Real Indian History

Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3
Western and Eastern Kingdoms ....................................................................................... 3
Ramayana ........................................................................................................................... 4
Birth Place ........................................................................................................................ 5
Bhrigus ......................................................................................................................... 7
Phrygian Kingdom ....................................................................................................... 8
Mitanni ............................................................................................................................. 9
Mushki ........................................................................................................................... 11
Anga Janapada................................................................................................................ 13
Kosala to Van Map ........................................................................................................ 15
Urartu or Vanara............................................................................................................. 16
Nairi Before Union ......................................................................................................... 17
Kings of Urartu .............................................................................................................. 26
Kingdom of Kassites ..................................................................................................... 35
Gutian Kingdom ........................................................................................................ 41
Harhar ......................................................................................................................... 43
Vassal States: Namri and Hamban ............................................................................. 45
Manneans ...................................................................................................................... 49
Other Eastern Kingdoms ............................................................................................... 53
Kurukshetra ..................................................................................................................... 58
Tabal ............................................................................................................................... 59
Tabal, Land of Kurus .................................................................................................. 59
Sargon II or Shakuni ................................................................................................... 64
Death of Shakuni ........................................................................................................ 68
Saraswati River ........................................................................................................... 70
Ptolemy’s India and Armenia ..................................................................................... 71
Other Western Kingdoms ............................................................................................... 77
Cilicia .......................................................................................................................... 77
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Melid ........................................................................................................................... 78
Gurgum ....................................................................................................................... 80
Kummuhu ................................................................................................................... 81
Mahajanapadas ................................................................................................................ 83
Panchala ......................................................................................................................... 83
Haihaya........................................................................................................................... 84
Surasena ......................................................................................................................... 85
Yaudheyas ...................................................................................................................... 86
Gandhara ........................................................................................................................ 86
Kasi................................................................................................................................. 87
Matsya ............................................................................................................................ 87
Chedi .............................................................................................................................. 88
Yavanadesa..................................................................................................................... 88
Kamboja ......................................................................................................................... 88
Malla............................................................................................................................... 88
Maithili ........................................................................................................................... 89
Indian Janapadas ............................................................................................................ 89
Map of Janapadas ........................................................................................................... 90
Assyrian Empire .............................................................................................................. 91
Eulogy of Sargon II ........................................................................................................ 93
Eulogy of Ashurnasirpal................................................................................................. 93
What Do Greeks Really know about India .................................................................. 95
Unchanged Names .......................................................................................................... 96
Characters Unchanged .................................................................................................... 97
References......................................................................................................................... 99
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INTRODUCTION
The kingdoms associated with Ramayana and Mahabharata can be divided

into Eastern and Western Kingdoms and Central Asura Empire. Asura empire
is centered in the Middle East and flanked on east and west by vassal
kingdoms. Two wars of Ramayana and Mahabharata were rebellions against
the Empire of Assura. The kingdoms involved include:
Ramayana: Eastern kingdoms
1. Urartu or Vanara
2. Kashi
3. Gutians, the monkey tribe
4. Nairi
5. Mannea
6. Namri
7. Hamban
8. Parsua
9. Ellipi
10. Karalla
11. Allabri
12. Medes
13. Elam
14. Chaldea
Kurukshetra: Western Kingdoms
1. Tabal
2. Malla
3. Kummuhu
4. Gurgum
5. Cilicia
6. Mitanni/Mushki/Kosala
7. Shunhutu
8. Arpad
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Ramayana:
Eastern Kingdoms:
Urartu
Kasi
Gutians
Alliances formed During Ramayana and Mahabharata:
Kurukshetra
705 BC
Urartu/Van
Vanara
Mittani/ Nairi
Kingdom of Ram Vanara
Tabal Ramayana
Kammanu 859-858
Kummuhu
Carchemis Mannea BC
h
Assur Gutians/
Hanuman
Medes
Kasi/
Maruta
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Birthplace (Kosala/Mittani/Mushki/Phrygia)
Kosala (Kocaeli)(Turkey): Kosala is considered as the birthplace of Ram. The name of

this place hasn’t changed since Ramayana. It is the place where Bhrigus (Bryges) lived.
Bhrigu is the race of Dasaratha and Rama. This province in turkey surrounds the Marmara
Sea. Sakarya, its capital, similar to saketa, is located on banks of Sakaryu river. The
similarities found in this are phonetical and characteristic similarities with description of
the city. It is neighboring to Angora (refer: Anga Janapada). Other places identifiable in this
area are Boghazkoi; and kocaeli/kosala city. Kocaeli was called Nicomedia in Roman times.
It is the city of birth of Arrian, known for writing the history of India. He lived at a distance
of 4500 km from India or 900 km(?) from India.
Kocaeli before 1954 After 1954
Saketha Kosala Province

Sakethapuram (Sakarya)(Turkey): Capital of the kocelia. It got divided from the larger
kosala in 1954. It was earlier capital of Kocaeli. As described in Bala Kanda, the sarayu
(sakaryus) river passes through the capital Sakarya. Sakarya is the third longest river in
Turkey which runs through kingdom which in ancient times was known as Phrygia
(Bhrigus). The other places in this city are Arame’s village. (Sakarya can be divided into
Saka and Arya)
Valmiki Ramayana: Bala Kanda 5:

Kosalo nāma muditaḥ sphīto janapado mahān |nivista sarayū tire prabhūta dhana
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dhānyavān.
“Prabhuuta dhana dhaanyavaan = well flourishing with, monies, cereals; Muditah
sphiitah = joyous one, vast one; Kosalah naama = Kosala, named; Mahaan
janapadah = great, kingdom; Sarayuu tire nivistah = on the banks of River Sarayu.”
Sakarya around Sarayu River
Phrygian kingdom on banks of Sarayu

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Bhrigu/Bryges/Brygian:
According to archaeological studies of Greek and Asia minor (jambudwipa),
Bryges/Bhrigu/Brygians race, travelled from Thracian area of Balkan peninsula to the
kocaeli in 1600 BC. According to Herodotus, Brygian race settled with a new name of
Phrygians in kocaeli(kosala), Turkey. Ram is a middle east name and race of Parasurama,
Rama and Dasaratha in Vedas, is said to be Bhrigu. Phrygians are identified as Brygians
who crossed the Hellespoint and entered into Turkey during the period of 1700 – 1500 BC
or before. (Herodotus, Histories 7.73).
Balkans travel to Phrygia
Blog on Phrygians:
“Phrygians were newcomers. Although their language has to be reconstructed from names, quotes, and
a mere 350 inscriptions, and is consequently not very well-known, it is certain that it is related to the
languages of the southern Balkan Peninsula. This confirms a statement by the Greek researcher
Herodotus of Halicarnassus that the Phrygians were in fact Thracian Brygians who had once crossed
the Hellespont. This seems to have happened in the ninth century, when Gordium was founded.
However, it is possible that the first Phrygians were already in Anatolia in the eleventh century, because
the Assyrian (Assur) king Tiglath-Pileser I (r.1114-1076) refers to the "Muški" he defeated near the
Euphrates, and this name was later applied to the Phrygians. Of course, it is possible that the Assyrians
used the same word for two ethnic groups, but it cannot be excluded that early Phrygian raiders reached
the Euphrates (which river is this? Sarayu is found, saraswati is in Tabal). These early raiders may or
may not have been related to the inhabitants of Troy VIIb.”
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Srimad bhagavatham (9-15-5,6,7):
“From Gâdhi there was the daughter Satyavatî who by the brahmin Ricîka was asked to be his wife,
but not considering him fit king Gâdhi said to that son of Bhrigu: ''Please deliver me as a dowry for
this daughter of the Kus'a dynasty that we belong to, one thousand horses as brilliant as the light of
the moon with each one black ear.”
Mahabharata Adi Parva (V)
“I am desirous of hearing the history of the race of Bhrigu. Recount thou that history, we shall
attentively listen to thee.”
“O descendant of the Bhrigu race, attend then to so much as relateth to the exalted race of Bhrigu,
revered by Indra and all the gods, by the tribes of Rishis and Maruts.”
Mahabharata Anusasana Parva (LVI)
“The birth of Rama (of Bhrigu's race) and of Viswamitra (of Kusika's race) happened in the way that
Chyavana had indicated.”
Mahabharata Section XCVIII:
“Once on a time, Sukra of Bhrigu's race approached the presence of Vali, the son of Virochana, while he
was ruling the three worlds.”
Bhrigu race is mentioned many times in Vedas, Bhagavatham and stories of Vishnu as sage
Bhrigu. This race is actually a predecessor of Phrygian race of Turkey.
Travel of Phrygians from Coast of Istanbul to Central Anatolia:
The Phrygian kingdom moved from coast of Marmara to mid Anatolia after fall of Hittite
of Hatti empire in 1321-1295 BCE. Hittite or Hatti is neighboring empire of Phrygia. Hatti
declined due to internal civil wars and also eastern hostilities.
Early Hittite Phrygia after fall of Hatti

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Middle East: Mushki/(Mittani/Moschi/hanigalbhat): Dasaratha (Tushratta)(Gaziantep)

(Maryannu, Maurya, Hani-Rabbat, Naharin, Hanikalbat, Khanigalbat) (Capital:
Wasukhani)
Kosala janapada later developed to form the kingdom of Phrygia in Turkey. Later moved to
middle east and joined power struggles from 1500 t0 1200 BC, as Mitanni or Hanigalbat.
Mittani was ruled by Tushratta (Dasaratha), Shuttarana and other kings within Euphrates
river. It became an Assyrian vassal state in 1275 BC under Shalmaneser I (Great Grand
Father of Ravana). Phrygian kingdom left in Anatolia continued to wage wars against
Assyria through its allies in Tabal and Urartu under name of Mushki.
Dasaratha has become famous among middle east for his relations with the Egyptian kings.
His Amarna letters were found in Egypt. Shattiwaza eleventh king of Mitanni formed
marital alliance with Hittite King, Suppuliluma. It is recorded in the Shattiwaza-
Suppuliluma treaty of middle east.
Phrygian Mittani ended in 1275 BC Mushki or Phrygian Kingdom in time of

Sargon II in 712 BC
Movement of Kosala Kingdom:
Kosala (1600 BC) (Saketa)
Phrygia (West Anatolia) (Gordium)
Mittani (Middle East) (Wasukhani)
Mushki (Central-East Anatolia) (1200 - 600 BC) (Gordion)

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Mittani Kings:
Kirta (1500 BCE)

Shuttarna
Parshatatar (Parrattarna, Barattarna)
Shaushtatara
Artatama (Artadaman) Palace of Mitanni found Underwater
Shuttarna II in 2010
Artashumara (Artha Kumara)

Amarna letters of
Tushratta (1350 BC) (Dasaratha) Dasaratha:
Amarna letters are sent
Artatama II (Under Hittite rule) by Dasaratha to king of
Shuttarna IIIa Egypt offering his
daughter as wife to king
Shattivaza (Sathya vakya) of Egypt.
Shattuvara
Wasashatta (Vasusatva)
Shattuara II (1275 BC) ended by Asurs
(Sanskrit: Vaza is vakya, ta is dha, Satta is satya)
Mitanni kings name in Sanskrit are Baratha, Arthathama, Dasaratha, Sathya Vakya, and
Vasusatva.
Mittani and Assyria

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End of Mittani by Assura:

“In the reign of Shalmaneser I (1270s–1240s) King Shattuara of Mitanni, a son or nephew of
Wasahatta, rebelled against the Assyrian yoke with the help of the Hittites and the nomadic
Ahlamu (Arameans) around 1250 BC. His army was well prepared; they had occupied all the
mountain passes and waterholes, so that the Assyrian army suffered from thirst during their
advance.
Nevertheless, Shalmaneser I won a crushing victory for Assyria over the Hittites and Mitanni.
He claims to have slain 14,400 men; the rest were blinded and carried away.”
End of Mitanni lead to formation of new smaller kingdom, Mushki. It was first ruled
by Oligarchy (more than one king) and later by king Midas or Mita (Mita waged wars
against Sargon/Shakuni).
Under Assyrian Rule: (Mushki) (Capital: Gordion)
Tiglath-Pileser I – Five kings
Tukulti-Urta II -
Ashurnasirpal – 856 BC – Vassal – Mushki
Sargon II/Shakuni – Vassal – Midas (Allied with Shakuni in final battles)
Lands: Ishtaippa, Saktatush, Nanzu, Kabani, Gurrusupa, Raksi, Gimdakrikka, Barunakka,

Ubabara, Sitera, Tashtami, Tesammia, Sukka, Bala and Abitikna
Tiglath-Pileser I and Five kings in Kummuhu:
“In the beginning of my reign, twenty thousand men of the land of Mushki (lit., Mushkians) and their
five kings, who for fifty years had held the lands of Alzi and Purukuzzi, which (in former times) had
paid tribute and tax unto Assur, my lord, and no king had vanquished them in battle,—in their own
strength they trusted and came down and seized the land of Kutmuhi. I gathered my chariots and my
troops. I looked not behind me. Mount Kashiari, a difficult region, I traversed. With their twenty
thousand warriors and their five kings I fought in the land of Kutmuhi and I defeated them. The corpses
of their warriors I hurled down in the destructive battle like the Storm-(god). Their blood I caused to
flow in the valleys and on the high places of the mountains. I cut off their heads and outside their cities,
like heaps of grain, I piled them up. Their spoil, their goods, and their possessions, in countless number,
I brought out. I carried off six thousand (men), the remainder of their troops, who had fled from before
my weapons and had embraced my feet, and I counted them as inhabitants of my land.”
“'from Mushki in the midst of battle my hand conquered. Their battling warriors I scattered over the
barren plain at the point of the lance.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:74)
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Tukulti-Urta II and Mushki in Piru:
“I spent [the night] mountain, a difficult terrain, (over) steep trails of the land of Mushki, I marched.
In 4 days [I reached] the city of Piru, their (spoil), their goods, their cattle, (their) sheep I captured.
Countless numbers of them [I slew] their cities I burned with fire. The crops of their fields (orchards)
their cities I caused them to occupy. Tribute [greater than that of earlier times, upon them] I imposed.
In my second campaign.”
Ashurnasirpal and Mushki:
“From the cities at the foot of the mountains of Nipur and Pasate I departed, the Tigris I crossed, and
I drew near to the land of Kutmuhi, I received tribute from the lands of Kutmuhi and Mushki,—vessels
of copper, cattle, sheep, and wine.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:144)
Sargon II and Mita in Mushki lands:
“My official, the viceroy of Kue (Cilicia), whom I had set up in the land of of the west, and who ruled
(some) people of (?) Mita (Midas, v. adds, king) of Muski, made raids(?) into his (Mita's) province, three
times,—where the terrain was favorable, in the chariot, where it was difficult, on foot, and 1,000
warriors their horses he took away from them;—not a sinner escaped. Two of the fortresses which defend
his province, which were situated on a steep mountain, at the side of staggering [cliffs], he captured and
smote the picked troops who fought his battle(s) . . . . his fortresses he spared (ML, allowed to live).
2,400 s and slaves he carried off from his land. His strong cities, together with the towns of their
environs, he destroyed, he devastated, he burned with fire. His ambassador, bringing a message of peace
(and) 1,000 zim-pani of his soldiers, he brought into my presence in the city of Irma'- mi(?) on the Elamite
border, and made my heart rejoice.
“And that Mita of Muski, who had not made his submission to (any of) the kings who lived before me,
who had not sent his ambassadors, heard of the results coming from the conquests of my hand, which
Assur (and) Marduk had granted me—in the sea of the east, the destruction of his land, the carrying
away of his people, the subjugation of Uperi, king of Dilmun, whose abode is situated in the midst of
the sea, . . . . . . in the midst of his land, distress his ambassador, offering submission (lit., servitude) and
bringing tribute (and) gifts, he sent to me to the sea [of the east].” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927,
pg:21)
Sargon II (Shakuni) and alliance of Mita, Ursa, Tabal (Kayseri):
“Ursa, king of Urartu, (and) Mita, king of Muski, kings of the land of Tabal, who had seized (some) of
my territory. I mustered the armies of Assur and utterly destroyed Tabal to its farthest border.”
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Anga Janapada
Anga is called the commercial center in the Mahabharata. It also talks about different race
people, barbarians. While races were never identified in India. Angora is the capital of
Turkey which is considered as place of commerce since ages. The other race mentioned in
Mahabharata are Celts. Celts are English race who occupied the place called Galatia in
Angora.
So, what are other ways Angora can be identified with Anga Janapada?
The name Ankara was anciently known as Ancyra or Angora which is hindi word Angara.
The reason behind Anga name in Ramayana is given as burning of kamdev (Cupid, Eros)
by mahaatmah with fire. Fire in hindi means angara, angar or angarey. The wrong
interpretation given by early translators of Ramayana is, the reason behind the name Anga
is appended to scattering of body parts, whereas the Sanskrit version Ramayana 1-23-13
tells us its completely burnt down to bodyless one. How can the body parts be scattered
if there is no body.
Angora
Ramayana 1.23.13:
The Ramayana (1.23.13) narrates the origin of name Anga as the place where
Kamadeva was burnt to death by Siva. Anga is appended to body parts, whereas the
verse clearly mentions burning of body into ashes. So, the reason for name of Anga
Janapada is fire or Angar. The capital of Turkey.
Sanskrit: tatra gātram hatam tasya nirdagdhasya mahātmanaḥ |

aśarīraḥ kṛtaḥ kāmaḥ krodhāt deva īśvareṇa ha ||
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Translation: mahaatmana = by great soul [ Shiva]; nir dagdhasya = completely, burnt down;
tasya gaatram = his, body; tatra hatam = there, dissipated; deva iishvareNa krodhaat = by god,
of gods - Shiva, by his anger; kaamaH a shariiraH kRîtaH = Love-god, as body less one, made
as.
Dionysus, and Kamdev:
This is a similar story to that of Dionysus, and kamdev who is burnt also gets rebirth
from Krishna. Kamadev (Cupid) incites the anger of shiva and shiva burns him into ashes.
But it is interpreted as scattering of body parts. Shiva is mentioned as Mahatmaan rather
than name shiva. Mahatmaan (Maha=great, atmaan=soul) could be the Titans also.
Dionysus is dismembered (separation of body parts) by Titans (Greek Deities) and gets
rebirth from Semele and Zeus. This rebirth is taken as resurrection and connected to Jesus
Christ, but this is complete Indian philosophy of rebirth, second birth.
Shiva burning down of Cupid (Kamdev) Dismembering of Dionysus by Titans
The separation of body parts (Anga) is not mentioned in Ramayana but weirdly
mentioned in the story of Orphic Legend of Dionysus.
“In Orphic legend (i.e., based on the stories of Orpheus), Dionysus—under the name Zagreus—
was the son of Zeus (Brahma) by his daughter Persephone. At the direction of Hera (Lakshmi),
the infant Zagreus/Dionysus was torn to pieces, cooked, and eaten by the Titans. But his heart
was saved by Athena, and he (now Dionysus) was reborn from Zeus and Semele. Zeus struck the
Titans with lightning, and they were consumed by fire.”
Dionysus is born to daughter of Aphrodite (Love Goddess) so Indians would have referred
Dionysus as Kamdev (Cupid).
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Travel from Kosala to Van:

Below picture depicts travel from Kosala to Van which is a nearby kingdom to forest in
Malaya hills, where Ramayana happened.
Travel of Raghava from Kosala to Van:
Travel from Kosala to Van
Travel through Kosala, Nesa and Malaya

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Urarta (Van, Vanara, Tushpuea, Turushpa, Tushpa, Vaspourkan, Ban,

