ASHRAE Guideline 36-2018: High-Performance Sequences of Operation For HVAC Systems

ASHRAE Guideline 36-2018
High-Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems
ashrae.org
This guideline establishes a set of standardized advanced sequences of operation for common
HVAC systems. Standardized advanced control sequences provide the following benefits:
• Reduced engineering time
• Reduced programming and commissioning time.
• Reduced energy consumption
• 62.1
• Title 24
• Improved indoor air quality
• Reduced system down- time by including AFDD
• A common set of terms to facilitate communication between specifiers, contractors, and
operators.
The intended audience for the guideline includes HVAC designers, control contractors,
commissioning agents, and building owners, operators, and maintenance technicians.
Learning Objectives
A Review of sequences, control diagrams and required IO Points for:
• Generic Ventilation & Thermal Zones • Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit—Snap Acting Control
• Zone Groups • Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit—Mixing Control with
• VAV Terminal Unit—Cooling Only Inlet Airflow Sensors
• VAV Terminal Unit with Reheat • Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit—Mixing Control with
• Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit—Constant- Discharge Airflow Sensor
Volume Fan • Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit—Cold-Duct Minimum
• Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit—Variable- Control
Volume Fan • Air-Handling Unit System Modes
• Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit—Constant- • Multiple-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit
Volume Fan • Dual-Fan Dual-Duct Heating VAV Air-Handling Unit
• Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit—Variable-Volume • Single-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit
Fan
Look at AFDD For AHU’s and how Guideline 36 address barriers to entry for FDD
Assumptions: We all have a basic or general understanding / familiarity of control systems and terms
Set Points – Section 3
General Observations
• General Move to Calculated or Dynamic Set Points over Static Set Points.
• IAQ is front and center
• Combines \ 62.1 and Title 24 into a single reference point
Examples
• Economizer min sp at min VFD Speed and min sp at VFD Max Speed, VS a single economizer minimum
position.
• CO2 Setpoint Guidance
• Title 24, CO2setpoint = 600ppm + Ambient OA ppm (Assumed 400ppm if no sensor in place)
• 62.1, CO2setpoint = 0.9[Coa+8400EzM/(Rp+(RaAz /Pz))] (62.1, 3.1.1.3 assumes 400ppm OA)
• Max DAT = Ambient Temperature + 20 degF (ceiling supply systems)
Set Points – Section 3 Table 62.1, 3.1.1.3
5.1 – General Guidelines
Items of note
• 5.1.5.1 OA sensors at AHU’s are only valid when the fan is proven “On”
• 5.1.5.2 OA reading used for global sequences shall be the avg of all valid sensors, if there are 4 or more
ignore the the highest and lowest reading.
• 5.1.81 PID Loop control, use only the P term for limiting loops (CO2, Zone Temperature, etc.)
• 5.1.8.2 Do not use the D term on any loops if possible.
• 5.1.9 Limit PID maximum change to 25%, make this a user modifiable variable.
• 5.1.12.4 Alarm Exit Hysteresis
• Time based 5 seconds
• Analog includes Value % (Default is 0%)
• 5.1.16 VAV Box Controllable Minimum
• Option 1 – VAV stops moving damper when airflow is too low to low to register
• Option 2 – Calculated Minimum
• 5.1.18 Damper and Valve Positions (Needed)
• 5.1.19 Hierarchical Alarm Suppression
• 5.1.20 Time Based Suppression (Set Points)
5.1.14 Trim and Response
A “request” is a call to reset a static pressure or temperature set point generated by downstream zones or air-
handling systems. These requests are sent upstream to the plant or system that serves the zone or air handler
that generated the request.
• Importance-Multiplier (default = 1)
• Request-Hours Accumulator
• System Run-Hours Total
• Cumulative%-Request-Hours
5.1.14 Trim and Response
5.2 - Generic Ventilation
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Ez

• DAT =< ZT Then Ez = 1
• DAT > ZT Then Ez = 0.8
• Voz = (VbzA + VbzP)/Ez
• VbzP = Population component
• VbzA = Ventilation Floor,
Default 0
• VbzP = 0
• Window Switch = Open
• Occupancy Sensor = Off
If Co2 Sensor is present

