Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 2 – Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications

Ninth Edition
by William Stallings
 Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications
To destroy communication completely, there
must be no rules in common between
transmitter and receiver—neither of alphabet
nor of syntax.
—On Human Communication,
Colin Cherry
 The Need For Protocol
Architecture
1.) the source must
2.) the source must make
activate communications
sure that destination is
path or inform network of
prepared to receive data
destination
To transfer data
several tasks
must be
performed:
3.) the file transfer
application on source must 4.) a format translation
confirm file management function may need to be
program at destination is performed if the formats
prepared to accept and on systems are different
store file
 Functions of Protocol
Architecture
Ø breaks logic into subtask modules which
are implemented separately
Ø modules are arranged in a vertical stack
• each layer in the stack performs a
subset of functions
• relies on next lower layer for primitive
functions
• changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers
 Key Features of a Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules or conventions
that allow peer layers to communicate.
The key features of a protocol are:
• format of data
Syntax blocks

• control information
Semantics for coordination
and error handling

• speed matching
Timing and sequencing
 A Simple Protocol
agents involved:
examples of
• applications applications include
• computers file transfer and
• networks electronic mail

these execute on
computers that
support multiple
simultaneous
applications
 Communication Layers
Ø communication tasks are organized into
three relatively independent layers:

• Network access layer

• concerned with the exchange of data
• Transport layer
• provides reliable data transfer
• Application layer
• Contains logic to support applications
 Network Access Layer
Ø covers the exchange of data between an
end system and the network that it is
attached to
Ø concerned with issues like :
l destination address provision
l invoking specific services like priority
l access to & routing data across a network for
two end systems attached to the same
network
 Transport Layer

concerned with essentially

providing independent of
reliable delivery the nature of
of data the applications

common layer
shared by all
applications
 Application Layer

contains the logic separate module

needed to is needed for
support user each type of
applications application
Protocol Architecture and
Networks
Protocols in a Simplified
Architecture
 Addressing
Two levels of addressing are needed:

each computer on the

network has a unique
network address

each application has an

address that is unique with
that computer (SAPs)
 Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Ø the combination of data and control
information is a protocol data unit (PDU)
Ø typically control information is contained in
a PDU header
l control information is used by the peer
transport protocol at computer B
Ø headers may include:
l source port, destination port, sequence
number, and error-detection code
 Network Access Protocol
Ø after receiving segment from transport
layer, the network access protocol must
request transmission over the network
l the network access protocol creates a network
access PDU (packet) with control information
Ø header includes:
l source computer address
l destination computer address
l facilities requests
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

TCP/IP
Result of
comprises a
protocol
Referred to large
research and
as TCP/IP collection of
development
protocol suite protocols that
conducted on
are Internet
ARPANET
standards
TCP/IP Layers and Example
Protocols
 Physical Layer
Ø covers the physical interface between
computer and network
Ø concerned with issues like:
l characteristics of transmission medium
l nature of the signals
l data rates
 Network Access Layer
Ø covers the exchange of data between an
end system and the network that it is
attached to
Ø concerned with issues like :
l destination address provision
l invoking specific services like priority
l access to & routing data across a network for
two end systems attached to the same
network
Internet Layer

implements procedures
needed to allow data to
travel across multiple
interconnected networks

uses the Internet Protocol

(IP) to provide routing
function

implemented in end
systems and routers
Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer

• concerned with • most commonly

providing reliable used protocol is
delivery of data • common layer the Transmission
shared by all Control Protocol
applications (TCP)
Operation of TCP/IP
TCP/IP Address Requirements
Two levels of addressing are needed:

each host on a subnetwork must

have a unique global internet
address

each process with a host must

have an address (known as a
port) that is unique within the host
Operation of TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
Ø TCP is the transport layer protocol for most
applications
Ø TCP provides a reliable connection for transfer of
data between applications
Ø A TCP segment is the basic protocol unit
Ø TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection
TCP Header
 User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
Ø alternative to TCP
Ø does not guarantee delivery, preservation
of sequence, or protection against
duplication
Ø adds port addressing capability to IP
Ø used with Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)
UDP Header
 IPv6
Ø Provides enhancements over existing IP
Ø Designed to accommodate higher speeds
and the mix of graphic and video data
Ø Driving force was the need for more
addresses due to growth of the Internet
Ø IPv6 includes 128-bit source and
destination address fields
IPv6 Header
TCP/IP Protocols
Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Layer Specific Standards
 OSI Standardization
Ø framework for standardization was
motivator
Ø lower layers are concerned with greater
levels of details
Ø each layer provides services to the next
higher layer
Ø three key elements:

Protocol Service
Addressing
specification definition
 Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some
service and to pass the parameters needed to specify
fully the requested service
INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to:
indicate that a procedure has been invoked by the peer
service user on the connection and to provide the
associated parameters, or
notify the service user of a provider-initiated action
RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by an
indication to that user
CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge
or complete some procedure previously invoked by a
request by the service user
 Service Primitives and
Parameters
Ø define services
between adjacent
layers using:
• primitives to

specify function
performed
• parameters to

pass data and

control information
 Internet Applications
Applications that operate on top of TCP include:

SMTP
FTP

SSH

TCP
Multimedia Terminology
Multimedia Terminology
audio generally encompasses sounds that are
produced by a human, telephony and related
voice communications technology

image supports the communication of individual

pictures, charts, or drawings

video service carries sequences of pictures in

time

text is information that can be entered via a

keyboard and is directly readable and printable
 Multimedia Applications
Multimedia information Multimedia
systems communication systems
• databases, information kiosks, • computer-supported collaborative
hypertexts, electronic books, and work, videoconferencing, streaming
multimedia expert systems media, and multimedia teleservices

Multimedia entertainment Multimedia business

systems systems
• 3D computer games, multiplayer • immersive electronic commerce,
network games, infotainment, and marketing, multimedia
interactive audiovisual productions presentations, video brochures,
virtual shopping

Multimedia educational
systems
• electronic books, flexible teaching
materials, simulation systems,
automatic testing, distance learning
Domains of Multimedia
Systems and Example
Applications
Elastic and Inelastic Traffic

Elastic Traffic Inelastic Traffic

can adjust to does not easily
delay and adapt to
throughput changes in
changes across delay and
an internet throughput
-traditional -“real-time”
“data” style traffic such as
TCP/IP traffic voice and video
Multimedia Technologies
 Summary
Ø needs and key elements for protocol
architecture
Ø TCP/IP protocol architecture
Ø OSI Model & protocol architecture
standardization
Ø traditional versus multimedia application
needs