Bianili) (व ांन):
Vanvas:
Van is the kingdom of Arame, a scion of Mitanni. Which was united in 859 BC. He ruled
for 14 years, similar to the vanvas period of 14 years. It was united by three kingdoms
including Nairi lands, Manneans and Urartians. This is the kingdom of Vanara an ally of
Arame. It is situated on the banks of historically important lake called Van. Van lake was
called sea in ancient times, as they had no idea of wider world geography. The uniting of
Van and Nairi made up the land called Urartu. Van was captured by Shalmaneser III
(Ravan) and Arame brought together the lands of Nairi and other alliances to fight against
Shalmaneser III (Ravan). The number of battles fought by Ashurnasirpal against Tushpa or
Van and his infamous harsh rule and ruthless killing of war captives, the name of Ravan
can be given to Ashurnasirpal. Ashurnasirpal also captured Van completely and built a
palace in Tushha.
Through a period of 3000 years, the names given to land around Van: Van, Urartu,
Uruartu, Uruadri, Tushha, Tushpa, Tushpuea, Ban, Bianili, Rushanili, Vaspourkan,
Vaspurkan, Armenia, Van.
Lake Van: Upper Sea of Nairi, Toshpitis, Lake Van
Lake Van and Castle of Van
Part of Nairi:
“Inscriptions of Shalmaneser I (c. 1274 BC) first mention Uruartri as one of the states of Nairi, a loose
confederation of small kingdoms and tribal states in the Armenian Highland in the 13th to 11th centuries BC
which he took over. Uruartri was in the region around Lake Van.”
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Nairi Lands before union:
Before union of Nairi, the lands of Nairi were divided under 43 kings. Arame united the
Nairi tribe against the threat of the Assyrian Empire. Nairi tribe includes Van army and
Hakkari. Nairi was ruled by 43 kings during Tukulti-Urta I and 23 kings during Tiglath-
Pileser I. 23 lands of Nairi were, Tumme, Tunube, Tuali, Kindari, Uzula, Unzamuni, Andiabe,
Pilakinni, Aturgini, Kulibarzini, Shinibirni, Himua, Paiteri, Uiram, Shururia, Abaeni, Adaeni, Kirini,
Albaia, Ugina, Nazabia, Abarsiuni, and Daiaeni. It was united during the time of Shalmaneser
III (Ravan). War of Ramayana is actually a revolt of Urartu against Assyrian Empire. The
army of Van is called Vanara, which was united with Maruta of kasi. Ramayana 4-64-12
clearly mentions presence of two kingdoms.
Van and Hakkari provinces of Turkey

Ramayana (Kishkindha Kanda – 4-64-12):
सा व नर ण म् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अांगदम् बभौ |
व सवम् परिवार्य इव मरुत म् वाजिनी जथिता ||
12. vaanaraaNaam = monkey's; saa = she [that]; dhvajinii = the hoister of army-flag [army troops]; angadam =
around Angada; parivaarya = encircling; sthitaa = staying - stood around; vaasavam parivaarya = Indra,
encircling; marutaam vaahinii iva = gods', army, like; babhau = beamed forth.
When those troops of monkey army stood encircling Angada, it beamed forth like the army of gods encircling
Indra. [4-64-12]
This verse tells us that maruta army has encircled the Vanara army. Angada is compared to
marutaam(refer to kassites). The general prose or poetry style always compares words in
same order.
सा व नर ण म् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अांगदम् बभौ | सा व नर ण म् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अांगदम् बभौ |
व सवम् परिवार्य इव मरुत म् वाजिनी जथिता || व सवम् परिवार्य इव मरुत म् वाजिनी जथिता ||
Authors Expression Wrong Interpretation
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How can we identify that Vasavam is Vanara and not Indra? Van, is the place around Lake
Van and in ancient times it was known as Vaspourkan. Vaspourkan or Vaspurkan.
Vaspurkan means city of Vas, Vasus, or Vasu. Valmiki here refers Vasavam as kingdom of
Vaspourakan, a part of Kingdom of Van (Armenia)
Vanara. Vanara is given wrong interpretation of ‘monkeys in forest’, it is actually the

Nara of Van or Humans of Van.
Nairi Kings:
Shalmaneser I - 1274 BC – 1245 BC – Vassal - Uruadri
Tukulti-Urta I - 1233 BC– 1197 BC – Vassals – 43 kings of Nairi
Tiglath-Pileser I – 1114 BC – 1076 BC – vassal – 23 kings
Ashur-nasir-pal II – 883 BC – 859 BC – Nairi under control of Assyria. Palace built in
Tushpa.
Ramayana -?
Shalmaneser III – 858–824 BC – Nairi United under Urartu (Urartu is chosen as capital
for its steep mountain ranges and Surrounding Sea)
Ramayana -?
Shalmaneser I & Uruadri:

At that time, at the beginning of my priesthood, the land of Uruadri rebelled (v. adds, became
estranged from me and stirred up enmity). I mobilized my armies, went up against their mighty
mountain fastnesses. The lands of Himme, Uadkun, Bargun, Salua, Halila, Luha, Nilipahri,
Zingun,—eight countries with their forces, I conquered. Fifty-one of their cities I captured, I
burned, as booty I seized their property. The whole land of Uruadri, in three days' time, (Col. II)
I brought in submission at the feet of Assur. Their young men I selected(?), took (them) for service,
chose them to fear me. Heavy tribute for a mountainous region (to pay?), for all time I imposed
upon them. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:39)
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Tukulti-Urta I and 43 kings of Nairi:

Mighty mountains, a wearisome region, whose paths no (former) king knew, I crossed in the
strength of my transcendent might, ……… I fought in battle with 43 kings of the Nairi-lands,
I brought about the defeat of their armies. All their lands I brought under my sway. The kings
of those Nairi-lands, I galled their necks with copper fetters……………Tribute and gifts for
all time I imposed upon them. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:57)
Tiglath-Pileser I and 23 Nairi kings:

“At that time, I, who have ruled with righteousness marched over difficult roads through steep
passes unto the lands of distant kings which are on the shore of the Upper Sea, and which had
never known subjection. Urumi-txtes, trees of the mountain, I cut down, made strong the bridges
for the advance of my troops, and crossed the Euphrates. The king of Tumme, the king of Tunube,
the king of Tuali, the king of Kindari, the king of Uzula, the king of Unzamuni, the king of
Andiabe, the king of Pilakinni, the king of Aturgini, the king of Kulibarzini, the king of
Shinibirni, the king of Himua, the king of Paiteri, the king of Uiram, the king of Shururia, the
king of Abaeni, the king of Adaeni, the king of Kirini, the king of Albaia, the king of Ugina, the
king of Nazabia, the king of Abarsiuni, and the king of Daiaeni,—in all twenty-three kings of
the land of Nairi, gathered their chariots and their hosts from out of their lands and advanced
to wage war and combat. With the fury of my terrible weapons I attacked them, and brought
about the destruction of their widespreading forces, like a flood of Adad. Sixty kings of the
countries of Nairi, together with those who had come to their help, I pursued with the point of
my spear even to the Upper Sea. I captured their great cities, (Col. V) their booty. My hands
captured all the kings of the countries of the Nairi. I had mercy on those kings and I spared their
lives. I set them free, and I caused them to swear an oath of submission.
Sieni, the king of the land of Daiaeni, who had not submitted to Assur, my lord, I brought
captive and bound to my city Assur. I had mercy upon him, and sent him away from my city
Assur. In the course of this campaign I marched against the city of Milidia (Malla), which is in
the land of Hanigalbat, (with its) haughty and rebellious (people). They took fright at the
approach of my mighty battle array, and embraced my feet.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:81-82)
Assur-Nasir-Pal II and Nairi:

From the land of Nirbu I departed, to the city of Tushha (Tushpa) I drew near. Tushha I restored. Its
ancient wall I destroyed, the site thereof I cleared, I dug down to its foundation, and a new
wall, from the foundation unto the coping thereof, I built, I completed, I made it exceeding
strong. A palace for my royal dwelling I founded within its gates. That palace I built and I
P a g e | 19
completed from the foundation unto the roof thereof. An image of my likeness I fashioned out of
white limestone, my glory, my exceeding great power and my valorous deeds which I had
performed in the lands of Nairi, I inscribed thereon, and in the city of Tushha (Tushpa) I set it
up; and I inscribed a memorial stele and set it in the wall thereof. That city I took for my own
possession, grain and straw from the land of Nirbi I heaped up therein…… While I was staying
in the city of Tushha, I received tribute from Lapturi, of Nirdun, and tribute from the land of
Urume, and from the kings of the lands of Nairi,—chariots, horses, mules, silver, gold, and
vessels of copper, cattle, sheep, and wine I received as their tribute. On my return (march), from
among the lands of Nairi, the land of Nirbu, of Mount Kashiari, revolted. Their nine cities they
abandoned, and in the city of Ishpihbria, their stronghold, and in the steep mountain, they put
their trust. I slaughtered them, with their blood I dyed the mountain red like wool.…..heads of
their warriors I cut off, and their young men and their maidens I burned in the fire……… I
slaughtered their inhabitants in great numbers, I carried off their spoil, the cities I burned with
fire…….. and from the kings of the land of Hanigalbat,—silver, gold, lead, vessels of copper,
cattle, sheep, and horses.
Assur-Nasir-Pal II and Nairi:

“I crossed over the mountain of Kashiaru and for the second time I went down into the lands of
Nairi. In the city of Shinigisha I spent the night. From the city of Sinigisha I departed and I
drew nigh unto the city of Madara, the stronghold of Lapturi, the son of Tubusi. The city was
exceeding strong and surrounded with four walls. I stormed the city, and they became frightened
before my mighty arms, and their goods, their possessions, and their sons, I received as gifts from
them. I had mercy on them and spared their lives. Tribute, tax, and overseers, I imposed upon
them. The city I destroyed and devastated, and I turned it into a mound and ruin heap. From
the city of Madara I departed, into the city of Tushhan I entered. I opened a palace in the city
of Tushhan. The tribute of the land of Nirdun,……..I received in the city of Tushhan. Sixty
strong, walled cities at the foot of the mountain of Kashiari, which (were ruled by) Lapturi, the
son of Tubusi, I destroyed and devastated, I turned them into mounds and ruin heaps……. 250
strong, walled cities in the lands of Nairi I destroyed, I devastated, and I turned them into
mounds and ruin heaps. The harvest of their land I gathered, grain and straw I heaped up in the
city of Tushha…… Sinabu and Tidu, fortresses which Shalmaneser, king of Assyria a prince
who went before me, had seized (as an outpost) against the land of Nairi, but which (the men
of) the land of Arumu (Arameans) had taken by force, I recovered for myself; the Assyrians who
had held the fortresses of Assyria in the land of Nairi, whom (the men of) the land of Arumu had
trampled underfoot, I resettled in their cities and houses which lay desolate, I caused them to
dwell in peaceful habitations…..the terror of my dominion I poured out over the land of
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Nairi…… I thundered over the troops of the Nairi-lands, Kirhi, Shubarg, and Nirib, like Adad,
the destroyer. (I am) the king, who from beyond the Tigris unto Mount Lebanon and the Great
Sea, has brought in submission at his feet Lake, to its farthest border, Suhi, as far as the city of
Rapiku, whose hand has conquered from the source of the river Subnat to the land of Urartu”
(David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:155-157, 181, 182).
Identification of Ravan: This part of historical evidence from Ashurnasirpal shows that
Assyrians have held the fortresses of Nairi. It also records that a palace has been built by
Ashurnasirpal in Tushpa. Proof of Assyrian king dwelling in Van can be proved by the statue
found in fortresses in Van, which is similar to Shalmaneser III.
Statue found in Van Shalmaneser III Statues in British Museum and Istanbul
Statue of Prince found in Urartu when taken in comparison to three statues in the right,
can be confirmed to be of Shalmaneser III. But there is a similar statue of Ashurnasirpal
found in Assyria. Taking into consideration, the statue found in Van or Urartu to be of a
Prince, the earlier king to Shalmaneser III, Ashurnasirpal can be confirmed as Ravan.
According to research by Julian Reade, the last battle of Ashurnasirpal was in Urartu. (Julian
Reade, Shalmaneser III or Ashurnasirpal in Ararat?, pg:96)
Eagle god of Urartu in comparison to Indian Garuda

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Ashurnasirpal with his attendants and a Hunting Scene

Ashurnasirpal was considered harsh king of Assurs. He crushed revolts, massacred defeated
rebels, and even burned children and women after an uprising, gaining himself a name of
heartless and merciless!
“Their men young and old I took prisoners. Of some I cut off their feet and hands; of others I cut
off the ears noses and lips; of the young men's ears I made a heap”
He expanded the empire of Assur to most of Turkey. Whole Land of Nairi was annexed to
Assyria, and most probable happening of Ramayana war would have happened after the
annexation. War of Ramayana is a revolt of the people of Vanara. Ramayana ends with
coronation of Ram. Death of Ashurnasirpal and coronation of Arame happen in the same
year almost in 859 BC gives an indication that Ashurnasirpal is Ravan. The first conquest
of Shalmaneser III, son of Ashurnasirpal was towards subjugating Urartu and battles with
Urartu were written on Palace Gates of Ashurnasirpal.
There is also song on Ashurnasirpal, the Ravan:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dof6PuYsNr0
Abduction of Wife:
Assyrian annals mention carrying of wife and sons of kings whom they have met in battle.
Rama’s wife seetha can also be considered to be have taken by Ravana after battle. The
meeting of Ram and Sugreeva is given as unknown people. But later, sugreeva who has met
Ram after abduction of seetha is said to have seen her while being taken away by Asura.
Which also means it is not done by trick but taken away publicly. Carrying away the royal
household is a general way of subduing enemies in the Assyrian way of war. Story is
created that Ravan came in form of deer in Ramayana, but Sugreeva seeing taking away of
seetha tells us that it is not done secretly.
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त्र्ि शोकम् मिाबािो ताम् कान्ताम् आनर्ाजम ते | ४-६-८

अनुमानात् तु िानाजम मैजिली सा न संशर्ः |
जिर्माणा मर्ा दृष्टा िक्षसा िौउद्र कमयणा || ४-६-९
क्रोशन्ती िाम िामेजत लक्ष्मणेजत च जवथविम् |
थफुिन्ती िावणथर् अन्के पन्नगेन्द्र वधः र्िा || ४-६-१०
"Give-up your lamentation, oh, great-shouldered one, for I will bring back that lady for you.
And by inference I know her... undoubtedly I have seen Maithilee while that demon
with cruel deeds was abducting her... then she was crying piteously calling 'Rama,
Rama...' and also calling 'Lakshmana...' and she was writhing in the flanks of Ravana like
the wife of serpent's lord... [Kishkinda kanda, 4-6-8b, 9, 10]
The question arises what was Sugreeva doing when Ravana was taking her away? While
there are evidences of taking away sitha publicly, why is it called abduction. It is public
carrying away of royal household which has been called abduction.
Assyrians mention this in their annals as,
“Mitaki, [king of] entered the city of Urshanika. Urshanika and Kianpal, I captured. Him, his
wife, his sons, his daughters, [his gods, I carried off]. Those [cities], together with the cities of
their environs, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:272)
“40,500 of its people, together with their possessions, their spoil, their property and goods, his
wife, his sons, his daughters (and) his gods, I carried off.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:284)
“Himself, together with his warriors, 7,350 people, his wife, his sons, his daughters, the people
of his palace, together with much property, I reckoned as its booty. Shinuhtu, his royal city, I
gave to Mati of Atuna and imposed upon him (the payment of) more horses, mules, gold and
silver than he had paid before.”
Hiding in Lanka:
Nowhere in Ramayana it is said that Ravanasura was living on Dwipa or Island. Asura
kingdom is said to be in Assam. If the kingdom is in Assam why would the palace of
Ravanasura be in Sri Lanka? It is Van castle of Tushpa where the Ramayana took place.
“Asura Kingdom was the legendary kingdom, established by Marichi, first of the kings of ruling
dynasty, in the Vedic period, in area in central Assam.“ (Wikipedia Commons)
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Names of Lanka:
Lanka: The only name it goes by in Sanskrit, and quite unknown to the Greeks and
Romans.
Simundu or Palesimundn: A Greek form of the Sanskrit Pāli-Simanta. This name had
gone out of use before the time of Ptolemy the Geographer.
Taprobane: Represents the Sanskrit Tāmraparni ('red-leaved' or 'Copper-Coloured
Sand'), a slightly altered form of the Pāli Taṃbapaṇṇi, which is found in the inscription of
Asoka on the Gīrnār rock.
Ramayana Kishkinda Kanda, Sarga 41

“River Taamraparni it is simhala desha or senga-kia-lo the present-day Sri Lanka. 'This was first
made known to the European world by the expedition of Alexander, as Taprobane.” (Valmiki
Ramayana,)
Evidence 1:
Island of Tamraparni means copper coloured sand. Scientific studies proved that island of
Cyprus is island of copper. It was mined for copper (Tamra) since 4000 BCE. The island
name is obtained from the Greek name of copper, kyprios. It is also called Taprobane.
Evidence 2:
Pale-simundu, how did this name come? Pale-simundu means ocean of milk, (Pale – milk,
Simundu – ocean) or the ocean where milky way galaxy can be seen clearly. Astrologists
consider it a place for better view of milky way galaxy. Pale-simundu is not the name of an
island but name of an ocean.
“At this time of year, the softly glowing band of the Milky Way arches overhead, winding its
way through the constellations. The further south you go, the better it gets, as the nights draw
in more quickly. From the Mediterranean, it’s a glorious sight; but if it’s too late to book that
holiday trip, staying at home is an option.” ……….. “The classical civilizations always
associated it with milk” (Heather Couper, Stargazing: Explore the glorious Milky Way at its
best, UK, 2014)
The quote above proves beyond doubt that, the island mentioned by Ptolemy the
Geographer, Arrian, and many other Greek historians is the Cyprus.
Evidence 3:
Lanka: Assyrian annals mention cyprus the island in Mediterranean as Larnaka where stele
(shila) of Shakuni or Sargon is installed.
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The Cyprus (or Larnaka) stele of Sargon, known to scholars since 1845, now in the Berlin
Museum, dates from the Khorsabad period of the reign, about 707 B.C. The text has been
republished in VS, I, No. 71.
This gives us a clear indication all the four names mean the Island of Cyprus and
unrelated in any way to the land of Sri Lanka.
Cyprus and Sri Lanka
Ramayana
Castle of Van
The above evidences prove us that there was no island of Sri Lanka or Ocean in Ramayana.
It is the sea of Nairi which they have passed to reach the Castle of Van (Palace of
Ravanasura; Ashurnasirpal? or Shalmaneser III?).
Shalmaneser III and United Urartu:

“I descended to the sea of the land of Nairi; the terrible weapons of Assur I washed in the sea. Sacrifices
I offered. An image of my royal self I made. The glory of Assur, the great lord, my lord, my deeds of
P a g e | 25
heroism, my acts of bravery, I wrote thereon. From the seashore I departed.” (David Luckenbill, Vol
1, 1926, pg:220).
“Conqueror from the upper sea of Nairi (Van) and the lower sea of Nairi (Urmia), and the great sea of
the setting sun, as far as Mount Amanus.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:236).
United Nairi and Capital Arzahsku
Kings of Urartu: (After uniting Nairi)

Arame 858 BC–844 BC – capital, Arzashku
Lutipri 844 BC–834 BC
Sarduri I 834 BC–828 BC; - Shifted capital to Van, expanded the fortress of Van.
Ishpuini 828 BC–810 BC
Menua 810 BC–785 BC
Argishti I 785–763 BC - Erebuni (Yerevan).

