration of machine/excessive
B1
wear/vibration
Total 12

Question 6
(a) readoff from graph correct [f = 4.6 × 1014 Hz] B1
2
use of E = hf to give 3.0(4) × 10-19 J B1
(b) line with arrow from n = 2 to n = 3 B1 1
(c) (i) two loop drawn B1
not sine wave
3
(ii) (measure of) probability C1
probability of finding electron ∝ amplitude2 A1
(d) (i) re-arrangement to λ = h/√ (2mE) or equivalent C1
correct substitution C1
4
3.3 × 10-10 m A1
(ii) 0.5 × answer to (d) (i) B1
Total 10