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    8.1. The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases

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    Shemelis Aragaw
    This document discusses the characteristic properties of acids and bases. It describes how acids react with metals, bases and carbonates, and how they affect litmus paper and methyl orange. Acids are defined as proton donors that release H+ ions in aqueous solutions. Bases are defined as proton acceptors. The properties of bases and their reactions with acids and ammonium salts are also outlined. The document defines strong and weak acids/bases and describes neutrality in terms of pH. It explains the importance of controlling soil acidity for plant growth.

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    8.1. The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases

    Uploaded by

    Shemelis Aragaw
    142 views4 pages
    This document discusses the characteristic properties of acids and bases. It describes how acids react with metals, bases and carbonates, and how they affect litmus paper and methyl orange. Acids are defined as proton donors that release H+ ions in aqueous solutions. Bases are defined as proton acceptors. The properties of bases and their reactions with acids and ammonium salts are also outlined. The document defines strong and weak acids/bases and describes neutrality in terms of pH. It explains the importance of controlling soil acidity for plant growth.

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    Chemistry

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    8.1. The characteristic properties of acids and bases

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    This document discusses the characteristic properties of acids and bases. It describes how acids react with metals, bases and carbonates, and how they affect litmus paper and methyl orange. Acids are defined as proton donors that release H+ ions in aqueous solutions. Bases are defined as proton acceptors. The properties of bases and their reactions with acids and ammonium salts are also outlined. The document defines strong and weak acids/bases and describes neutrality in terms of pH. It explains the importance of controlling soil acidity for plant growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    142 views4 pages

    8.1. The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases

    Uploaded by

    Shemelis Aragaw
    This document discusses the characteristic properties of acids and bases. It describes how acids react with metals, bases and carbonates, and how they affect litmus paper and methyl orange. Acids are defined as proton donors that release H+ ions in aqueous solutions. Bases are defined as proton acceptors. The properties of bases and their reactions with acids and ammonium salts are also outlined. The document defines strong and weak acids/bases and describes neutrality in terms of pH. It explains the importance of controlling soil acidity for plant growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Cambridge​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​8:​ ​Acids,​ ​bases​ ​and​ ​salts


    The​ ​characteristic​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​acids​ ​and​ ​bases

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    Describe​ ​the​ ​characteristic​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​acids​ ​as​ ​reactions​ ​with​ ​metals,
    bases,​ ​carbonates​ ​and​ ​effect​ ​on​ ​litmus​ ​and​ ​methyl​ ​orange

    acid​ ​+​ ​metal​ ​→​ ​salt​ ​+​ ​hydrogen


    acid​ ​+​ ​base​ ​→​ ​salt​ ​+​ ​water
    acid​ ​+​ ​metal​ ​→​ ​salt​ ​+​ ​water​ ​+​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide

    ● All​ ​three​ ​of​ ​these​ ​above​ ​reactions​ ​are​ ​neutralisation​ ​reactions


    ● The​ s​ alt​ ​produced​ ​depends​ ​on​ ​the​ ​acid​ ​used:
    ▪ Hydrochloric​ ​acid​ ​produces​ ​chlorides
    ▪ Nitric​ ​acid​ ​produces​ ​nitrates
    ▪ Sulfuric​ ​acid​ ​produces​ ​sulfates
    o It​ ​also​ ​depends​ ​on​ ​the​ ​positive​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​the​ ​base,​ ​alkali​ ​or​ ​carbonate​ ​i.e.
    the​ ​metal
    ● Red​ ​litmus​ ​(for​ ​the​ ​above​ ​reactions​ ​would​ ​just​ ​stay​ ​red-​ ​assuming​ ​that​ ​you​ ​start
    with​ ​the​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​add​ ​the​ ​metal)
    o Stays​ ​red​ ​in​ ​acidic
    o Stays​ ​red​ ​in​ ​neutral
    o Turns​ ​blue​ ​in​ ​alkaline
    ● Blue​ ​litmus​ ​(for​ ​the​ ​above​ ​reactions​ ​would​ ​just​ ​stay​ ​blue-​ ​assuming​ ​that​ ​you​ ​start
    with​ ​the​ ​base​ ​then​ ​add​ ​the​ ​acid)
    o Turns​ ​red​ ​in​ ​acidic
    o Stays​ ​blue​ ​in​ ​neutral
    o Stays​ ​blue​ ​in​ ​alkaline
    ● Methyl​ ​orange​ ​(for​ ​the​ ​above​ ​reactions​ ​would​ ​change​ ​from​ ​red​ ​to​ ​yellow)
    o Red​ ​in​ ​acidic
    o Yellow​ ​in​ ​neutral
    o Yellow​ ​in​ ​alkaline

    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Define​ ​acids​ ​and​ ​bases​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​proton​ ​transfer,​ ​limited
    to​ ​aqueous​ ​solutions

    ● Protons​ ​are​ ​H​+​​ ​ions


    ● Acids​ ​are​ p
    ​ roton​ ​donors​ ​and​ ​bases​ ​are​ ​proton​ ​acceptors,​ ​therefore​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a
    proton​ ​transfer​ ​from​ ​acids​ ​to​ ​bases