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Sarduri II 763 BC–735 BC
Ursa 735 BC–714 BC
Argishti II 714–680 BC
Rusa II (Yaya) 680 BC–639 BC
Sarduri III 639 BC–635 BC
Sarduri IV 615 BC–595 BC
End Rusa IV 595 BC–585 BC
Flag of Armenia with Surya
Ravana and Arame:
Both ruled in the same time, Arame (858 BC–844 BC) and Shalmaneser III (859–824). The
rule of Arame is 14 years in Van. Below Urartu lied the kingdom of Assyria (Assur). The
king Shalmaneser III (Ravan?) attacked the lands of Nairi. Arame united lands of Nairi
against Shalmaneser III or Ashurnasirpal and established kingdom of Urartu. Quite
strikingly Arame is actually a Mittani (Son of Dasaratha) (refer to list of Mittani kings)
who comes from Mitanni to Van. The rule of Arame in Van is also for 14 years, recorded
in the archaeological resources. Ayodhya Kanda 2-18-37 tells about exile of 14 years.
Ayodhya Kanda (2-18-37):
सप्त सप्त च वर्ायजण दण्डक अिण्र्म् आजितः |

अजभर्ेकम् इमम् त्र्क्तत्वा िटा चीि धिः वस ||
37. tyaktvaa = leaving; imam abhishhekam = this coronation function; vasa = dwell;
daNdakaaraNyam aashritaH = taking refuge in the forest of Dandaka; sapta saptacha
varshhaaNi = for fourteen years; jaTaajinadharaH = wearing braided hari and covered with a
hide.
"You have to leave this coronation function and dwell in the forest of Dandaka for fourteen
years, wearing braided hair and covered with a hide."
P a g e | 27
Later according to Urartian and Assyrian records the actual rulers of Urartu, Lutipri and
Sarduris, have taken the reigns. South Indians in India are imagining themselves to be
asuras and living in an imaginary world. Assurs are from middle east and their kingdom
stretched from Persian Gulf to Saraswati river in Tabal.
Saraswati
Urartu and Assyria
Three Dynasties of Ram:

The Ramayana of Valmiki gives three dynasties to Ram and Dasaratha. Ram is born in
Raghava dynasty, Ikshvaku dynasty and Kakutstha dynasty. A person can’t be born in three
dynasties.
Ayodhya Kanda (2-50-2):
आपृच्छे त्वाम् पिु ीिेष्ठे क कुत्स्थपररप लिते |

दैवताजन च र्ाजन त्वाम् पालर्न्त्र्ावसजन्त च ||
2. puriishreshhTe = " Oh Ayodhya; best of cities; kaakutstha paripaalite = ruled by Dasaratha
born in kakutstha dynasty! aapRîchchhe = I bid farewell; tvaam = to you; yaani = and to
P a g e | 28
those; daivataani = deities; paalayanticha = who protect you and ; aavasanti = dwelling on your
boundaries."
Wrong Interpretation: "I bid farewell to you, Oh best of the cities, carefully protected by
Dasaratha born in Kakutstha dynasty, as well as of the deities who protect you and dwell in
you."
Interpretation: In this verse ‘Kakutstha paripalithe’ means ruler of place called
Kakutstha. There is no mention of Ayodhya in the Sanskrit verse. ‘Puri’ in Sanskrit means
city and ‘Shreshte’ means best. The word which followed puri shreshte or best city is
Kakutstha. Kakutstha becomes the best of cities, the readers kept away from the truth that
there is a city called kakutstha.
Battles between Assyrians and successors of Arame:

Shalmaneser III (Ravana?) and Ram in Arzashku:
“To Arzashku, the royal city of Arrame, the Urartean (Armenian), I drew near. Arramu, the
Urartean, became frightened at my mighty, awe-inspiring weapons, and my grim warfare, and
forsook his city. He went up into Mount Adduri. I climbed the mountain after him; fought a
terrible battle in the midst of the mountains; 3,400 of his warriors I slew with the sword. Like
Adad I rained destruction upon them. With their blood I dyed the mountain like red wool. I took
his camp from him. His chariots, his cavalry, his horses, his mules, colts(?), his goods, his spoil,
his property, in large quantities I brought out of the mountain. Arramu, to save his life, climbed
a steep mountain. In my virile vigor I trampled down his land like a wild bull. His cities I turned
to wastes. Arzashku, together with the cities of its neighborhood, I destroyed, I devastated, I
burned with fire\ Four(?) pyramids (pillars) of heads I erected in front of its gate. Some (of his
people) I fastened alive into these pyramids, others I hung up on stakes around the pyramids.
From Arzashku I departed.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:219)
Shalmaneser III and Urartu:
“To Sugunia, the royal city of Arame, the Urartian (Armenian), I drew near. The city I stormed
(and) captured. Multitudes of his warriors I slew. His booty I carried off. A pyramid (pillar) of
heads I reared in front of his city. 14 cities of the neighborhood I burned with fire. From Sugunia
I departed. To the sea of the Nairi-land I descended. I washed my weapons in the sea.” (David
Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:213)
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Shalmaneser III and Arne:
“In my tenth year of reign I crossed the Euphrates the eighth time. The cities of Sangar of
Carchemish, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. From the cities of the Carchemisian I
departed, to the cities of Arame I drew near., Arne, his royal city, I captured. Together with 100
cities of its neighborhood, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned (it) with fire. I slew their
inhabitants, I carried off their spoil.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:204)
Shalmaneser III and 12 kings, Battle of Qarqar:
“At that time Hadad-ezer of Aram (Syria), Irhuleni of Hamath, together with 12 kings of the
seacoast, trusted in each other's might and advanced against me, offering battle and combat. I
fought with them, I defeated them. 10,000 of their warriors I slew with the sword. Their
chariots, their cavalry, their weapons of war I took from them. To save their lives they fled.”
(David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:204)
Shalmaneser III and Apparazu:
“On my return march, I captured Apparazu, the stronghold of Arame. At that time I received
the tribute of Kalparundi of Hattina,—silver, gold, lead, horses, cattle, sheep, (woolen)
garments, linen-garments. I ascended Mount Amanus and cut cedar logs.” (David Luckenbill,
Vol 1, 1926, pg:240)
Shalmaneser III and Urartu:
“Into the pass of the land of Tunibuni I entered. The cities of Arame of Urartu, as far as the
source of the Euphrates, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire.”
Asia, king of Daianu, laid hold of my feet. Tribute and tax I received from him. My royal image
I fashioned and set up in the midst of his city. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:241)
Shalmaneser III and Ram:
“I crossed the Euphrates the second time, at its flood. The tribute of the kings on that side of
the Euphrates,—of Sangara of Carchemish, of Kundashpi of Kumuhu (Commagene), of Arame
son of Guzi, of Lalli the Milidean, of Haiani son of Gabari, of Kalparuda of Hattina, of
Kalparuda of Gurgum,—silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper, at Ina-Assur-uttir-asbat,
on that side of the Euphrates, on the river Sagur, which the people of Hatti call Pitru, there I
received (it).” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:222)
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Shalmaneser III and Ram in Syria:
“I climbed Mount Amanus (Amanos of South-East Turkey); timbers of cedar and cypress I cut.
To the mountain of .. . .to Mount Atalur, where the image of Anhirbi had been set up, I marched.
My image I erected alongside of his. I descended to the sea. The cities of Taia, Hazazu, Nulia,
Butamu, which belonged to the Hattinean, I captured. 2,8oo(?) of his warriors, I slew. 14,600
of them I carried off as booty. The tribute of Arame, son of Guzi,—Silver,1 gold, cattle, sheep,
wines, (and) a couch of gold (and) silver I received.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:201)
Shalmaneser III and Sarduri in Urartu: (End of Aram, Rule of Sarduri)
In my twenty-seventh year of reign I mustered my chariots and troops; Daian-Assur, the Turtan,
the chief of (my) large host (widespreading armies) I dispatched at the head of my armies, against
Urartu (Armenia) I sent (him). He descended against Bit-Zamani, he entered by the pass of
Ammash (and) crossed the Arzania River. Seduri, the Armenian, heard of it and trusted in the
strength (mass) of his many troops. He advanced against me, to offer battle. I fought with him,
I accomplished his defeat. I filled the wide plain with the corpses of his warriors. (David
Shalmaneser III Eulogy:
The land of Hatti to its farthest border, the land of Melidi, the lands of Daiani (and) Suhme,
Arzashkun, the royal city of Arame of Urartu, the lands of Gilzanu (and) Hubushkia, from the
source of the Tigris to the source of Euphrates, from the sea of the land of Zamua, which is on
the inside, to the sea of the land of Kaldu, I brought in submission [to my feet]. (David
Adad-Nirari III and Mari’:
Against Aram (Syria) I marched, Mari', king of Aram,—in Damascus, his royal city, I shut him
up. The terrifying splendor of Assur, his (prob. error for, my) lord, overwhelmed him and he laid
hold of my feet, he became my vassal (lit., did my service). 2,300 talents of silver, 20 talents of
gold, 3,000 talents of copper, 5,000 talents of iron, colored woolen and linen garments, an ivory
bed, an ivory couch, inlaid and bejeweled(P), his property and his goods, in immeasurable
quantity, in Damascus, his royal city, in his palace, I received. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:263)
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Tiglath-Pileser III and Sardurri in Urartu:
[In my third] year of reign, Sardurri of Urartu (Aram), revolted against me, with] Mati'-ilu
Sulumal of Melid (Malla Janapada), Tarhulara of Gurgum, Kushtashpi of Kummuhu, [trusted]
in each others might. (Trusting) in the might and power of Assur, I fought with them, large
numbers of them I slew. The gorges and precipices of the mountains I filled with [their bodies].
Their chariots . their without number, I carried away from that slaughter and of Sardurri. I
seized with my own hands. 72,950 people, together with their possessions, from Sardurri, to save
his life, escaped at night and was seen no more up to the bridge across the Euphrates, the
boundary of his land, I pursued him. And his bed his royal coach, the seal-cylinder, (hung) about
his neck, together with [his] rings ....... . his royal chariot, their(?) his . . much, without number,
his(?) chariots, horses, mules, his workmen, without number, I carried away. The "house of the
plain," [his royal] tent, ....... . large quantities of his I burned in the midst of his camp his his bed.
“The Kuru—(tribe) I took (my) way. My warriors, the ford of the Zab, for the conquest of the
Ahlame, I…… . The Gurume Kishi (of the) Arameans of the banks of the Zab(?), they slew in
great numbers. They captured their cities and carried off their spoil. The Kishi (of the) Arameans
came on in great numbers and drew up the battle line in front of them. They (my troops) smote
the Aramean contingents(?) to save his life he fled alone and went up (into the mountains). The
stronghold of Kinia, the city of Sarragitu, ...... together with the cities of their environs, they
captured. 12,000 people, with their possessions, their cattle (and) their sheep, together with they
brought to Hatti (Syria) into my presence.” (Kishkinda was in alliance with Arame, so called
Arameans) (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:272)
Sargon II and Ursa in Urartu:
“I defeated the armies of Urartu, the wicked enemy, and their allies, in the midst of Uaush
Mountain he came to a stop. I filled the gullies and gorges with their horses while they, like ants
in distress, made their way over most difficult trails. In the heat of my terrible weapons I went
up after them, filling the ascents and descents with the corpses of (their) warriors. Over 6 beru
("double-hours") of ground, from Mount Uaush to Mount Zimur, the jasper mountain, I pursued
him at the point of the lance. The rest of the people, who had fled to save their lives, whom he
had abandoned that the might of Assur, my lord, might be magnified, let loose his fierce tempest
against them and, with bursting cloud and thunderbolt (lit., stone of heaven), totally annihilated
them. Ursa, their prince, and had not kept sacred the oath (sworn by) Assur, the king, became
alarmed at the roar of my mighty weapons, his heart palpitating (being torn) like (that of) an owl
(or, bat; lit., bird of the cave), fleeing before an eagle. Like a man whose blood is pouring from
P a g e | 32
him, he left Turushpa (Van), his royal city; like (an animal) fleeing before the hunter, he trod the
slope of his mountain; like a woman in travail he lay stretched on his bed, his mouth refusing
food and drink (water); a fatal injury (lit., disease without escape) he inflicted upon himself.”
(David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:82) (Ursa)
Assurbanipal and Ishtarduri, Vassal:
“Ishtar-duri, king of Urartu, whose royal fathers had addressed (messages of) brotherhood to my
fathers,—at this time Ishtar-dtiri heard of the mighty deeds which the great gods had
apportioned as my lot, and, as a son sends (messengers recognizing) authority to his father, so he,
after this manner, sent (a message) to me, saying: "Greeting(s) to the king, my lord." In fear and
submission he had his costly (lit., heavy) gifts brought before me.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2,
1927, pg:320)
The Bronze Gates of Balawat: (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:224)

Expeditions of Ashurnasirpal and Shalmaneser III (Ravan?) are written on the Palace Gates of
Assyria.
Band Date Region Principal Places Texts
I. 860 B.C. Urartu Lake Van; Sugunia Captured Sugunia, the city of Arame of
Urartu.
II 860 B.C Urartu Cities of Urartu Smiting of [ ] of the land of Urartu.
III 859 B.C Phoenicia Tyre, Sidon; Hazazu. Received ships as tribute.
IV 858 B.C N. Syria Dabigu Defeated Dabigu, city of Ahuni.
V 858 B.C N. Syria Unku. Received tribute
VI 858 B.C. N. Syria Carchemish. Received tribute from Sangara.
VII 857.B.C Urartu Urartu; Gilzani. Captured the city of Arame, the Urartian.
Received tribute of the men of Gilzani.
VIII 855.B.C. Mesopotamia Shubru Captured Ubume
IX 854.B.C Syria Parga, Ada, Karkar. Captured Parga, Ada, Karkar.
(Hamath)
X 853 B.C. Source of Kulisi. Captured Kulisi, city of Mutzuata.
Tigris.
XI 851 B.C. South Bit-Dakuri. Received tribute from Adini.
Babylonia.
XII 850 B.C. N. Syria Arne Arne, the city of Arame, I captured.
agda, the city of Arame, son of Gusi, I
captured.
XIII 849 B.C Syria Ashtamaku. Ashtamaku, royal city of Irhuleni, and
(Hamath) eighty-six cities I captured.
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Balawat Gates:
Bronze Gates of Balawat with Hieroglyphic Inscriptions

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Kassites (Kassu, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi): Baylonians: Maruttas: (Sumitra: Queen Of Kashi)
(south Iraq):
Kassites ruled the Babylon. They were referred to as Kaššu, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Title of
kings of Kashi was Maruta, marduk and Meordach. Maruta or Marduk is the god of kassites
and doesn’t look like hanuman. Hanuman belongs to Gutian tribe of Kassi.
Gutian Strongholds: Gutians since ages have lived in the Zagros mountains to north of
Kassites. Out of the five small states in the Zagros mountains, two kingdoms of kassites
standout, they are Namri and Bit-hamban. Namri and Bit-Hamban existed in the early of
times in the rule of Nazi Maruttas as states of Kingdom of Kashi. After siege by Tiglath-
Pileser I, Namri and Bit-Hamban were conquered and transformed into Assyrian vassal
states. Namri, Bit-Hamban, Kish and Nippur are areas in Kassi considered to be strongholds
of Gutians, the monkey tribe (refer to Gutian kingdom of Sumer).
The Queen of Dasaratha, Sumitra, is said to have come from Kasi.
This is the kingdom which Mitannis had marital relations and were allies of Mitanni, and
Vanara. Kasi was attacked in 1100 BC by Tiglath-Pileser I and brought under its rule.
Kassite Kingdom Zagros Mountains
Ramayana (Kishkindha Kanda – 4-64-12):

सा वानिाणाम् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अंगदम् बभौ |
वासवम् परिवार्य इव मरुताम् वाजिनी जथिता || ४-६४-१२
12. vaanaraaNaam = monkey's; saa = she [that]; dhvajinii = the hoister of army-flag [army
troops]; angadam = around Angada; parivaarya = encircling; sthitaa = staying - stood around;
vaasavam parivaarya = Indra, encircling; marutaam vaahinii iva = gods', army, like; babhau =
beamed forth.
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Here, Maruta is referred to as God. Elsewhere, Maruta is referred to as flyers, fly jumpers,
monkeys, air, air god, and god. One word is used for several other words. Wrongly used
words in Ramayana:
Hari Monkey  Maruta = flyers 

Harishwar King of Harhar  Maruta = fly jumpers 
Kapeh Monkey  Maruta = monkeys 
Vanara Monkey  Maruta = air 
Vanara Army of Van  Maruta = air god 
Kapishwar King of Monkeys  Maruta = god 
Maruta = Tribe 
Maruta is a tribe of Kashi, named after Marutu/Marduk/Merodach their God. It is also
mentioned in the Mahabharata as a tribe. Differentiating Marutas from the People of Van
we can clearly see two kingdoms of Vanara and Maruta. The words shakra, asura, hari, and
maruta are never used directly. Always these words mean something else. Asura is always
replaced with demon, Hari (Harhar, a place in kashi) is replaced with monkey, Maruta is
also replaced with several words. Rakshasa is a word in Sanskrit which means demon, but
Asura is translated as demon.
Marutu God of Kashi

Kings of Kashi:
Adad-Nirari I - Nazi-Maruttas -1307-1282 BC
Tukulti-Ninurta I - Kashtiliashu IV- 1232—1225 BC - Deposed