• Vmin = 0% at Set Point – 200ppm
• Vmin = 100% at Set Point
• Control Disabled if unoccupied or
population = 0.
5.2.2 – Time-Averaged Ventilation
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and California Title 24 allow for ventilation to be provided based on average conditions
over a specific period of time. This time-averaging method allows for zone airflows to effectively be controlled to
values below the VAV box controllable minimum value, which may reduce energy use and the risk of overcooling
when the zone ventilation requirement is less than the VAV box controllable minimum.
• The time-averaged ventilation (TAV) ratio shall be deter- mined as TAVratio = Vspt/Vm
• The total cycle time (TCT) shall be 15 minutes (adjust- able)
• Open period. During the open period, the TAV airflow set point Vspt* shall be equal to Vm for a period of
time OP, which is the larger of the following:
• 1.5 minutes or
• TCT multiplied by TAVratio
• Closed period. During the closed period, Vspt* shall be set to 0 for a period of time CP, where CP = TCT – OP.
The VAV damper control loop shall be disabled with output set equal to 0 during the closed period.
• During TAV mode, each cycle shall consist of an open and closed period that alternate until Vspt is greater
than Vm.
5.3 – Generic Thermal Zones
Items of note
• 5.3.2 Set Points
• Separate Occ / Unocc set points
• Forced Deadband of 1 DegF minimum
• 5.3.2.6 Cooling Demand Limit & Set Point Adjustment
• 5.3.2.7 Heating Demand Limit & Set Point Adjustment
• 5.3.4 Control Loops
• Separate Loops \ Disable when not active
• P+I loops only
5.4 – Zone Groups
Zone scheduling groups, or zone groups, are sets of zones served by a single air handler that operate together
for ease of scheduling and/or in order to ensure sufficient load to maintain stable operation in the upstream
equipment. A zone group is equivalent to an isolation area as defined in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 2016,
Section 6.4.3.3.4.
Items of note
• 5.4.1 Schedules by system
• 5.4.2 Each Zone should be capable of being individually scheduled.
• 5.4.5 Testing and CX switches for each zone
• 5.4.6 Operational Modes
• Occupied • Freeze Protection
• Warm-Up • Setup
• Cooldown • Unoccupied
• Setback
5.5 – VAV Terminal Unit – Cooling Only
5.6 – VAV Terminal Unit with Reheat
5.7 – Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – CV Fan
5.8 – Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – V Fan
5.8 – Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – V Fan
5.9 – Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – CV Fan
5.9 – Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – CV Fan
5.10 – Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – V Fan
5.10 – Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit – V Fan
5.11 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Snap Acting Control
5.11 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Snap Acting Control
5.12 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Mixing Control with Inlet Airflow Sensors
5.12 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Mixing Control with Inlet Airflow Sensors
5.13 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Mixing Control with Discharge Airflow Sensor
5.13 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Mixing Control with Discharge Airflow Sensor
5.14 – Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit Cold Duct Minimum Control
5.15 – Air-Handling Unit System Modes
Match the Modes used by the Zone

level terminal units.
• Occupied
• Warm-Up
• Cooldown
• Setback
• Freeze Protection
• Setup
• Unoccupied
5.16 – Multiple Zone VAV AHU
5.17 – Dual-Fan Dual-Duct Heating VAV Air-Handling Unit
5.17 – Dual-Fan Dual-Duct Heating VAV Air-Handling Unit
5.18 – Single-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit
5.18 – Single-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit T&R
5.18 – Single-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit T&R
5.18 – Single-Zone VAV Air-Handling Unit AFDD
Required IO Required Calculated Variables
AFDD – Barriers to Entry
Setup & Data Pipeline Verify Reports

Upgrade
Equipment Continuous Data
Verification
Configure
Trends • Collecting Data
Making Changes /
• Database Management Improvements
Install • Managing BAS Connectivity
Jace • Rule Generation
Contextualize
• Patching
Measure &
Verify Changes
Data
Questions
Thank You
Brice Kosnik – Bkosnik@CopperTreeAnalytics.com

ASHRAE Guideline 36-2018: High-Performance Sequences of Operation For HVAC Systems

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ASHRAE Guideline 36-2018

High-Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems

Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Ez

If Co2 Sensor is present

Match the Modes used by the Zone

Setup & Data Pipeline Verify Reports

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