    Describe​ ​the​ ​characteristic​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​bases​ ​as​ ​reactions​ ​with​ ​acids​ ​and
    with​ ​ammonium​ ​salts​ ​and​ ​effect​ ​on​ ​litmus​ ​and​ ​methyl​ ​orange

    ● Acid​ ​+​ ​ammonia​ ​->​ ​ammonium​ ​salt


    o E.g.​ ​HCl​ ​+​ ​NH​3​​ ​->​ ​NH​4​Cl
    ● Effect​ ​would​ ​be​ ​going​ ​from​ ​alkaline​ ​to​ ​neutral​ ​(assuming​ ​that​ ​you​ ​start​ ​with​ ​the
    base​ ​or​ ​ammonia​ ​then​ ​add​ ​the​ ​acid)

    www.pmt.education
    o Methyl​ ​orange:​ ​stays​ ​yellow
    o Red​ ​litmus:​ ​blue​ ​to​ ​red
    o Blue​ ​litmus:​ ​stays​ ​blue

    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Describe​ ​the​ ​meaning​ ​of​ ​weak​ ​and​ ​strong​ ​acids​ ​and​ ​bases

    ● Acids​ ​release​ ​H​+​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution


    ● Strong​ a​ cid​ ​=​ ​completely​ ​dissociates​ ​to​ ​release​ ​H​+​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution
    o Hydrochloric,​ ​nitric​ ​and​ ​sulfuric​ ​acids
    ● Weak​ ​acid​ ​=​ ​partially​ ​dissociates​ ​to​ ​release​ ​H​+​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution
    o Ethanoic,​ ​citric​ ​and​ ​carbonic​ ​acids
    ● Stronger​ ​an​ ​acid,​ ​lower​ ​the​ ​pH​ ​(for​ ​a​ ​given​ ​conc.​ ​of​ ​aq.​ ​solutions)
    ● As​ ​the​ ​pH​ ​decreases​ ​by​ ​one​ ​unit,​ ​the​ ​H​+​​ ​conc.​ ​of​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​increases​ ​by​ ​a
    factor​ ​of​ ​10.

    ● bases​ ​release​ ​OH​-​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution


    ● strong​ ​bases​ ​fully​ ​dissociate​ ​to​ ​release​ ​OH​-​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution
    ● weak​ ​bases​ ​partially​ ​dissociate​ ​to​ ​release​ ​OH​-​​ ions​
    ​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solution
    ● the​ ​stronger​ ​a​ ​base,​ ​the​ ​higher​ ​the​ ​pH

    ● Strong​ ​and​ ​weak​ ​is​ ​NOT​ ​the​ ​same​ ​as​ ​concentrated​ ​and​ ​dilute​ ​–​ ​the​ ​latter​ ​refers
    to​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​substance​ ​whereas,​ ​the​ ​former​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​above​ ​–​ ​the​ ​H​+​​ ​ion
    conc.​ ​in​ ​aq.​ ​solutions

    Describe​ ​neutrality​ ​and​ ​relative​ ​acidity​ ​and​ ​alkalinity​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​pH
    measured​ ​using​ ​Universal​ ​Indicator​ ​paper​ ​(whole​ ​numbers​ ​only)

    ● Acids​ ​produce​ ​H​+​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solutions


    ● Alkalis​ p​ roduce​ ​OH​-​​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​aqueous​ ​solutions
    ● The​ ​pH​ s​ cale​ ​(0​ ​to​ ​14)​ ​measures​ ​the​ ​acidity​ ​or​ ​alkalinity​ ​of​ ​a​ ​solution,​ ​and​ ​can​ ​be
    measured​ ​using​ ​universal​ ​indicator​ ​of​ ​a​ ​pH​ ​probe
    o pH​ ​7​ ​is​ ​neutral
    o <​ ​pH​ ​7​ ​is​ ​acidic
    o >​ ​pH​ ​7​ ​is​ ​alkaline
    ● H​ (aq)​ ​+​ ​OH​-​(aq)​ ​->​ ​H2​​ O(l)​ ​is​ ​the​ ​ionic​ ​equation​ ​of​ ​any​ ​neutralisation​ ​reaction
    +​

    www.pmt.education
    Describe​ ​and​ ​explain​ ​the​ ​importance​ ​of​ ​controlling​ ​acidity​ ​in​ ​soil

    ● If​ ​the​ ​pH​ ​of​ ​soil​ ​is​ ​too​ ​low​ ​i.e.​ ​too​ ​acidic,​ ​this​ ​would​ ​mean​ ​that​ ​crops​ ​would​ ​be
    unable​ ​to​ ​grow​ ​in​ ​these​ ​acidic​ ​soils
    ● Farmers​ ​use​ ​lime​ ​(calcium​ ​oxide)​ ​to​ ​neutralise​ ​acid​ ​soils

    www.pmt.education

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