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Tukulti-Ninurta I - Enlil-nadin-shumi- 1224 BC - Vassal
Ninurta-apal-Ekur - Marduk-apla-iddina (Amarutu-imilisumna) I- 1171—1159 BC – Vassal
Captured in 1100 BC
Tiglath-Pileser I Kasi
Battles of Assurs and Kassites:
Tiglath-Pileser I and Murattash:
“I crossed the Lower Zab, and conquered the lands of Murattash and Saradaush, which are in
the midst of the mountains of Asaniu and Atuma, a difficult region. Their troops I cut down
like lambs. The city of Murattash, their stronghold, I captured in the third part of a day, after
sunrise. Their gods, their possessions, and their goods, sixty vessels of bronze, (Col. IV) thirty
talents of bronze, the furniture, the goods, the wealth of their palace I brought out as spoil. That
city I burned with fire, I devastated, I destroyed (it).” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:79)
Sennacherib and Marut-baladan in Land of Kish(=Kishkinda):
At the beginning of my reign, when I solemnly took my seat on the throne, and ruled the
inhabitants of Assyria with mercy and grace, Merodach-baladan (Marut-Baladan), king of
Babylonia, (whose heart is wicked), an instigator of revolt, plotter of rebellion (lit., belly, mind,
of rebellion), doer of evil, whose guilt is heavy, brought over to his side Shutur-Nahundu, the
Elamite, and gave him gold, silver and precious stones, and (so) secured him as an ally. Imbappa,
turtan of the king of Elam, Tannanu, the second in command, 10 (division-) commanders,
together with Nergal-nasir, the Sutean, who was fearless in battle, 80,000 bowmen, horses
which were with them, he sent to Sumer and Akkad (Babylonia) to his aid. And that [Merodach-
baladan], the cities of . . . . Ur, Eridu, Kullab, Kissik, Nimid-Laguda, the lands of Bit-Iakin,
Bit-Amukkani, Bit-Salli, Bit-Dakkuri, all the Chaldeans,as many as there were, who (dwell) on
the shore of [the Salt Sea], the tribes of Tu'muna, Rihihu, Ubudu, Iadakku, Kipre, Malihu, who
(dwell) on the bank of [the Tigris], the tribes of Gurumu, Ubulu, Damunu Gambulu, Hindaru,
Ru'ua, Pukudu, who (dwell) on the bank of [the Uknu], the tribes of Hamranu, Hagaranu,
Nabatu, Li'tau, Arameans who are not submissive, who know no rest,1 the cities of Nippur, . .
. Borsippa, Kutha, all of Babylonia, he gathered together and marshaled for the fight.
To me, Sennacherib, whose heart is exalted, they reported these evil deeds; I raged like a lion, and
gave the command to march into Babylonia against him. That evil prop of the devil heard of my
march to battle, and the horse and bowmen of the Elamites, the Arameans, and the Chaldeans,
together with Nergal-nasir and the ten (division-) commanders of Elam, who know no rest,1 who
P a g e | 37
had with them a countless host,—the organization of these he perfected (strengthened), brought
them all into Kutha, and (there) had a watch kept on the progress of my campaign. TVIeanwhile
I had my teams (yokes) prepared, on the twentieth day of Shabdtu I set out from Assur ahead of
my army, like a mighty bull; I did not wait for my army, I did not hold back. My general (and)
governors I sent on to Kish, ahead of me, (with the order): "Take the road against Merodach-
baladan, do not hold back, keep a close watch over him (lit., strengthen his guard)." That one saw
my governors and with all of his troops sallied out of the gate of Zamama and did battle with
my captains in the plain of Kish. As for my captains, the enemy's onset of battle against them
was mighty and they could not stand before him. They sent their messengers for help to me (while
I was) in the neighborhood of Kutha.
In the anger of my heart I made an assault upon Kutha; the troops about its walls I slaughtered
like lambs and took the city. The horse and bowmen of the Elamite, the Arameans (and) the
Chaldeans, the (division-) commanders of the Tang1 of Elam, as well as Nergal-nasir, together
with the citizens, the rebels (lit., sinners), I brought forth and counted as spoil. I raged like a
lion, I stormed like a tempest, with my merciless warriors I set my face against Merodach-
baladan, (who was) in Kish. And that worker of iniquity saw my advance from afar; terror fell
upon him, he forsook all of his troops, and fled to the land of Guzummanu. Tann£nu, together
with the armies of Elamites, Chaldeans, and Arameans, who had stood at his side (espoused his
cause) and had come to his aid,—their defeat I accomplished and I shattered his forces. Adinu,
son of the wife of Merodachbaladan, together with Baskanu, brother of Iati'e queen of the Arabs,
along with their armies, I seized as living captives. The chariots, wagons, horses, mules, asses,
camels, and (Bactrian) camels, which had been abandoned during the battle, my hands captured.
In joy of heart and with a radiant face I hastened to Babylon and entered the palace of
Merodach-baladan, to take charge of the property and goods (laid up) therein. I opened his
treasure-house. Gold, silver, vessels of gold and silver, precious stones, beds, house chairs,
palanquins, his royal standards(P), whose inlay was of gold and silver, all kinds of property and
goods, and without number,—an enormous treasure,—his wife, his harem, his slave girls(?), his
officials, his nobles, his courtiers, the male and female musicians, the palace slaves, who
gladdened his princely mind, all of the artisans, as many as there were, his palace menials (?),—
(these) I brought forth and counted as spoil. I hurried after him, sent my warriors to
Guzummanu, into the midst of the swamps and marshes and they searched for him for five days,
but his (hiding)-place was not found. The rest of his horses and troops, who were exhausted, who
had fled from him like hinds and had not gone with him, I gathered from the midst of plain and
highland.
P a g e | 38
In the course of my march the cities Amatu, Hauae, Supabu, Nukabu, Bit-Sannabi, Kutain,
Kidrina, Dur-Ladini, Bitati, Banitu, the land of Guzummanu, the cities of Dur- Iansuri, Dftr-
Abiata', Dur-Rudumme, Blt-Rah, Hapisha, Sadi-ilu, Hurudu, Sahrina, Iltuk, Allallu, Marad,
Iakimuna, Kubruna, Blt-Kudurri, Suka-Marusi, in all 33 strong, walled cities of Bit-Dakkuri
with 250 small cities (hamlets) within their borders; the cities Dur-Appe, DAr-Tane, Dtir-Sama',
Sarrabatu, Salahatu, Dur-Abdai, Sappihimari, Sibtu-sha- Makkame, in all 8 strong, walled
cities of Bit-Sa'alli, with 120 hamlets within their borders; the cities Sapia, Sarrabanu, Larak,
Parak-marri, Bit-Ilu-bani, Ahudu, Sha-issur-Adad, Shaharratu, Manahhu, Sha-amel&, Dur-
Akkia, Nagitu, Nur-abinu, Harsuarra, Dur-Rukbi, Dandahulla, Dftr-Bir-Dada, Bit-ri'e, Dur-
Ugurri, Hindaina, Dftr-Uait, Bit-Taur&, Saphuna, Buharru, Harbe-Iddina, Harbe-Kalbi,
Shabarre, Bit-Bani-iltia, Suladu, Bit-Iltamasama', Bit-Dini-ilu,Dakala, Hameza, Bela, Tairu,
Kipranu, Iltaratu, Akam-shakina, Sagabatu-sha-Mardukia, in all 39 strong, walled cities of
Bit–Amukkani, with 350 hamlets within their borders; the cities Bit-Zakudia, Larsa, Kullab,
Eridu, Kissik, Nimid-Laguda, Dur-Iakini and Kar-Nabti, which is (are) beside the Salt Sea (the
Persian Gulf), in all 8 strong, walled cities of Bit-Iakin, with 100 hamlets within their borders;
a (grand) total of 88 strong, walled cities of Chaldea, with 820 hamlets within their borders, I
besieged, I conquered, I carried away their spoil. The grain and dates which were in their
plantations, their harvest of the plain, I had my army devour. (Their towns) I destroyed, I
devastated, I burned with fire, I turned them into forgotten tells.
The Urbi (Arabs), Arameans, Chaldeans, who were in Uruk, Nippur, Kish, Harsagkalamma,
together with the citizens, the rebels (sinners), I brought forth and counted as spoil. The grain
and dates which were in their plantations, the planting of their garden beds, the harvest of their
plain and highlands(?) I had my troops devour.
Bel-ibni, son of a master-builder, a scion of Shuanna, who had grown up in my palace like a
young hound, I placed over them as king of Akkad and Sumer. On my return march, the tribes of
Tu'muna, Rihihu, Iadakku, Ubudu, Kipre, [Malihu, Gurumu,] Ubulu, Damunu, Gambulu,
Hindaru, Ru'fia, Pukudu, Hamranu, Hagaranu, Nabatu, Li'tau,—Arameans, who were not
submissive, all of them, I captured, and carried off as spoil.
In the course of my campaign, I received the heavy tribute of Nabu-bel-shumate, governor of
Hararati,—gold, silver, great mulberry(musukkani) trees, asses, camels, cattle and sheep.
The inhabitants (subjects) of the city of Hirimmu, evil enemies, who from of old had not
submitted to any of the kings, my fathers, I slew with the sword. Not a soul escaped. That
P a g e | 39
district I reorganized: 1 ox, 10 lambs, 10 homers of wine, 20 homers of dates, its choicest, as
standing dues for the gods of Assyria, my lords, I established for all time.
I returned to Assyria with 208,000 captive people, a huge spoil, 7,200 horses and mules, 11,073
asses, 5,230 camels, 80,050 cattle, 800,100 ewes.—This does not include the men, asses, camels,
cattle and sheep which my troops had carried off and parceled out among themselves.—And the
enemy citizens, strong and proud who had not submitted to my yoke, I cut down with the sword
and hung on stakes.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:128-133)
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Gutians (Guteans, Quti, Kuti, Kutians) (Hanuman): Gutians were a people of monkey
features who lived in the central Zagros Mountain range. In India the monkey tribe are
thought to be from south India and hanuman is assumed to be from South India. However,
no evidence of kingdom of hanuman or people of his descent were found in India.
Hanuman tribe lived in Zagros, which lies on east of Arame’s kingdom.
Gutian kingdom of sumer transformed into Kassite kingdom of babylonia with fall of
Gutian kings in times unknown. Gutian land was conquered by kassites and later kassites
went under the rule of Assur. The monkey tribe population was mostly dominant in the
lands of namri, hamban, kish and nipur. The figures below can give a clear understanding
of the Gutians in Babylon.
Gutian Sumer Zagros mountains Gutians in Babylon
Gutian states of sumer Kassite Babylon
Archaeological sources depict Gutians as humans with monkey build:
One literary text of kassites early second millennium calls them “(of) human face, dogs’
cunning, monkey’s build” (Jacobsen, 1987, p. 368).
“The Guti (ɡuːti) or Quti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a
nomadic people of West Asia, around the Zagros Mountains (Modern Iran) during ancient times.
Gutians are a people who know no inhibition, with human instincts but canine intelligence and
with monkey features. They lived in the territory of northwestern Iran south of lake Urmia. At
P a g e | 41
that time, they were neighbors of the empires of Assyria and Urartu, as well as other small buffer
states between the two, such as Musasir and Zikirta.”
The strong holds of Gutians were kish and nippur. Most of the battles between Assur and
Kassites were fought in Kish. Kish can be compared to kishkinda and there are also cities
mentioned in Assyrian annals, as kuakinda; kishesh; kisheshlu; and kish and kinda. Other
city mentioned along with kish, kinda was Harhar, similar to the name of Harishwar used
for the king of Kishkindha.
Assyrian records:
“I received in my camp. The cities of Kisheshlu, Kindau, Anzaria and BitGabia, which I
captured, I rebuilt;” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:7)
“The Arameans who were in Erech, Nippur, Kish, Harsagkalamma, Kutha and Sippar, together
with the citizens, the rebels (ML, sinners), I brought out, as booty I counted them.” (David
“In open battle (in the plain of Kish), I overthrew Merodach-baladan, king of Babylonia” (David
“To the lands of Messi(?) and of the Medes, the lands of Araziash and Harhar I descended. The
cities of Kuakinda, Tarzanabi(P), Esamul, Kinablila, together with the cities of their
neighborhood, I captured. I slew their warriors.”
“The people of the upper and lower rivers, whom I had reckoned with the people of the city of
Harhar in my former campaign, and to whose side I had brought (lit., turned) the lands of Btt-
Sangibuti…….The cities of Kakunakinzarbara(P), Halbuknu, Shu— . . . Anzaria, of the upper
and lower rivers, I captured and 4,ooo(?) zim-pdni, their warriors, 4,820 . . . . . . . [their(?) people],
I received in my camp. The cities of Kisheshlu, Kindau, Anzaria and Bit-Gabia, which I
captured, I rebuilt; Kar-Nabft Kar-Sin, Kar-Adad and Kar-Ishtar, I called their names.”
“Kibaba, governor of Harhar, I besieged, I captured; himself, together with the people of his
land, I counted as spoil. That city I restored, peoples captured by my hand, I settled therein, and
set my official as governor over them. Kar-Sharrukin I called its name.”
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Harhar:
The land of Harhar is of great importance as it is mentioned several times in Assyrian
annals. Many places were kept under the governorship of Harhar. Where does Harhar
come in Ramayana? Harhar is very common word in India. Hari is used as other name of
monkey in Ramayana. Sugreeva, king of kishkinda is called as Harishwar. Hari is kingdom
hidden in Ramayana which is given name of monkeys. Assuras mention cities of kish and
kindau along with the city of Harhar or as a part of Harhar. (for map refer to Namri)
Harishwar: [4-8-12]
स ददशय ततः सालम् अजवदिे ििीश्विः |
सपु ष्ु पम् ईर्त् पत्र आढ्र्म् भ्रमिै ः उपशोजभतम् ||
tataH = then; saH hariishvarah = he that, monkeys, lord; aviduure su puSpam = not far
off, well flowered; iiSat patra aaDhyam = with some, leaves, covering; bhramaraiH = with
honeybees; upa shobhitam = well bedecked; saalam = sala tree; dadarsha = has seen.
He that lord of monkeys Sugreeva has then seen a well flowered sala tree not far off from
there, covered with some leaves and bedecked with honeybees.
Wrong Interpretation:
Hari translated as Monkey: [4-64-11]
तथर्ाम् िात्र्र्ाम् व्र्तीतार्ाम् अांगदो व नरैः सह |

िरि वृद्ैः समागम्र् पनु ि ् मत्रं म् अमत्रं र्त् ||
tasyaam raatryaam vyatiitaayaam = that, night, while elapsing; angadaH = Angada; hari
vriddhaih vaanaraih saha = old, monkeys [golden-agers,] along with; samaagamya =
meeting with; punaH mantram amantrayat = again, deliberations, deliberated.
While that night is elapsing into the wee hours of next day, Angada met all the golden-ager
monkeys, and again deliberated with them. [4-64-11]
Wrong Interpretation: In Ramayana vaanara is called as monkey, and hari also as a

monkey. This verse uses Vaanara and Hari together, which both mean the same. The
sanksrit verse says अंगदो वानरैः सह, which means Angad along with Vanara. In the
translation it got shifted into hari vriddhaih vaanaraih saha – which means older
monkeys along with monkeys, which makes it meaning less.
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The sentence used in Sanskrit is वानरैः सह हरर वद

ृ ्ैः which would mean Vanara along with
Hari. If Vanara and Hari meant the same, Valmiki wouldn’t have used them in the same
sentence. Hari vriddhaih vaanaraih, literal translation would give us,
hari vriddhaih vaanaraih – Monkey old Monkey – a meaningless phrase. This is a clear
indication that the Hari, is a different tribe from that of Vanara.
“taam upasthaapitaam dRîShTvaa shibikaam vaanaraadhipaH ||

lakShmaNa aaruhyataam shiighram iti saumitrim abraviit |
10b, 11a. vaanara adhipaH = monkeys, king - Sugreeva; upasthaapitaam taam shibikaam
dRîSTvaa = nearby, positioned, that, palanquin, on seeing; lakSmaNa shiighram
aaruhyataam = Lakshmana, quickly, mount it; iti saumitrim abraviit = thus, to Soumitri,
said. [4-38-10b, 11a]”
Female monkey is called Stri: 4-11-32
न त्वम ् स्त्री सन्ननधौ वीर वचनम ् वक्तुम ् अहहसस |

मम युद्म ् प्रयच्छ अदय ततो ज्ञास्यासम ते बलम ् ||
2. viira = oh, valiant one [oh, Vali]; tvam strii sannidhau = ladies, in vicinity of; vacanam
vaktum na arhasi = words, to speak, not, apt of you; adya mama yuddham prayacCha =
now, to me, fight, you give; tataH te balam j~naasyaami = then, your, might, I will know, I
appreciate.
"It is inapt of you to speak words in the vicinity of ladies, oh, valiant Vali, give me a duel
now and then I can appreciate your might."
Above verse tells us that Vali is in midst of woman. Vali is with woman, but still he is
called monkey. Why would monkeys be called Stri. This also tells us that Vali is a human.
As Vali is Vanara, we can say Vanaras are not monkeys. We can also say that all the
kingdoms that helped Ram were not a single kingdom of monkeys but a group of four
different kingdoms Vanara (Van), Hari (Harhar), Maruta (Kasi) and Kapeh
(Gutians).
P a g e | 44
Two Vassal States of Kasi: Namri and Hamban:

1. Namri (Namru/Nawar/Namrum):
Namri was captured by Kashi in 1307 BC. Namri and Hamban kings also took the title of
Maruta in their names. In Ramayana, Hanuman the king of monkeys is also called
Maruta. We can tell all the lands related to Marutas belong to Kasi. Its not known whether
land of hamban is named after hanuman. But there is name Hanban in Namri line of kings.
“Julius Oppert (1877) published a set of tablets he had discovered which described Gutian
(and Subarian) slaves as namrum or namrûtum, one of its many meanings being "light
colored."
Places: Shumurzu, Bit-'Adad, Niku, Sihishalah, tamul, sakki, shedi, Zatti, Abdadani, Sangi,
Kapsi, Tazzakki; Sassiashu, Tutashdi, Kushianash, Harshu, Shanashtiku, Kishkitara,
Harshai, Aiubak.
Namri, Halman and Harhar
Captured in 1307 BC
Maruttas (Kasi) Namri
Kings of Namri:
Nazi Maruttas – 1307 BC – Vassal - Namri
Tiglath Pileser-I – 1100 BC – King Unknown

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Shalmaneser III (Ravan?) - 856 BC-824 BC – Marut mudammik
Shalmaneser III (Ravan?) – Ianzu, Son of Hanban
Battles of Namri and Assuras:
Shalmaneser III and Marduk mudammik in Namri:
“Marduk mudammik (Marut mudammik), king of [Namri], trusted in the numbers of his hosts
and rode forth against me with his cavalry and (foot) soldiers to offer battle and fight. By the
river Namrite {or, river of Namri), in front of me he drew up the battle line. I defeated him, I
seized his cavalry.
“In the sixteenth year of reign I crossed the Azaba River. Against the land of Namri I marched.
Mardukmudammik, king of Namri, went (up into the mountains) to save his life. His goods, his
armies, his gods, I carried to Assyria. Ianzu, son of Hanban, I set up as king over them.” (David
Shalmaneser III and Namri:
“Against the land of Namri I descended. The awe-inspiring terror of Assur (and) Marduk
overwhelmed them. They deserted their cities. Into the wild (steep) mountains- they went up.
250 of their cities I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. Through the passes of Simesi at
the head(?) of the land of Halman, I descended.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:205)
Battle of Shalmaneser III and Ianzu:
“In my twenty-fourth year of reign T crossed over the Lower Zab. I advanced through the land
of Hashimur, to the land of Namri I descended. Ianzu, king of Namri, took fright before my
mighty weapons, and went up (into the mountains) to save his life. I captured Sihishalah, Bit-
tamul, Bit-sakki, Bit-shedi, his strong cities. His warriors I slew, his spoil I carried off. (His)
cities I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. The rest of them went up into the mountains.
The mountain peak I stormed and captured. I slew their warriors. I brought down their booty,
their goods. I departed from Namri.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:204)
Shamshl-Adad V and Marduk-balatsu-ikbi:
“Marduk-balatsu-ikbi (Marut balatsu-ikbi) trusted in the multitudes of his armies and mustered
(the armies of) Kaldu, Elam, Namri, Arumu, along with his numerous, his countless, troops. He
advanced against me offering battle and combat. Over against (or, above) the Daban River,
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opposite Dur-Papsukal, he drew up his battle line. With him I fought. His defeat I accomplished.
5,000 of his hordes I cut down, 2,000 I captured alive, 100 of his chariots, 200 of his cavalry,
his royal tent, his camp bed, I took from him,” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:259)
Shakuni and Namri:
“At that time in the land of Kirhi, the lands of Karallu and Namri in the gullies of the mountain,
I . . . The evil deeds which in Karallu I had done, they heard, and their messengers, (with offers)
of doing service, they sent to me. Into the hand of my official, the governor of the land of
Lulume.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:108)
2. Bit-Hamban/Hamban(Halman):
Hamban is a part of kashi kingdom. Kings of hamban also had the title of Maruta.
Shamshi-Adad V – king - Marut-balatsu-ikbi
Shalmaneser III and Hamban:
“From Parzua as far as the city of . . . . [from Sabiddani to the city of 'Hamban' burned with
fire. The brilliance of my majesty(?) I poured [over] them.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:235)
Tiglath-Pileser III:
The lands of Bit-Hamban, Sumurzu, Bit-Barrua, Bit-Zualzash, Bit-Matti, the city of Niku of
Tupliash, the lands of Til-Taranzai, Parsua, Bit-Kibsi, as far as the city of Zakruti of the mighty
Medes, I brought under my sway. My two officials I set over them as governors. (David
Tiglath-Pileser III and Tuni:
“Tuni of Sumurzu………I captured. His warriors I hung on stakes . . . Sumurzu, Bit-Hamban,

I brought within the Assyrian border. [People of the lands my hands had conquered therein] I
settled. My official I set over them as governor to Assur. The city of Kizauti, which is in I
destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. Of the city chieftains who were not submissive 300
talents of lapis lazuli, 500 talents of copper nenzu as tribute of Mannu-kima-sabe, son of
Abdadani Miki of Halpi, Uzakku of the lands of Ariarma, Tar-lugale, 'Saksukni, which…..
which [they call a fortress].” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:272)
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Shakuni and Land of Hamban:
“the city of Kimirra of the land of Bit-Hamban I captured. 2,530(7) people, together with their
possessions, I carried off.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:7)
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Manneans: (Mannea, Mannai, Minni):
The Manneans were neighbours of both Urarta and Namri. Their kingdom was situated
east and south of the Lake Urmia. It was mostly a supporter of Assyria and sometimes took
the side of enemy. South-west of Manneans lived Gutians in Zagros Mountains. They
shifted their alliance from Urartu to Assyria.
Cities: Uishdish, Subi, Izibia, Armid, Izirtu, Shuandahul, Zurzukka, Sinihinu, Surikash, Bit-
Kabsi, Zirdiakka, Ishtatti
“Excavations that began in 1956 succeeded in uncovering the fortified city of Hasanlu, once
thought to be a potential Mannaean site. Recently, the site of Qalaichi (Izirtu/Zirta) has
been linked to the Mannaeans based on a stela with this toponym found at the site.”
Mannai
Kings of Mannea:
Shalmaneser III - 826 BC - Ualki - Mannean
Tiglath-Pileser III - 744-727 BC -Vassal - Iranzu king – Mannea
Sargon II - 724 BC -Vassal - Aza – king – Mannean – Killed by Coup of Urarta and Ullusunu
Sargon II- Vassal - Ullusunu – king – Mannean
Assurbanipal - 676 BC – Rebel - King Ahsheri - killed by Mannean citizens for losing against
Assyria.
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Esarhaddon - 656 BC – Vassal - Ualli
Shalmaneser III and Ualki in Mannea:
“Cities of Ualki, the Mannean, I approached. Ualki, the Mannean, became terrified by the
splendor of my weapons, and deserted Zirta, his royal city, going up (into the mountains) to save
his life. I pursued him. His cattle, his sheep, his property, in countless number, I brought back.
His cities I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:209)
Sargon II and Zikirtu Revolt:
“[In my third year of reign, Shuandahul and Durdukka, strong cities, planned to fight against
Iranzu, the Mannean, their king and lord, who was subject to me (drew my yoke), and they put
their trust in Mitatti of Zikirtu. Mitatti of Zikirtu gave them his warriors with their cavalry,
and (thus) aid was provided for them. I mustered the hosts (lit., masses) of Assur's armies, and
went forth to capture those cities. With mighty battering-rams (?) I smashed their fortified walls,
and leveled them to the ground (lit., reckoned them as ground). The people and their possessions
I carried off. Those cities I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire.” (David Luckenbill, Vol
2, 1927, pg:3)
Sargon II and Ullusunu: (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:27)
“When an (untimely) fate carried off Iranzu, the Mannean, an obedient slave who bore (lit.,
drew) my yoke, and I seated Aza, his son on his throne, Ursa, the Urartian, encouraged the men
of Uishdish, Zikirtu, and Misiandu, the great chiefs of the Manneans, to revolt and hostility,
and they cast the corpse of Aza, their lord, out on Mount Uaush, a precipitous mountain.
Ullusunu, the Mannean, whom they had placed on the throne of his father, put his trust in the
Urartian Ursa and gave him 22 of his fortresses as a bribe. In the anger of my heart I mustered
the masses of Assur's troops and, raging like a lion, I set my face to conquer those lands.
Ullusunu, the Mannean, saw the approach of my march, left his city, and in terror hid himself
(lit, seated himself) in the secret (fastness) of the precipitous mountain. Izirtu, his royal city,
Izibia, Armid, his strong fortresses, I captured and burned with fire. 22 fortresses of Ullusunu,
the Mannean, I took away from him and brought (returned) them within the boundary of
Assyria. Shuandahul, Zurzukka, ities of the Manneans, which had put their trust in Mitatti, I
captured, and carried off their spoil. I flayed Bagdatti, of the land of Uishdish. Daiaukku,
together with his family, I deported and settled in the land of Hamath. Ullusunu, the Mannean,
heard, in his precipitous mountain, of the deeds I was performing, came flying, like a bird, and
seized my feet.”
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Sargon II and Ullusunu at Mount Uishdish:
I defeated Ursa, the Armenian, (killing) countless (of his people). 260 of his royal seed, who
(constituted) his cavalry, I captured with my own hand. To save his life he mounted a mare and
ascended his mountain. 5 beru ("doublehours") of land, from Mount Uaush, to] Mount Zimur I
pursued him. Mount Uishdish, a mountain district of the Manneans, I took away from him and
gave it [to] Ullusunu of the Manneans. (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:8)
Sargon II and Ullusunu:
“The tribute of Ullusunu, the Mannean, of Talta, of the Ellipi, of Bel-apal-iddina, of Allabria,
of 45 city chieftains of the mighty Medes, 4,609 horses (and) mules, cattle (and) sheep, in
countless numbers, I received.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:11)
Sargon II and Ullusunu in Surikash:
“Against Surikash a district of the Mannean country, which borders on the lands of Karalla and
Allabria, I descended. Ullusunu, the Mannean, (knowing) that I had BOt ceased planning to
avenge him all these years, heard of lay expedition's approach. He himself, together with his
nobles, elders, counselors, the seed of his father's house (i.e., fais family), the prefects and sheriffs
who governed his land, with joyous heart and smiling countenance, hurried forth from his land,
without hostages, (traveling) from Izirtu, his royal city, to Sinihinu, a border fortress of his land,
he came before me. His tribute,—horses, broken to the yoke, together with their drivers, cattle
and sheep, he brought before me, and kissed my feet.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:75)
Assurbanipal and Ahsheri in Mannean Land:
“In my fourth campaign I made straight for Ahsheri, king of the Manneans. I invaded (lit.,
entered) the Mannean country and advanced victoriously. His strong cities, together with the
small ones, whose number was countless, right up to the city of Izirtu, I captured, I destroyed,
I devastated, I burned with fire. People, horses, asses, cattle and sheep, I brought out of those
cities and accounted as booty. Ahsheri heard of the advance of my army, forsook Izirtu, his royal
city and fled to Ishtatti, a fortress of his and (there) sought refuge. That district I conquered,
devastating (it) for a stretch of fifteen days' journey), and pouring out misery. Ahsheri, who did
not fear my sovereignty, the people of his land started a rebellion against him. Into the street of
his city they cast his body, leaving his corpse (there). His brothers, his family, the seed of his
father's house, they cut down with the sword. Thereafter, Ualli, his son, seated himself upon his
throne, submitted to my yoke. To save his life he spread forth his hands, beseeching my majesty.
Erisinni, a son of his begetting, he dispatched to Nineveh, and he kissed my feet. I had mercy
P a g e | 51
upon him and sent my messengers of peace to him. The former tribute, which in the reigns of the
kings, my fathers, they had allowed to lapse, they brought before me (once more). Thirty horses I
added to the former tribute and imposed (it) upon him.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:298)
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Other Eastern kingdoms

Zagros States: Other kingdoms or small states of Zagros included Parsua, Karalla, Allabria,
and Ellipi. These kingdoms unlike the Namri and Hamban, were allies of Assyrians and in
some instances have rebelled against Assyrians suppression.
Allabria, Parsua and Ellipi
1. Karalla
Sargon II - Assur-li'u – King – Karalla
Sargon II – Amitashshi – King – Karalla
Shakuni conquest of Karalla:
“Assur-li'u of Karalla (and) Itti, of Allabra, who had cast off the yoke of Assur and had deserted
(the Assyrian cause)—Assur-li'u, I flayed, and the people of Karalla, all there were, and Itti,
together with his family, I tore away, and settled them in Hamath.”
“I smashed the forces of Humbanigash, the Elamite; I destroyed Karalla and [Shurda], the cities
of Kishesim and [Harhar], the lands of the Medes and Ellipi,—not (one) of [their] seed escaped.”
Shakuni and Amitashshi:
“In my [ninth year of reign] against the lands of the Ellipi, Bit-Daiukki, Karallu, I marched.
The people of Karallu had driven out my official and had made Amitashshi, brother of Assur-li',
ruler over them. In Mount Ana, a mountain peak, I cut them down with the sword, and received
in my camp 2,200 of their zim-pani. I pursued Amitashshi and him, together with his allies, in1
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people I reckoned them every . . . , , at that time them bound in order to take . . . . . against
Azuk— his name x” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:10)
2. Allabrian
Kings of Allabria:
Shalmaneser III – Ianzi
Sargon II - Bel-apal-iddina – Laruete
Sargon II - Itti
Battles of Assyria with Allabria:
Shalmaneser III and Ianzu:
“From Munna to the land of Allabria I marched]. Adira(?), the royal city of Ianzi, the Allabrian,
the beautiful golden door-leaves of his palace, [the treasures] of his palace, in large number, I
carried off.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:235)
Shakuni and Itti:
“Assur-li'u of Karalla (and) Itti, of Allabra, who had cast off the yoke of Assur and had
deserted (the Assyrian cause)—Assur-li'u, I flayed, and the people of Karalla, all there were,
and Itti, together with his family, I tore away, and settled them in Hamath.” (David
Shakuni and Bel-apal-iddina:
“To Latashe, a fortress which is on the river of the land of Laruete, a district of Allabria, I drew
near. The tribute of Bel-apal-iddina, the Allabrian,—horses, cattle and sheep, I received.”
3. Parzua/Parsua/Parsuash:
It was an oligarchy of 25 kings that lied in the mountains of Zagros.
Shalmaneser III:
“I descended upon Parsua. I received the tribute of the kings of Parsua. The rest of the Parsuans
(lit., Parsua), who were not loyal to Assur,—their cities I captured, their spoil, their property, I
carried off to Assyria.”
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Shalmaneser III:
“Against the cities of the Parsuans he marched. Bushtu, Shalahamanu, Kinihamanu,

strongholds, together with 23 cities of their neighborhood, I captured. I slew their warriors. I
carried off their booty.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:210)
Shalmaneser III and 27 kings of Parsua:
“I received the gifts of 27 kings of the land of Parsua. From Parsua I departed.” (David
Shalmaneser III:
“From Parzua as far as the city of . . . . [from Sabiddani to the city of 'Hamban' burned with
fire. The brilliance of my majesty(?) I poured [over] them.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:235)
Shalmaneser III and Parsua:
“I descended upon Parsua. I received the tribute of the kings of Parsua. The rest of the Parsuans
(lit., Parsua), who were not loyal to Assur, their cities I captured, their spoil, their property, I
carried off to Assyria.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:210)
Shakuni and Parsuash:
“Against Parsuash I went down. The governors of the lands of Namri, Sangibuti, heard of the
approach of my expedition, my devastation of their lands in a former year was still in their minds
(lit., ears), and terror fell upon them. Their heavy tribute they brought out of their lands and
submitted to me in Parsuash.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:76)
Sennacherib and Alliance of East:
“Thereupon the king of Elam gathered to himself a large body of confederates,—(the men) of
Parsuash, Anzan, Pashiru, Ellipi, the whole of Chaldea, and all the Arameans. These, with the
king of Babylon, drew near en masse, and set upon me, offering battle. (Trusting) in the might
of Assur, my lord, I fought with them in the plain of the city of Halule, I defeated them, cutting
down with the sword 150,000 of their warriors. Their chariots, wagons and royal tents I took
from them.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:155)
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4. Ellipi:
Ellipi acted as a buffer state between Assura and Kashi of Babylon. They were allies of
Assyrians bordering the Kashi kingdom.
Kings of Ellipi:
Shalmaneser III – Paru – King – Ellipi
Sargon II – Talta – King - Ellipi
Sennacherib – Ispabara – King - Ellipi
Shalmaneser III and Paru:
“The tribute of Paru, of Ellipi, in the pass of Tukliash I received. The chilling terror of my
weapons, the brilliance of my majesty [overwhelmed him . . .]” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:235)
Tiglath-Pileser III and Ellipi:
The tribute of the [land of the Medes, the Ellipi and the chieftains of all of their mountain
(districts), as far as Mount Binni [in the east],—horses, mules, (Bactrian) camels, cattle and
sheep, [I received]. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:286)
Shakuni and Ellipi:
“In my [ninth year of reign] against the lands of the Ellipi, Bit-Daiukki, Karallu, I marched.
Shakuni and Talta:
Talti, king of Ellipi, a subservient slave who bore my yoke, reached the appointed limit (of life)
and trod the path of death. Nibe (and) Ispabara, sons of (different) wives, each claimed the (right
of) accession to his royal throne, his wide land they totally divided, and got into a fight. Nibe,
seeking vengeance, hurried a messenger to Shutur-Nahundu, the Elamite (king); he lent him aid
and came to his rescue. Ispabara, (also) seeking vengeance, and the safety of his life, besought me
with prayer and fervent entreaty and begged aid of me. Seven of my officials, together with their
armies, I sent to avenge him. The defeat of Nibe and the Elamite army, (which had come) to his
aid, they brought about in the city of Marubishti. Ispabara I placed on the royal throne, I
repaired the damage Ellipi (had suffered) and put it under his control. (David Luckenbill, Vol
2, 1927, pg:33)
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Sennacherib and Ispabara:
“The front of my yoke I turned {i.e., I turned about) and took the road to the land of the Ellipi.
Before me (my approach) Ispabara, their king, forsook his strong cities, his treasure cities (lit.,
houses), and fled to distant (parts). Over the whole of his wide land I swept like a hurricane. The
cities of Marubishti and Akkuddu, his royal residence cities, together with 34 small cities of their
environs, I besieged, I captured, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. To my official, the
governor of Harhar, I handed it (counted it). Thus I extended my land.” (David Luckenbill, Vol
2, 1927, pg:135)
Sennacherib and Ellipi:
“Ellipi: Bit-Barrua: Taken and renamed by Senn in 702 entrusted to the provincial governor of
Harhar. Sisirtu, Kummahlum, strong cities, together with the small cities of their environs, I
captured. The district of Bit-Barru in its totality I cut off from his land and added it to the
territory of Assyria. Elenzash I turned into the stronghold of that district. I changed its name,
and called it Kar-Sin-ahe-eriba. Peoples of the land which my hands had conquered, I settled
therein, and placed it under the governor of Harhar.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:142)
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Kurkshetra:
Kingdoms of West:
Tabal
Melid
Kilakku
Mushki
Alliances of Kurukshetra:
Kurukshetra
705 BC
Urartu/Van
Vanara
Mittani/ Nairi
Vanara
Kingdom of Ram
Tabal Ramayana
Kammanu
859-858
Kummuhu
Carchemis Mannea BC
h
Assur Gutians/
Hanuman
Medes
Kasi/
Maruta
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Tabal:
Tabal Kings: Kaurava (Kayseri) (Kurus) Kurukshetra (Tabal)(Turkey)
Tabal covers the modern-day provinces of Kayseri and Nevsehir in Turkey. It is the place
where war of Kurukshetra happened. The capital of Tabal is called Kululu or Kurulu where
many inscriptions of Tabal kings have been found. It was renamed as Bit-Purutas. Three
places important in the Kurukshetra are Saraswati River, Prayag, and Kuru.
Inscriptions of Tabal Kings:

Inscriptions of Tabal Kings were found in capital of Kayseri, Kululu/Kurulu. The language used
for inscriptions is hieroglyphic (picture). Inscriptions also have kings with Indian name. Tabal is
also said to be Oligarchy with 20 – 23 kings.
Saraswati in Tabal:
Kurukshetra is fought on the banks of Saraswati River. It is called land of Kurus known to
Assyrians as Tabala. This river is one of River Gods of ancient Turkey.
Saraswati River in Tabal
Mahabharata Vana Parva:
“I will live in Kurukshetra.' The very dust of Kurukshetra, conveyed by the wind, leadeth a
sinful man to a blessed course (in after-life). They that dwell in Kurukshetra which lieth to the
south of the Saraswati and the north of the Drishadwati …”.
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Saros river is the longest river of Turkey which connected with the Araxes river on the north
but later dried. The land on the top of Tabal is a site of kuru-araxes culture. The river
flowing from the Caspian Sea to the west is called kur river.
Prayag:
Prayag is said to be part of the Kurukshetra. Prayag is the place of Triveni Sangam or joining
of three rivers. It is found in the north of Tabal where rivers Saros, Pyramos (Drishadwati)
and tributary of huge river of middle east meet. Left to readers to find out what is the third
river.
Prayag estimated in Lesser Armenia

Kuru:
The capital of Tabal is Kululu or kurulu. It has Indian king name deposed by Tiglath-Pileser
III. Neighbouring Tabal is Melid or Malla Janapada. It is a part of alliance of North Syrian
states (tabal, melid, gurgum, Kummuhu) led by Urarṭu (Vanara) that was defeated by
Tiglath-pileser III (744–727) in 743 and Melid’s ruler Sulumal subsequently gave the
Assyrians tribute. Shalmaneser III and Tiglath-pileser III normally referred to Melid
as a “land” (kur) in their inscriptions.
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Location:
Tabal between Phrygia, Urartu and Assur
Matsya and Malla Kingdoms

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Kings of Tabal:
Shalmaneser III – Vassal - King - Tuatti, 834 BC - Subjugated
Shalmaneser III - Vassal - Kikki, son of Tuwati I
Tiglath-Pileser III – Vassal - Tuwati II – 780 BC
Tiglath-Pileser III – Vassal - Wasusurme, son of Tuwati II, 740 - 730 BC – Killed or
Removed
Kurukshetra:
The precedents of Kurukshetra war includes installation of Non-Tabal ruler in Tabal. Tabal
is renamed as Bit-Purutas.
Kings of Bit-Purutas:
Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC) – Hulli - 730 - 726 BC
Shalmaneser V (727 - 722 BC) – Hulli
Sargon II (Shakuni) (722 – 706 BC) - Ambaris - 721 - 713 BC
Hidi c. 690 BC
Iskallu c. 679 BC
Mugallu/Mukalli c. 670, 663, 651 BC
x-ussi, son of Mugallu 650/640 BC
Events Leading to Kurukshetra:
Installation of Hulli - 730 BC
Hulli and his Family deported to Assyria - 722 BC
Reinstallation of Hulli’s son by Sargon II- 721 BC
Rebellion of Hulli’s son – 713 BC
Ambaris son of Hulli taken as Captive – 713 BC
Kurukshetra - 706 BC - Kulummu

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The last event of Kulummu is written in India as Mahabharata. It is overly exaggerated as

it is the only war they have won against Assyrians. Kurukshetra war means war in the land
of kurus.
The events which lead to the war of Kurukshetra:
Hulli, an unknown origin king is installed as the ruler of Tabal. After installation of Hulli
the name of the kingdom is changed to Bit-Purutas. Some of the interpretations call the
dynasty of Hulli as Purutas dynasty. But, Purutas in hindi or Indian language is called State
or city. The other forms of purutas include pur, puram. There are many places in modern-
day-India with name Nagpur, puram which indicates name of a city. The other words
include Rashtra. Error done by Mahabharata writer is naming the ruler of
Kurukshetra as Rashtra. The reason being the writer wouldn’t have remembered the
name of king after 700 years of the happening. The name of the king in Mahabharata who
is king of Kurus is Dhrit-Rashtra, which means Dhrit-State. Which is the similar word to
bit-purutas, where Bit (Archaeological) is Dhrit (Sanskrit) and purutas is same as Rasthra.
Other corrupted forms of Bit-purutas are bit-burutash, bit-burutish, and bit-paruta.
Written sources of Assyria recorded the name as Hulli. Other forms include Hulli/Khulli.
Hulli was made the king of Tabal or Dhrit-Rashtra. Assyrian kings blind the captives when
they are taken away to royal city. It would have been done to Dhrit-Rashtra also. Hulli after
the rule of Tiglath-Pileser III was captured by Shalmaneser V. When Dhrit-Rashtra reaches
the kingdom of Assyria, Sargon II or Shakuni is said to have befriended Dhrit-rashtra.
Sargon II is said to be devious as he becomes king of Assura by usurping throne of
Shalmaneser V. Sargon II takes over the kingdom of Assyria. After taking the reigns of
Assyria Hulli or Dhrit Rashtra is released. Hulli would have helped Shakuni in throwing
down the rule of Shalmaneser V. After release of Hulli he is given back the throne of Dhrit-
Rashtra. Hulli’s son is made the king. Sargon II also offers his daughter to son of Hulli and
adds a province to Hulli’s kingdom. After 12 years Ambaris, son of Hulli betrays Sargon
II. Sargon II is father-in-law of Ambaris. Shakuni is called with famous sobriquet Shakuni
Mama in Mahabharata which means father-in-law. Mama in hindi means father-in-law.
Sargon II immediately razes down the kingdom of Tabal and its allies Urartu and Mitanni.
Which is mentioned in Assyrian records. The land of Tabal is handed over to Cilicia, an
Assyrian colony.
“Ambaridu of Tabal,... king of Bit-Buritish, of Bit-Akukania Hull! ... . [together with] the spoil
of his land, to Assyria I took him their cities for (in?) the stability of my dynasty, by my
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power(?)...had been. Hull! On his royal throne [I placed]. [The people of Bit-]Burutash I gathered
together and put under his hand.
At the time that I....Hull! I presented to him and a daughter, together with the city of Hilakki,
I gave to him and I extended his territory (lit., widened his land). But that simpleton, who did
not keep faith, sent to Ursa, king of Urartu, (and) Mita, king of Muski, kings of the land of
Tabal, who had seized (some) of my territory. I mustered the armies of Assur and utterly
destroyed Tabal to its farthest border (lit., finished Tabal, like a forgotten mound, to its farthest
border). Ambaris, king of BitBuritish, together with the seed of his father's house, the foremost
men of his land, in fetters (lit., bound), with 100 of his chariots I took away to Assyria. The
lands of Bit-Burutash (and) Hilakku I caused to dwell in peace, which does good(?), I had made
therein. The people of the lands which Assur, my lord, had conquered, [I settled in them]. My
official I set over them as governor, and Assyrian vassalage I imposed upon them.” (David
Actual words in Assyrian language:

“ambaris kur-tabalaya ina kussi hulli abisu usesibsuma binti itti kur-hilakki la misir abisu
addissuma urappis massu”
Sargon II: (Sharrukin, Šarrukin) Shakuni:
Sargon II is the 113th king of the Assyrian empire. The difference between Assyrian kings
and Sargon is the missing title of assur. He was descendant of Ravanasura (105th) but did
not take the Assyrian title of asur. He was called Gandhara. Though Sargon claimed to be
the son of the previous king Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), it is uncertain and he
usurped the throne of his brother. Shakuni or Sargon II died in battle at the age of 57 years
in 705 BC. He ruled for 17 years.
Similarities of Shakuni with Sargon:
Bronze statue of Sargon of Akkad Indian representation of Shakuni with closed eye
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Statue of Sargon of Akkad is blinded in the left eye. It is the statue of Sargon who ruled
Akkad in 2300 BC. It is copied in the portrayal of shakuni. Sargon II is progenitor of
Sargonid dynasty in Assyrian line of kings. Later kings to Sargon also didn’t take the title
of asur. Sargon name is deciphered in the Assyrian records as sharru-kin.
Saraswati
Empire of Shakuni/Sargon II
Assyrian settlements were increased in the conquered lands of Assyria to maintain the
lordship of Assyria over the occupied states. This is mentioned in Mahabharata.
Assyrian annals:
“The people of the lands which Assur, had conquered, [I settled in them]. My official I set over
them as governor, and Assyrian vassalage I imposed upon them.”
Mahabharata:
“Yadava chief Bala Rama saw many Gandharva settlements on the banks of Saraswati River,
not far from Gandhara, during his pilgrimage over Saraswati river basin. The Gandharva Kali
and Dwapara, probably were princes from Gandhara. The last two Yugas (prehistoric periods)
were named after them. Kuru King Dhritarashtra's wife was from Gandhara and she was well
known by the name Gandhari. There was a Gandharva also by the name Dhritarashtra.”
Gandharva, kali and dwapara can be divided as the era of sargon of akkad, Assyrian rule
and then the rule of shakuni. Sargon I kingdom lasted from 2300 BC – 2200 BC. Assyrian
rule was managed from their capital called Calah. Dwapara is rule of Sargonid dynasty.
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Settlements of Assyrian rulers in the land of Saraswati, the Brahmavarta, Aryavarta, lead to
mixed race. Brahmins in Ramayana are called as Dvijaati, Trijaati. Which means they are
born from two or three jatis or two or three races.
5-47-2:
samutpapaata atha sadasi udiirito |
dvijaati mukhyaiH haviShaa iva paavakaH || 5-47-2
dRîSTyarpaNa samprachoditaH = goaded by obtaining of looks; tasya = of Ravana; saH =

that Aksha; prataapavaan = the energetic demon; atha = thereupon; golden dotted bow;
samutpapaata = sprang up quickly; paavakaH iva = like a fire; udiiratah = moved up;
dvijaatimukhyaiH = by the foremost brahmins; haviSaa = by offering oblations; sadasi =
in a sacrificial fire.
2-32-29:
tatra āsīt pingalo gārgyaḥ trijaṭaḥ nāma vai dvijaḥ |
kṣatavṛttirvane nityam phālakuddālalāṅgalī || 2-32-29
29. tatra = there; aasiit = remained; dvijaH = a brahmana; trijaTonaama = by name

Trijata; gaargyaH = who was born in garga community; piNgaLaH = reddish-born in color;
kshata vRîHiH = with an occupation of digging the soil; vane = in the forest; nityam =
always; phaala kuNdaalalaaNgalii = having an axe; a spade and a plough.
"There lived a brahmana by name Trijata who was born in garga community and was
reddish born in colour. He used to make his living in the forest by digging the soil, always
carrying an axe, a spade and a plough."
Tabal handed over to Que:

Later the kingdom of Tabal was destroyed and kept under the rule of governor of Cilicia
(Kue), an Assyrian vassal. There were continuous conquests on the land of neighbors of
Tabal. Melid and other neighboring polities were completely put under the Assyrian rule.
The period of rule from 713 BC to 708 BC were attacks on melid, and gurgum.
Kusas are said to have instigated Tabal to fight against Assyria:
Sargon of Assyria (722‑705) tells in his inscriptions of victories over several nations, among
which were the Moschi, under King Mita; "I gave my daughter to Ambaris (Ampalis?), King of
Khilakku (Cilicia). He was unfaithful to me and allied himself with Ursana of Urartu and Mida
of Mushki. They (Kusas?) captured my towns and districts in Tabal land . . . Mida sent me
tributes. . . . He acknowledged the power of the great god Ashur."
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Events related to Melid, Gurgum and Kummuhu before kurukshetra:

Sargon’s involvement with Melid is described in a number of his inscriptions from Dur Šarrukin
(Khorsabad), Nineveh and Kalhu (Nimrud) and events can be divided into five main episodes:
1) At some point prior to 711, Sargon removed Gunzinanu (var. Kunzinanu), ruler of the land
of Kammanu, from his royal city of Melid and replaced him with Tarhunazi. The reason for the
removal of Gunzinanu is not given. It is likely that he had done something that Sargon had
regarded as treasonous to Assyria, refusing to pay tribute. (Winckler 1894: pl. 4 K 1660 lines
4´–5´; Fuchs 1994: 125–126 lines 204– 206 and cf. 64 lines 26–27, 76 lines 9–10, and 261
lines 23–27; and Hawkins 2004: 154 Side A lines 19–20.)
2) According to Assyrian sources, Tarhunazi, the ruler of Gurgum whose capital city was
Marqasi (modern day Mar‘āš, 160 km Southwest of Melid), rebelled against Assyria. Tarḫunazi
broke his oath, stopped giving tribute, and corresponded with Mita of the land of Muski
(Midas, of Phrygia), sending the latter “hostile messages about Assyria.” (Gadd 1954: 182–183
v 41–52; Fuchs 1994: 125–126 lines 204–208 and 216 lines 78–79.)
3) In 711 (during Sargon’s 10th year of reign), the Assyrian army marched against Tarhunazi,
captured Melid, and smashed it as if it were a pot. Tarhunazi fled to the city of Til-Garimmu
(modern day Gürün, 110 km Northwest of Melid) however, out of fear of Assyrian might, the
people of Til-Garimmu threw Tarhunazi into fetters, opened their city gates, and surrendered
to the Assyrian army. The lands of Kammanu and Gurgum were resettled by people. The city of
Melid and its surrounding area was entrusted to an Assyrian client, Mutallu, the ruler of the
neighbouring state of Kummuhu. (Gadd 1954: 183 v 53–75, Fuchs 1994: 126–128 lines 208–
221 and 216–217 lines 79–83, Fuchs 1998: 48–49 vii.e 1–8 and viii.b 1–15.)
4) Mutallu proved disloyal. He is called an “evil Hittite” and said to have made an alliance
with Argisti of Urartu and withheld his taxes and tribute. (Thompson 1940: 87 line 21, Fuchs
1994: 177 lines 398–401 and 222–223 lines 112–113.)
5) In 708 (during Sargon’s 13th year), Sargon sent Assyrian forces against Mutallu. Mutallu
managed to escape, but members of his family were captured. His land was annexed to Assyria,
put under the control an Assyrian official (Turtanu), and resettled with Chaldeans from Bit-
Iakin. It is likely that city of Melid was also retaken by the Assyrian forces. (Thompson 1940:
87–88 lines 22–26, Fuchs 1994: 177–179 lines 401–411 and see 223–224 lines 113–117.)
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“Khulli's (Dhritrashtra) son, Ambaridis, the husband of Sargon’s Daughter, who had brought
him as dowry as …………………, had been unable to resist the flattering offers of Kusas; he
had broken the ties which attached him to the new Assyrian dynasty,
……………………………..issue of the struggle, and it was well known that when the fall
of Kusas took place Ambaridis would be speedily brought to account.”
“From another inscription, belonging to Kusas II., the son of Argistis, we learn that campaigns
were carried on against the Hittites and the Moschi.” (History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria,
Babylonia and Assyria, Rappoport AS, 1901, pg:xxii)
Kusas II is Urartian of Arghisti dynasty. Arghisti’s belonged to Urartian line of kings. They
lured the Tabal kings to fight against Assyria. Tabal kings were hittites. Luwas lived in
Cilicia under the Tabal. Kusas and Luwa are sons of Ram according to Ramayana. Who are
involved in the war of Sargon II according to archaeological sources.
Luwians in south-of-Tabal
Kurukshetra War: Conquest of Kulummu:

In later conquests of Sargon II to kulummu, the mountain tribes of Tabal and neighboring
states unite to kill Sargon, which is detailly described in Mahabharata with some Greek
stories and characters added in it. The character of Krishna is similar to the Achilles.
Krishna had his death by arrow hit in his heel, which is a story of Achilles. Sargon dies in
battle in Tabal in 705 BC at the age of 57 years.
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Earlier Battles of Assuras on Tabal Oligarchy:
Shlameneser III and Tuatti:
“Immeasurable quantities of marble I carried away. Against Kue (and) Tabalu I marched. Their
lands I smote, to mounds and ruins I turned (them). Kati (Tuatti), the wicked enemy (written as
plural), I shut up in the chief city of his kingdom. The (terrifying) splendor of my sovereignty
overcame him and he brought his daughter, with her dowry, to Kalhu (Calah), and seized my
feet.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:246)
Shalmaneser III and Twenty kings of Tabal:
Coming from Melid (Malatya) via Mt Timur, Shalmaneser invades Tabal, burns the cities of
Tuatti (king) of Tabal, besieges his capital city, Artulu, and receives the submission and tribute
of Tuatti’s son Kikki along with that of twenty other unnamed ‘‘kings of Tabal’’.
Shalmaneser III and 24 kings of Tabal:
“In my twenty-second year of reign I crossed the Euphrates for the twenty-second time. Against
the land of Tabal I descended. At that time I received the presents of 24 kings of Tabal. To
Mount Tunni (Taurus), the silver mountain, and Mount Mull, the marble mountain, I
advanced.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:206)
Tiglath-Pileser III and Tabal:
“The tribute of Kushtashpi of Kummuhu, Rasunnu (Rezin) of Aram, Menihimmu (Menahem) of

Samerina (Samaria), Hirummu (Hiram) of Tyre, Sibitti-bi'li of Gubla (Gebail), Urikki of Kue,
Pisiris of Carchemish, Eni-ilu of Hamath, Panammu of Sam'al, Tarhulara of Gurgum, Sulumal
of Melid, Dadi-ilu of Kaska, Uassurme of Tabal, Ushhitti of Tuna, Urballai of Tuhana,
Tuhamme of Ishtunda, Urimme of Hubishna, Zabibe, queen of Arabia,—gold, silver, lead, iron,
elephant's hides, ivory, colored (woolen) garments, linen garments, blue and purple wool, maple,
boxwood, all kinds of precious royal treasure, fat(?) lambs, whose wool was purple in color (Zi/.,
dyed), winged birds of heaven, whose wings were blue in color (ML, dyed), horses, mules, cattle,
sheep, camels, female camels, together with their young, I received.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1,
1926, pg:276)
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Saraswati River:
The place of Cilicia and Tabal around the Saraswati river (Saras, Seyhan) was called the
Bharata in ancient times. It is the cradle of Indu-Saraswati Civilization.
Painting of Saraswati River by Painter in Cairo
Mention of Saros river in various sources:

Barrington atlas:
Saros/Sinarus/Koiranos (river) – It is mentioned as part of Arzawa, Hittite empire (1600-1200
BC). Map given in Barrington atlas also shows the Prayag the meeting place of three rivers
(described in Tabal).
Prayaga
Saraswati river as shown in Barrington Atlas (Website Screenshot)
The city of Kizzuwatna/Kummanni (Hittite) is generally identified with the classical comana
located on the upper stream of Seyhan (Classical Saros) river. (The Construction of the Assyrian
Empire: A Historical Study: Shigeo Yamada, pg: 200)
By what coincidence could it be that while the Qeve/Keveh/Kue (Cilicia) location is in Adana,
in the Seyhan theater, where also Comana is found, ……….The Sarkoy location in the quote is
either the same as, or near to, the Sarez location that appears named after the Sarus/Saros river.
(Iraq Updates October 4-10, 2011)
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Ptolemy’s India:
Description of India by Ptolemy is said to be inconsistent with Indian geography. Many

accounts of Greek historians exist prior to Ptolemy. Questions arise, why is it that ancient
Indian historians were not aware of Greeks visiting India? No account of Greeks
visiting India has been recorded by Indians. Ptolemy is the only Egyptian geographer who
mentioned the places with mathematical coordinates. But historians did not accept his map
to be compatible. Though his maps of other countries exactly matched with the modern-
day GPS maps, only the map of India didn’t fit on Indian Terrain. Where was Ptolemy going
wrong. Ptolemy wasn’t going wrong anywhere but the map drawn by him was the map of
Tabal. (Ptolemy’s kingdom existed right below the Tabal in the areas of Lebanon, parts of
Cilicia, and Egypt).
Comparison of Tabal with Ptolemy’s Map
Some of the places mentioned in Ptolemy’s India map:

Taurus Mountains, Alexandria, Caramania, Imanos Mountains (Amanos), Caucasus
Mountains, Taprobane (Cyprus).
Taprobane:
Various names of Sri Lanka include Taprobane, Taprobana, Tamraparni, Pale simundu, and
Lanka. The name used by Ptolemy was Taprobane. Taprobane or Tamraparni means copper
sand or copper leaved sand. The word Tamra in Sanskrit means copper, and parni means
sand or leaves. The absurdity of the situation here is:
How did Greeks know about an island 5000 km away from them with mappable precision?
How did the Greeks know the name of the island to be Taprobane which is not known to
the locals in the country?
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Greeks reached the island from 5000 km away but didn’t know about people called
Tamilians, a culture which existed since 7000 years. Neither Tamilians or any south Indian
knows the name of the island as Taprobane.
Who named Sri Lanka as Tamraparni? Answer to this question most probably is, Sri Lanka
is not Tamraparni.
This island of Taprobane is Cyprus (Kittim, Kittion, Nikosia).
As mentioned earlier in Ravana’s episode of abduction. The island of Cyprus is actually the
copper island which has been mined for copper since 4000 BC. It is named Taprobane,
Tamraparni due to high levels of copper in its soil.
The name pale simundu, on the other hand means milk ocean, where ‘pale’ means milk
and ‘simundu’ means ocean. This actually is the name of a water body and not an island. It
actually represents the Mediterranean Sea which is beneath the river Saraswati (seyhan).
The enthralling story behind the Pale Simundu is astrological. It is related to view of Milky
Way Galaxy from the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Sea is said to have best view of
Milky Way galaxy and so called as the ocean of milk. This view is not possible from the
Indian ocean. What’s the original name of Sri Lanka? Sinhala-desa.
If Sri-Lanka is not Taprobane then the boundary above the Cyprus (Taprobane) drawn by
Ptolemy belongs to which country. It isn’t a country but highly zoomed out coastline of the
province called Mersin in Turkey. Mersin is a province which lies exactly above the Island
of Cyprus.
Taprobane Boundary of Mersin Ptolemy map of India within Ganges
200 km coastline of a Mersin is compared to 1400 km coastline of India by historians. The

length of coastline from Gujarat to Kanyakumari is 1400 km. The stretched coastline of
Mersin, assumed to be a part of India, is zoomed and tagged as, ‘Map of India Within
Ganges’ by Nicolaus Germanus in 1467.
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The map drawn by Ptolemy includes two parts: 1. Within Ganges and 2. Outside Ganges.
Within Ganges Outside Ganges
Ptolemy’s map within Ganges Ptolemy’s map outside Ganges
These maps when joined together form the Cilician kingdom of Armenia (Kilikia), land
which is given by Sargon II to king of north kingdom of Tabal. This is also called
Brahmavarta, land below Saraswati, according to vedic sources. This left map of Ptolemy,
Mersin, includes area Bramagara, and Pandia. Pandia here is not Pandyan kings of south
India but Pandeys, a type of brahmins.
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Map showing Pandia in Mersin
The origin of Pandeys of North India is actually from this place called Mersin in south east
Turkey. Brahmins of this place were called dvijaati and trijati in Ramayana which means
they are from mixed races, as the name suggests. This place of Cilicia (Kilikia) is also called
the Bharata or lesser Armenia.
Later this has been somehow assumed to be a world map.
The 200 km boundary of Mersin is zoomed in exponential proportions along with the
island. The size of Sri Lanka (Cyprus) increased to size of Africa and the boundary of Mersin is
made equal to the boundary of all Asian countries spread from Arabian Sea to Pacific Ocean. It was
drawn by Francesco di Antonio del Chierico in 1406 based on translation of Jacobus Angelus.
Boundary of Mersin drawn as world map Map of Mersin

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What is the map of Ptolemy as a whole?
The part placed in the red box drawn by Ptolemy included the kingdom of Axidares or
Ashkhadar or his successor kings of Armenia.
Earlier Armenia at its Pinnacle
Armenia or Ramrajy Today

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Indian map drawn by Ptolemy indicate the country called Armenia which was called India
in ancient times. The accounts of Arrian, Megasthenes, Pliny, Herodotus, Erastothenes,
Periplus and other historians are not accounts on India but on the ancient Armenia.
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Other Western Kingdoms

1. Cilicia (Que)(Kaue)(Khilakku)(Matsya):
The land below the Saraswati river is called Cilicia/kilikia. According to Mahabharata it can
be called as Brahmavarta. This is also place of Bharata tribe who lived to the south of
Saraswati River. It also can be called Matsya Janapada who lived on shores of sea and
survived on fishes as food. Archaeological sources also refer it to as Luwian land. The sons
of Ram were Lava and kusa. Both Lava and kusa are found in north and south of Saraswati
river region. The kusas were said to have bribed Dhrit-Rashtra to fight against Assyrian
(Assur) King Shakuni. Cilicia and Tabal included luwian population.
Luwians in Cilician Region Flag of Cilicia with Saffron
Assyrian Empire: Cilician Kingdom was under the Assyrian rule.
Tiglath-Pileser III – Urikki
Shalmaneser III - 831 BC – Vassal - King – Katei, Timur
Shalmaneser III - 831 BC – Muru, City of Arame – captured
Place: Harrua and Ushnanis
Shalmaneser III and Hazael (Syrian Armenia):
In my eighteenth year of reign I crossed the Euphrates for the sixteenth time. Hazael of Aram
(Syria) trusted in the masses of his troops. He mustered his troops in great numbers. Mount
Saniru, a mountain peak which is in front of Mount Lebanon, he made his stronghold. I fought
with him, I defeated him. 16,000 of his warriors I slew with the sword. 1,131 of his chariots,
470 of his cavalry, together with his camp, I took from him. (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926,
pg:205)
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Shalmaneser III and Katei:
“In my twenty-fifth year of reign I crossed the Euphrates at its flood. The gifts of the kings of
Hatti, all of of them, I received. Mount Amanus I crossed over, to the cities of Katei of the land
of Kaue, I descended. Timur, his royal city, I stormed and captured. I slew their warriors. I
carried off-their spoil. Countless cities I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. On my
return, Muru, the royal city of Arame, son of Agusi, I seized as a stronghold for myself. Its
thresholds I strengthened, I built therein a palace for my royal abode.” (David Luckenbill, Vol
1, 1926, pg:207)
Shalmaneser III and Katei:
In my twenty-sixth year of reign I traversed Mount Amanus for the seventh time, and for the
fourth time I marched against the cities of Katei of Kaue. Tanakun, the royal city of Tulka, I
besieged. The terrifying splendor of Assur, my lord, overpowered him. They came out and seized
my feet. I received his hostages; silver, gold, iron, cattle, sheep, as his tribute I received from him.
2. Meliddu: (Kammanu): Malla: (Maldiya, Milid, Meliddu, Malatya, Melid,

Melitene):
This is the Malla mahajanpada of the buddhist texts. It retained the name and was also
called mallus in 300 BC. The malla janapada also contains the malatya hills which was called
malaya hills in Ramayana. It resides on the east side of the Saros river. The Assyrian king
Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 B.C.) forced the kingdom of Malidiya to pay tribute to Assyria.
Malidiya continued to prosper until the Assyrian king Sargon II (722–705) sacked the city
in 712 BC. Other connection with this place seems to be its culinary habits.
Culinary connection: It is famous for Kofta balls. Kofte (meatballs) have a special place
in the local cuisine of Malla, and also apricots, which are used in many meals from kebabs
(meat broiled or roasted in small pieces) to desserts. There are over 70 kinds of kofte,
usually made with wheat and other ingredients in this place. Indian kofta has its origin in
Turkey. Kofta is famous in South Caucasian (Urartu), Balkan (Macedonian), and
Central Asian cuisines which explains the Balkan origin of this people. It is also
famous for apricots production equaling more than 60% of total apricot production of
World. It is also called as kayisi diyari, or kaya desa or Apricot realm.
Kings of Melid:
Tiglath-pileser I – 1115 BC – King unknown

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Shalmaneser III – 833 BC – Vassal – Lalla/Lalli – captured
Tiglath-Pileser III – Sulumal
Sargon II - 711 BC - Rebel – Gunzinanu –
Sargon II - 709 BC - Rebel – Tarhunazi – captured
Malaya Mountains:
Malatya Mountains: Ramayana (4-2-14)

Malatya mountains are mentioned in Ramayana as Malaya mountains.
सभ्रं मः त्र्िताम् एर् सववः वाजल कृ ते मिान् |

मियोऽयम् लगररवरो भर्म् न इि अजथत वाजलनः ||
14. sambhramaH tyajataam eSa = perplexity, ward-off, this sort of; sarvaiH = all of you; vali
kRîte mahaan = by Vali, owing to, great [fear]; malayaH ayam giri varaH = Malaya mountain,
this one, mountain, the best; bhayam na iha asti = scare, not, here, is there; VaalinaH = from
Vali.
"Perplexity be warded off... all of you discarded that great fear from Vali or his cruelty... there is no
scare from Vali here on this best mountain, for it is Mt. Malaya...
Battles of Malla:
Tiglath-pileser I and Melid:
“In the course of this campaign I marched against the city of Milidia, which is in the land of
Hanigalbat, (with its) haughty and rebellious (people). They took fright at the approach of my
mighty battle array, and embraced my feet. I had mercy upon them and did not capture that city.
I took their hostages and one homer of magnesium ore for offerings, as a yearly tribute which
should never cease, I laid on them.” (David Luckenbill, Vol 1, 1926, pg:82)
Shalmaneser III and Lalla:
“In my twenty-third year of reign I crossed the Euphrates. Uetash, the royal city of Lalla of
the land of Milid, I captured. The kings of the land of Tabal came and I received their gifts.”
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Sargon II and Tarhunazi:
“Tenth year of reign Tarhunazi the Melidean, who did not fear the name of the Assur,—the
wide land of Kammanu, violated the oath (lit., curse) and protection of Assur, whom I drove
back…. on his royal throne I caused him to sit I caused to perform his service. With the rulership
of the lands they intrusted him (lit., filled his hand); his ear to . . . [He directed words] of enmity
against Assyria. In the anger of my heart [I conquered] Kammanu to its farthest border]
Meliddu, his royal city, I smashed like a pot. All of his people I treated (lit., counted) as a flock
of sheep. And that one (Melid king) entered, Til-Garimmu, to save his life. That city I "covered
like a cloud." They feared the (terrible) brilliance of my weapons and Tarhunazi, their ruler,
together with his warriors, I threw into fetters of iron. His wife, his sons, his daughters, with
500 of his captive fighters, I carried away to my city of Assur. Til-Garimmu I rebuilt; people
which my hands had captured I settled therein. The land of Kammanu I seized in its entirety
and placed it under (lit., counted it into the hand of) my official. Service and vassalage, like that
of Gunzinanu, I laid upon them. Ten strong fortresses I established round about it, and caused
its people to inhabit dwellings of peace.”
Arslantepe, the site of ancient Melid, is located on the western side of the Euphrates River.
Earliest mention of the city appears in texts from Boğazköy inscription (which mentioned vedic
gods Indra and Varuna) around 1400 BC, assuming that the city called Mal(i)dija in those texts
is to be identified with the city in question (Hawkins 1993:35). It became the centre of a Neo-
Hittite kingdom following the destruction of the Hittite state at the end of the thirteenth century
bce. Melid offered submission and tribute to the Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser III (858–824 bce)
on more than one occasion. (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:11)
3. Gurgum:
Shalmaneser III - Kalparuda, Mutalli
Tiglath-Pileser III - Tarhulara
Shalmaneser III and Mutalli:
To the cities of Mutalli, the Gurgumean, I drew near. The tribute of Mutalli, the Gurgumean,—
silver, gold, cattle, wines, his daughter, with her costly (large) dowry, I received.
Shalmaneser III and Kalparuda:
The tribute of the kings on that side of the Euphrates,—of Sangara of Carchemish, of Kundashpi
of Kumuhu (Commagene), of Arame son of Guzi, of Lalli the Milidean, of Haiani son of Gabari,
P a g e | 80
of Kalparuda of Hattina, of Kalparuda of Gurgum,—silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper,

at Ina-Assur-uttir-asbat, on that side of the Euphrates, on the river Sagur, which the people of
Hatti call Pitru, there I received (it).
Tiglath-Pileser III and Tarhulara:
[In my third] year of reign, [Sardurri of Urartu, revolted against me, with] Mati'-ilu [Sulumal
of Melid (Melitene), Tarhulara of 'Gurgum, [Kushtashpi of Kummuhu, [trusted] in each others
might. (Trusting) in the might and power of Assur, my lord, I fought with them, large numbers
of them I slew. The gorges and precipices of the mountains I filled with [their bodies]. Their
chariots . their without number, I carried away from that slaughter and of Sardurri. I seized
with my own hands. 72,950 people, together with their possessions, from [Sardurri1, to save his
life, escaped at night and was seen no more up to the bridge across the Euphrates, the boundary
of his land, I pursued him. And his bed his royal coach, the seal-cylinder, (hung) about his neck,
together with [his] rings ........ his royal chariot, their(?) his . . much, without number, his(?)
chariots, horses, mules, his workmen, without number, I carried away.
4. Kummuhu (Kundashpi, Kushtashpi) (Mutallu) (Katazilu) (Kummuhai,
Kutmuhu)
Kings of Kummuhu:
Tiglath-Pileser I – 1100 BC – Vassal – Kutmuhi
Shalmaneser – 856 BC - Vassal – King - Katazilu
Tiglath-Pileser III – Kundashpi
Sargon II - Mutallu
Gurgum and Kummuhu

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Tiglath-Pileser III:
“The tribute of Kushtashpi of Kummuhu, Rasunnu (Rezin) of Aram, Urikki of Kue (Cilicia),
Tarhulara of Gurgum, Sulumal of Melid (Malla), Uassurme of Tabal, Ushhitti of Tuna, Urimme
of Hubishna, Zabibe, queen of Arabia,—gold, silver, lead, iron, elephant's hides, ivory, colored
(woolen) garments, linen garments, blue and purple wool, maple, boxwood, winged birds of
heaven, whose wings were blue in color, horses, together with their young, I received.” (David
Sargon II:
Mutallum, of Kummuhu, [a wicked Hittite], who did not fear the name of the great king.
Meliddu, his stronghold, (which) I had put under his rule, he ... . , he put his trust in the high
mountain and withheld tribute. He sent his messenger to Bit-Iakin, into my presence, to greet
me; of the progress of my army in Assyria and the deeds I accomplished in Kaldu and Elam, he
heard and. to save his life, day and night he spoke with his counselors. Against the steep
mountain, my official, their widespreading armies, I sent against him with my royal host. For a
distance of 6 double-hours, in front of (?) my(?) army's advance his wife, his sons, his daughters,
he forsook and fled alone and was seen no more. That city they besieged, and his wife, his sons,
his daughters, together with the people of his land, horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle and sheep,
they counted as spoil gold, silver, garments of brightly colored wool, and linen garments, blue
and purple garments, elephant hides, ivory, maple and boxwood, the treasure of his [palace] they
brought to Kalhu (Calah), into my presence. (David Luckenbill, Vol 2, 1927, pg:22)
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Mahajanapadas
The kingdom ruling Turkey while Phrygians moved to Anatolian plains was Hittite or Hatti
or Hattusa. Hittites were rulers of the central Turkey. Phrygians settled in the borders of
the ancient land in 1600 BC. Phrygians/Mitannis had marital relations with Egypt
(Amenhotep), and Hatti (Suppulilluma) which lead to the development of Neo-Hittite
kingdoms of Tabal, Kummuhu, Melid and Cilicia. The Mahajanapadas started from Kosala,
Sakya in northwest of turkey, Malla to the east, Anga in the center, Avanti to the South
west, Chedi to the south west, Gandhara and Kasi to the far south east.
The Janapadas identified include: 1. Kuru 2. Panchala 3. Avanti 4. Surasena 5. Yaudheya 6.

Gandhara 7. Kasi 8. Matsya 9. Yavanadesa 10. Kamboja 11. Malla 12. Kosala 13. Anga
Kuru:
Refer to Tabal.
Panchala:
Panchala is Janapada which existed in vedic land. It is a mix of five tribes which is known
by the other name Kampilya. Kanyakubja a kingdom is also said to be part of Panchala.
Same kingdoms with same names exist in Turkey. Antalya and Mersin provinces of Turkey
existed in ancient times as Pamphilya. Pamphilya also means mix of tribes. Philya in Greek
means tribes. And north of Antalya exists Kanyakubja with modern name of Konya.
Antalya and Konya Provinces

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Ancient Pamphylia or Panchala
Avanti or Haihaya:
In Saryati’s lineage (Saryati and Ikshwaku were two among the many sons of Manu (MBh
1,75)), two kings took their birth, viz. Haihaya and Talajangha, both sons of Vatsa.
Haihaya had ten wives and a hundred sons, all of whom were highly inclined to fighting.
Ahhiya and Tawagalawa:
Ahhiya of Greek origin has his kingdom in Millawa, similar to Malva of Avanti, is in
southwest of Turkey. The unnamed Ahhiyawan king was considered the “brother” of
Tawagalawas similar to the Haihaya and Talajangha who are brothers. Letters written
to Tawagalawa, brother of Ahhiya were found in Hittite archaeological sources. The Hittite
king asks for the help of the king of Ahhiyawa in the matter of Piyamaradus’s raids. Ahhiyas
are Greeks or Yavanas who migrated from Greece to Turkey.
Ahhiya in Turkey and same place called as Millawa

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Surasena:
Surasena known as Kalyndaka is the Janapada of vedic times. It is also called sourasenoi in
Ptolemy’s India. Kalynda is said to be part of Turkey. It is an ancient part of Caria. Carushas
tribe were considered to be friends of Haihayas, in startlingly similar way Caria is a
neighbor of Ahhiya in Turkey. Sura is opposite word of Assura (as Syria for Assyria)
“Calynda (Kalunda: Eth. Kalundeus), a town of Caria, according to Stephanus, is placed by

Strabo 60 stadia from the sea (p. 56), west of the Gulf of Glaucus, and east of Caunus.” (Greek
& Roman Geography, ed. William Smith)
Caria in Turkey Caria (jatland.com)
Caria is also shown in Jatland website. Jatland, a website identifies races, and people from
turkey with India but doesn’t connect the dots to get a larger map. The image shown in
website also shows Dalaman river passing through Caria. But surprisingly Wikipedia page
for Caria shows river Dalman as Indus. It can also be seen at ageofnoah.com.
Caria or Kalynda showing Indus River

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Yaudheyas:
Yaudheya janpada is found in the yellow coloured region as Yadiya.
Gandhara Janapada:
It is found to be in east of turkey between Assyria and kasi known as Akkad. Akkadian
kingdom is spread from Kasi to Saraswati river. The name of Sargon in Assyrian inscriptions
as Sharru-kin or Sharr-kuni known in Mahabharata as Shakuni. Gandhara is a very ancient
kingdom. Left eye damaged in the statue of Sargon the First is taken as caricature of
Shakuni, though Shakuni is not blind.
Sargon of Akkad and Akkadian Empire

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Kasi:
Kasi is kingdom of Sumitra, who married Dasaratha (Mitanni, a Hurrian race). Kasi
kingdom is located to the east of Mitanni and Gandhara. They are located on south east of
Akkadian empire. Middle we can see Ashur in the map. Kasi king is said to have tried to
conquer all the Jambu Dwipa (Large island). Jambu dwipa is the Turkey, which in the map
below can be seen as covered by water on all sides which kassites tried to conquer. In India,
the janapadas are restricted to North India which is landlocked.
Jambu dwipa?
Empire of Kassites
Matsya Janapada:
Matsya is said to be south of Kurus and west of Yamuna. Kurus as seen in earlier chapters
is on the banks of river Saros in the province of Kayseri. This place is called Cilicia. These
people were also called Sea peoples. (Icthyophagi in Ptolemy and Arrians India).
Icthyophagi means people who survive on Fish. Matsya is also related surasena, which tells
us there was movement of surasena from west to east.
Matsya Janapada
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Chedi:
Based on findings till now. Chedi can be taken as Lydia, which was neighboring the Caria
or Carushas or kalynda.
Yavanadesa:
Yavanas were identified as Ionians. They lived on the north of Ahhiya.
Kamboja:
This is also called the land of kum. The name Kamboja may derive from (Kam +
bhoj "Kamma+boja"), referring to the people of a country known as "Kum" or "Kam". It is
also located on north west of Gandhara. Gandhara is identified as older Assura kingdom.
The map shows a kingdom Kummuji, also known as kummuhu, kutmuhi, kummuh on west
of Assura.
Kummuji or Kamboja Kingdom
Malla Janapada:
It is important Janapada as it allied with kurus in Kurukshetra. They are said to be from
land of Kammanu. It survived as modern-day Malatya province in turkey. Jaina stories
mentioned this as the Malaya. It is mentioned in Journal of Three great rivers in Cilicia by,
W. M. Ramsay, as Mallos.
The cities- Adana on the Saros, Mallos on the Pyramus (Yamuna), and Tarsus on the Cydnus –
reflect the part which the rivers have played in making and moulding the country and its history.
(The Geographical Journal Vol. 22, No. 4 (Oct., 1903), pp. 359 (60 pages)
P a g e | 88
This place is also famous for kofta balls, a unique dish of India. (For Fig. refer Matsya
Janapada) (Malatya Kingdom)
Kosala:
Refer to Mitanni.
Anga:
Refer to Angora.
Maithili (Mytilene) (Mytilene: seven sages of Greek)
There is an island of Maithili east of Greece connected to the Kosala kingdom. Mytilene is
important for sages of Greek. In Ramayana, it is mentioned as one of the names of Videha.
Theophrastus student of Aristotle is said to have born in Mytilene.
Mytilene
All the above janapadas are in Turkey, temples being found in turkey is not a
coincidence but a result of inhabitation of lands.
Real Indian Janapadas:

These were recorded later and are not involved in the story of Ramayana or Mahabharata.
This is the actual information known about India.
Pancanada: Five river land.
Kasmira: north of Punjab.
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Estimated Places of Mahajanapadas:

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Assyrian/Assura/Assur Kings:
Shalmaneser I ca. 1280 B.C.
Tukulti-Urta I ca. 1250 B.C.
Tiglath-pileser I ca. 1100 B.C.
Urta-apal-kur II
Assur-bel-kala (I)
Enlil-rabi
Assur-b61-kala (D)
Erlba-Adad n
Shamshi-Adad IV
Assur-nasir-pal I
Shalmaneser II
Assur-nirari IV
Assur-rbi II
Assur-rsh-ishi II
Tiglathpileser II
Assur-dan II
Adad-nirari II 911- 891 B.C.
Tukulti-Urta II 890- 884
Assur-nasir-pal II 883- 859 – Ravanasura?
Shalmaneser III 858- 824 – Ravanasura ?
Shamshi-Adad V 823- 810
Sammuramat 809- 806
Adad-niriri III 805- 782

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Shalmaneser IV 781- 772
Assur-dan III 771- 7S4
Assur-nirari V 753 - 746
Tiglath-Pileser III 745 - 727
Shalmaneser V 727- 722
Sargon II 721-705 – Shakuni, Sharr-kuni, Sharru-Kin
Sennacherib 705 - 681
Esarhaddon 680- 669
Assurbanipal 668- 626
Assyrian Empire at its Pinnacle

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Relief of Shakuni
Eulogy of Shakuni at his Palace Dur Sharru-kin:
Palace of Sargon (Dur-Sharru-Kin), king of the universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon,
king of Sumer and Akkad, the king who, with the help of Assur, Nabu and Marduk,
beginning with Iatnana, which is in the midst of the sea of the setting sun, to the border of
Egypt, and the land of Muski, the wide land of Amurru, Hatti in its entirety, all of Gutium,
the land of the distant Medes on the edge of the Bikni Mountains, the lands of Ellipi and
Rashi which are on the Elamite border; all of the Arameans who live on the banks of the
Tigris, Surappi and Uknu rivers, as far as DunniShamash, the cities of Bube, and Til-Humba,
which belong to the Elamite territory, Karduniash (Babylonia), north and south, the whole
of Chaldea, as many as there were, BitIakin on the shore of the Bitter Sea, as far as Dilmun's
border,—all these I brought under one rule, set my officials over them as governors,
imposed upon them the yoke of my sovereignty.
Relief of Ravanasura
Eulogy of AshurNasirpal (Ravan):
Palace of Assur-nasir-pal (Calah), the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king
of Assyria, son of Tukulti-Urta, king of the universe, king of Assyria, (grandson of Adad-
P a g e | 93
nirari, king of the universe, king of Assyria; conqueror of the lands of the Nairi in their
entirety; from the pass(es) of Kirruri to Gilzani, from the source of the Subnat to the land
of Shupr6, my hand conquered. From beyond the Tigris as far as Hatti,—Lake, in its
entirety, Suhu as far as Rapiku, from the pass(es) of Babite as far as Hashmar, Zamua in its
entirety, from the other side of the Lower Zab as far as Til-abari, which is above Zaban,
(and) as far as TU-Sha-Abatani; from Til-Sha-Abatani to Til-Sha-Zabdani, the cities of
Hirimu, Harutu, fortresses of Karduniash, to the border of my land I restored. In the lands
and mountains which I brought under my sway, I appointed my governors; their tribute I
received, service they rendered. 552. 2 as far as Mount Lebanon from the sources of the
Subnat as far as [Urartu,] the passes on the inside, my hand [conquered] the whole of the
land of Lak6, of Suhi as far as Rapiku, T brought in submission at my feet1. From the passes
of Babite, even to Hashmar, Zamua, in its entirety, across the Lower Zab Til-abari, which is
above Zaban. Til-sha-Abatani and Til-sha-Zabdani Hirimu1, Harutu, fortresses of Babylonia
(Kar duniash), to the border of my land I restored] mountains (Rev.) to my city Assur, [the
temple of Sin] and Shamash, the great gods, my lords, which the kings who went before me
had built aforetime, that [temple] had fallen to decay. I Cleared its site, I reached its
foundation1; from its foundation to its top [I rebuilt], I completed it. The dwelling of Sin
and Shamash, the great gods, [my lords] anew I placed therein. Sin and Shamash, my
memorial stele…
(Song on Ravan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dof6PuYsNr0)

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What Do Greeks Really Know about India?
Nothing
P a g e | 95
Names that remained Unchanged since Ramayana:
Ramayana: (Meru Parvatha: Nysa, Meros (Arrian))
Kosala: Kocaeli Malla: Malatya, Mallus (East of Saros)
Saketa: Sakarya Kurukshetra:
Sarayu: Sakarya River (Sariyar Dam) Kusa: Kusas (Tabal and Armenia)
Kaushiki: Koceka (tributary of Sakarya) Luva: Luwians (Cilicia)
Bhrigu: Bryges, Brygian Shakuni: Sharru-kin (Iraq)
Arame: Ram (Armenia) Saraswathi: Saras
Vanara: Van army (Armenia) Apaya: Payas
Maruta: Marut (Babylon) Chakravaka River: Chorvaka River
Kashi: Kashi Oxus: Aksu
Assura: Assur, Asura (Iraq) Karandaz: Black Sea
Anga: Angora (Turkey)
Mahajanapadas:
Avanti: Haihaya: Ahhiyas
Talajangha (brother of Haihaya):

Tawalagawa (brother of Ahhiya)
Malva: Milluwa
Karushas (friends of Haihayas): Carus

(friends of Ahhiyas)
Kampilya (mix of tribes): Pamphilya

(Pamphilya: five tribes)
Kanyakubja: Konya (South Turkey)
Central Turkey: Srivatsa: Sebastea (Sivas)
East Turkey: Nesada: Nysa

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Characters Unchanged:
Eagle God Urartu with rosette, Pine Cone and Necklace

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Garuthmantha Indian (found in 1730 Rajasthan)
(rosette on wrist, pine cone and necklace)

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References:
Mitanni:
Kocaeli-sakarya: (June 22, 1954 by the law number 6419)
http://www.entomoljournal.com/vol2Issue5/60.1.html
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Sakarya_Province
https://sakarya.ktb.gov.tr/TR-107156/adapazari.html
River basin:
https://water.fanack.com/turkey/turkey-surface-water-groundwater/
Kusa:
http://ebooks.lib.ntu.edu.tw/1_file/Gutenberg/17327/v7c.htm
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189216?read-now=1&seq=7#page_scan_tab_contents
https://archive.org/stream/historyofegyptch01rappuoft/historyofegyptch01rappuoft_djvu.txt
https://ia800201.us.archive.org/13/items/historyofegyptch01rappuoft/historyofegyptch01rappuoft.pdf
https://archive.org/details/historyofegyptch01rappuoft/page/n12/mode/2up
Balkan:
https://www.fpri.org/article/2017/10/russias-foray-balkans-really-blame/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans
Bryges/Bhrigu:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryges
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Bryges
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu
https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_01006.php
https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_13b021.php
Phrygia:
http://www.entomoljournal.com/vol2Issue5/60.1.html
https://luwianstudies.org/phrygia/#:~:text=Gordion%2C%20the%20capital%20of%20Phrygia,can%20be%20deciphered%20as%20
Midas.
Mitanni:
https://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Mitanni
https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/9852289/ancient-palace-city-mitanni-empire/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters
Mushki:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah24250
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushki
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277692863_Mita_of_Mushki
Hatti:
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-history-hittite.htm
Gordion:
https://busy.org/@gokhan83kurt/gordion-the-capital-of-phrygian-kingdom-today-we-were-there-come-in-please
Anga:
Angora:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dionysus
https://www.templepurohit.com/why-did-lord-shiva-punish-kamadev-reduce-him-to-ashes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara
https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/baala/sarga23/balaroman23.htm
https://lykeiaofapollon.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/semele-and-persephone/
Orphic Legend:
https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Dionysos.html
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https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Zagreus.html
Urartu:
Bhrigu:
https://www.livius.org/articles/people/phrygians/
Urartu:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Urartu
https://www.ancient.eu/Urartu_Civilization/related/0/2/
http://www.armenica.org/history/en/overview/urartu.html
https://www.britannica.com/place/Urartu
http://www.allaboutturkey.com/urartu.htm
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/urartu-in-iran
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/countries/urartu/
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/AnatoliaUrartu.htm
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/3000-year-old-urartu-castle-found-lake-van-turkey/
Armenia:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Maps_of_the_Armenian_Empire_of_Tigranes.gif
https://travelblog.shobhagopinath.com/2018/04/15/1292/
Urartu Flag:
https://www.peopleofar.com/2017/01/30/reconstructing-artaxiad-flag/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)
Van Fortress:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Fortress
https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/12/04/mysterious-3000-year-castle-lake-van/
Garuda
https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%8
2%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81
Tushpa:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushpuea
Recent findings:
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/03/09/castle-found-turkeys-lake-van-2/
Arame:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arame_of_Urartu
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-history-urartu.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329611600_On_Urartian_Chariots
https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu
https://www.academia.edu/5405665/Kingdom_of_Urartu
Shalmaneser III:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/nimrud/ancientkalhu/thepeople/shalmaneseriii/index.html
https://www.peopleofar.com/2013/12/09/the-black-obelisk-of-shalmaneser-iii-and-the-armenian-city-arzashkun/
Statue of Shalmaneser III:
https://www.ancient.eu/image/10401/kurbail-statue-of-shalmaneser-iii/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Statue-of-Shalmaneser-III-From-ORTHMANN-1975-Abb-172_fig3_324651580
http://helpmewithbiblestudy.org/17Archeology/InscriptionAssurStatueShalmaneserIII.aspx#sthash.2BqUJGqi.dpbs
https://www.ancient.eu/image/741/shalmaneser-iii/
Urartian Shalmaneser III:
https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/12/04/mysterious-3000-year-castle-lake-van/
Shalmaneser I:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu
Balawat Gates:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates
Sargon:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu%E2%80%93Assyria_War
Nairi:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairi
https://www.revolvy.com/page/Nairi
Ganges:
http://www.payer.de/quellenkunde/quellen1102.htm
Nairi:
https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/nairi-lands.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairi
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=k0dbRu1TOgUC&pg=PA199&redir_esc=y
http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/Nairi
https://www.ancient.eu/Urartu_Civilization/
Van and Hakkari:
https://www.revolvy.com/page/Nairi
Nairi Alliance:
http://www.tacentral.com/history_story.asp?story_no=4
Nairi Map:
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17327/17327-h/17327-h.htm
Kassites:
Kassite:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites
https://www.ancient.eu/kassite/
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kass/hd_kass.htm
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kassite
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites
https://www.crystalinks.com/kassites.html
http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/kassites.htm
https://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198726470.001.0001/actrade-9780198726470-chapter-5
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/history-kassite.htm
http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch03-hyk.htm
Ramayana:
https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/kish/sarga64/kishkindhaitrans64.htm
Maruttas:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash
https://archeologie.culture.fr/larsa/fr/mediatheque/kudurru-nazi-maruttas
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359248
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babylonia_and_Assyria/Second_Assyrian_Empire
Marduk, Maruta:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk
Marduk-apla-iddina I:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi
http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/medians/index.htm
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2588_en.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69246/1/Frazer%202013%20Nazi-
Maruttas%20in%20Later%20Mesopotamian%20Tradition%20KASKAL%2010%20187-220.pdf
Gutians:
Gutians:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_people
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gutians
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guti
P a g e | 101
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/MesopotamiaGutium.htm
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Gutian_people
Kassites:
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/40/0/40_56/_pdf
Historical Geography of the Central Zagros in the Neo-Assyrian Period: Namri, Hamban, Karalla, Parsua and Allabria:
Sumer:
https://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/ancient_sumer.php
http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/Bible/Timelines/Babylon/Gutium.htm
Fall of Gutium:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Utu-khegal
Kassite Babylon:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites#/media/File:Kassite_Babylonia_EN.svg
Gutian Civilization:
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/314829830182272093/
Marduk:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk
Namrum:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_people
Namri and Bit-Hamban:

https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69246/1/Frazer%202013%20Nazi-
Maruttas%20in%20Later%20Mesopotamian%20Tradition%20KASKAL%2010%20187-220.pdf
https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/mskh1.pdf
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites
https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28985/1/10673229.pdf
Bit-Hamban:
https://www.academia.edu/36668335/MEDIA_AND_ITS_NEIGHBOURS_I_THE_LOCALIZATION_OF_ELLIPI?auto=d
ownload
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Hamban
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bit-hamban-also-bit-habban-a-district-on-the-iranian-iraqi-frontier
Namri and Hamban separated from Babylonia:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299653?seq=1
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315873231_Assyria_and_the_East_Western_Iran_and_Elam
Harhar, Kisheslu, Kindau:

https://www.academia.edu/32719624/Sajjad_Alibaigi_N.Aminikhah_and_F.Fatahi_2016.In_Search_of_Harhar_The_Neo-
_Assyrian_Kar_sarrukin_in_the_Central_Zagros_Mountains_Western_Iran_a_New_proposal_IRAN_54_11_25-45
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Representations-of-Urartian-and-Western-Iranian-in-
Gunter/d074a2896a4daf94dfe140e7cb1de4590694fbff
https://archive.org/stream/RepresentationsOfUrartianAndWesternIranianFortressArchitectureInThe/Gunter1982RepresentationsO
fUrartianAndWesternIranianFortressArchitectureInTheAssyrianReliefs_djvu.txt
https://ia800304.us.archive.org/33/items/RepresentationsOfUrartianAndWesternIranianFortressArchitectureInThe/Gunter1982Re
presentationsOfUrartianAndWesternIranianFortressArchitectureInTheAssyrianReliefs.pdf
https://dokumen.tips/documents/sargon-ii-king-of-assyria-s-the-campaigns-of-sargon-ii-king-of-assyria-721705.html
Other kingdoms of Zagros:
Historical Geography of the Central Zagros in the Neo-Assyrian Period: Namri, Hamban, Karalla, Parsua and Allabria:
P a g e | 102
Karalla:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalla
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/downloads/frame_orns68_1999_text.pdf
http://ijas.usb.ac.ir/article_1966_79803119c75b7ddcadb4cdca39f1ee9a.pdf
https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal:174145&datastream=PDF_01
Allabria:
https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=668945
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allabria
Parsua, Parsuash, Parsumash:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsua
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parsua
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anshan-elamite-region
https://www.sid.ir/En/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=320987
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm
Ellipi:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipi
https://www.academia.edu/36668335/MEDIA_AND_ITS_NEIGHBOURS_I_THE_LOCALIZATION_OF_ELLIPI
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ellipi
http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/iran.html
Tabal:
Tabal:
http://ebooks.lib.ntu.edu.tw/1_file/Gutenberg/17327/v7c.htm
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/AnatoliaTabal.htm
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/shalmanesers-campaign-to-urartu-in-856-bc-and-the-historical-
geography-of-eastern-anatolia-according-to-the-assyrian-sources/F5D8FC6D149E78BE931F717FCD51EDD2
Kesaria:
https://ovenk.com/kesaria-district-historical-armenian-map-1914-1918/
http://www.mazdapublishers.com/book/armenian-kesaria-kayseri-and-cappadocia
https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/10041975/TOC
Deposition of Tabal by Shalmaneser V:
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+Companion+to+Assyria-p-9781444335934
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118325216
https://www.worldcat.org/title/companion-to-assyria/oclc/962025766
Sargon II:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II
https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/sargon_iis_palace_dur-sharrukin
https://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_II/
http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=sargon_ii
Shakuni:
https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/shakuni
https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/wittyfeed+india-epaper-
witty/8+lesser+known+facts+about+shakuni+mama+that+you+missed+to+know-newsid-89071594
https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-motive-behind-Shakunis-play-in-Mahabharata
Gandharas:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_Kingdom
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Gandharva_Kingdom
P a g e | 103
Ptolemy map:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map#/media/File:Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map
Saraswati on banks of Kurukshetra:
https://www.academia.edu/8470734/Saraswati_River_the_cradle_of_Indian_Civilization_An_Archaeological_study_based_on_s
atellite_imagaries_of_Haryana
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/search-for-mythical-river-mission-saraswati-to-keep-soul-alive-says-
haryana-cm/
Death of Sargon:
Kululu:
https://www.hittitemonuments.com/kululu/
Neighboring states:
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/downloads/frame_fs_parpola.pdf
Saros river:
https://ovenk.com/adana-saros-river/
https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648748
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/27*.html
https://www.academia.edu/1244165/SWIMMING_RIVER_GODS
http://www.tribwatch.com/up/updateIraq1Oct1.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyhan_River
Uassurme Topada Inscription:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5bc3/866e03d0caea1a6a4495465769dba9060a4f.pdf?_ga=2.230027036.18884303.1582631971-
523824587.1581679107
https://www.hittitemonuments.com/topada/
Cilicia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia
http://www.allaboutturkey.com/kilikya.htm
https://asiaminorcoins.com/kilikia.html
Melid:
https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-homs/I6000000006090280647.php
https://turkeyforyou.com/malatya-history
http://www.starrepublic.org/encyclopedia/wikipedia/e/es/esarhaddon.html
https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-homs/I6000000006090280647.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(Ancient_India)
A New Cylinder Inscription of Sargon II of Assyria from Melid
https://www.academia.edu/1915775/A_New_Cylinder_Inscription_of_Sargon_II_of_Assyria_from_Melid
Kummuhu:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummuh
https://www.britannica.com/place/Kummuhu
P a g e | 104
Assyria:
Assyrian Empire:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings
https://www.ancient.eu/assyria/
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/images/essentials/diplomats/marriage2-large.jpg
https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria2.pdf
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/downloads/frahm_nabu2005_44.pdf
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/bibliography/#dalley2008
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/bibliography/#radner2012c
http://emp.byui.edu/SATTERFIELDB/Rel302/Shalmaneser%20V%20and%20Sargon%20II.htm
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phry/hd_phry.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummuh
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bit-bahiani-es.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Bahiani
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Bahiani#/media/File:Bit-bahiani.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gurgum_12_sz%C3%A1zad.jpg
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=imgres&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjrnaK6ls7nAhU0zjgGHe4QBx0Qjhx6BAgBEAI&url=ht
tps%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F138345019777293353%2F&psig=AOvVaw3DMpVzQu49LYj66feE8IH9&ust=
1581671184474688
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Agusi
Assyrian Language:
https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28985/1/10673229.pdf
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Agusi#/media/Fitxer:Estats_neohitites_i_arameus_a_S%C3%ADria_al_segle_VIII_aC.png
Janapadas:
Kalynda:
https://www.gtp.gr/LocInfo.asp?InfoId=49&Code=ETRAMG00DLMDLM00031&PrimeCode=ETRAMG00DLMDLM00031
&Level=10&PrimeLevel=10&lng=2
https://ageofnoah.com/blog/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria
Kambojas:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas
Malla:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya
Mytilene:
http://ontheworldmap.com/greece/city/mytilene/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene
Saraswati River:
Saros/seyhan:
https://ovenk.com/adana-saros-river/
https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648748
https://www.academia.edu/1244165/SWIMMING_RIVER_GODS
P a g e | 105
http://www.tribwatch.com/up/updateIraq1Oct1.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyhan_River

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Table of Contents

The kingdoms associated with Ramayana and Mahabharata can be divided

Ramayana: Eastern kingdoms

Kurukshetra: Western Kingdoms

Alliances formed During Ramayana and Mahabharata:

Kosala (Kocaeli)(Turkey): Kosala is considered as the birthplace of Ram. The name of

Kocaeli before 1954 After 1954

Saketha Kosala Province

Valmiki Ramayana: Bala Kanda 5:

Sakarya around Sarayu River

Phrygian kingdom on banks of Sarayu

Balkans travel to Phrygia

Srimad bhagavatham (9-15-5,6,7):

Mahabharata Adi Parva (V)

Mahabharata Anusasana Parva (LVI)

Mahabharata Section XCVIII:

Travel of Phrygians from Coast of Istanbul to Central Anatolia:

Early Hittite Phrygia after fall of Hatti

Middle East: Mushki/(Mittani/Moschi/hanigalbhat): Dasaratha (Tushratta)(Gaziantep)

Phrygian Mittani ended in 1275 BC Mushki or Phrygian Kingdom in time of

Movement of Kosala Kingdom:

Kosala (1600 BC) (Saketa)

Phrygia (West Anatolia) (Gordium)

Mittani (Middle East) (Wasukhani)

Mushki (Central-East Anatolia) (1200 - 600 BC) (Gordion)

Kirta (1500 BCE)

Artashumara (Artha Kumara)

Mittani and Assyria

End of Mittani by Assura:

Under Assyrian Rule: (Mushki) (Capital: Gordion)

Tiglath-Pileser I – Five kings

Ashurnasirpal – 856 BC – Vassal – Mushki

Sargon II/Shakuni – Vassal – Midas (Allied with Shakuni in final battles)

Lands: Ishtaippa, Saktatush, Nanzu, Kabani, Gurrusupa, Raksi, Gimdakrikka, Barunakka,

Tiglath-Pileser I and Five kings in Kummuhu:

Tukulti-Urta II and Mushki in Piru:

Ashurnasirpal and Mushki:

Sargon II and Mita in Mushki lands:

Sargon II (Shakuni) and alliance of Mita, Ursa, Tabal (Kayseri):

Sanskrit: tatra gātram hatam tasya nirdagdhasya mahātmanaḥ |

Dionysus, and Kamdev:

Shiva burning down of Cupid (Kamdev) Dismembering of Dionysus by Titans

Travel from Kosala to Van:

Travel of Raghava from Kosala to Van:

Travel from Kosala to Van

Travel through Kosala, Nesa and Malaya

Urarta (Van, Vanara, Tushpuea, Turushpa, Tushpa, Vaspourkan, Ban,

Lake Van: Upper Sea of Nairi, Toshpitis, Lake Van

Lake Van and Castle of Van

Nairi Lands before union:

Van and Hakkari provinces of Turkey

सा व नर ण म् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अांगदम् बभौ | सा व नर ण म् ध्वजिनी परिवार्य अांगदम् बभौ |

Vaspourakan, a part of Kingdom of Van (Armenia)

Vanara. Vanara is given wrong interpretation of ‘monkeys in forest’, it is actually the

Shalmaneser I & Uruadri:

Tukulti-Urta I and 43 kings of Nairi:

Tiglath-Pileser I and 23 Nairi kings:

Assur-Nasir-Pal II and Nairi:

Assur-Nasir-Pal II and Nairi:

Eagle god of Urartu in comparison to Indian Garuda