Fourier Transform and Spectra: Signals and Systems Dr. Amneh Al-Mbaideen

Chapter 7
Fourier Transform and Spectra
Signals and Systems

Dr. Amneh Al-Mbaideen
• Definition of the Fourier Transform
(a) A nonperiodic function, (b) increasing

T to infinity makes f (t) become the
nonperiodic function in (a).
Effect of increasing T on the spectrum of the

periodic pulse trains.
• The Fourier transform is an integral transformation of x(t) from
the time domain to the frequency domain X(ω).
• the Fourier transform of x(t) and is represented by X(ω)
The inverse Fourier transform of X(ω) is represented by
The Fourier transform X(ω) exists when the signal x(t) is completely
integrable in the sense that
the signal has a finite number of discontinuities, maxima, and minima

within any finite interval of time
the Fourier transform
the inverse Fourier transform
the Fourier transform pair

We can plot the spectrum X (w) as a function of w. Since X (w) is complex, we have both
amplitude and angle (or phase) spectra
This is the conjugate symmetry property of the Fourier transform
The Magnitude Spectrum, it is even function

The Phase Spectrum, it is odd function
Example
Find the Fourier transform of x(t)=
If a > 0
a
b
Exploring Effect of decay rate bon
the Fourier Transform’s Shape
Note: As b increases…
1.Decay rate in time signal increases
2.High frequencies in Fourier transform are more prominent.
Linearity Of The Fourier Transform
Example
Effect of Pulse Width on the FT
Note: As width decreases, FT is more widely spread Narrow

pulses “take up more frequency range”
Example
Find the Fourier transform of the unit impulse δ(t).
(a) Unit impulse and (b) its Fourier spectrum.

Example
Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ(ω).
(a) A constant (dc) signal and (b) its Fourier spectrum.

Example
Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ(ω−ω0).
Example
Find the Fourier transform of the everlasting sinusoid cos(ω0t) and sin(ω0t)
Properties of Fourier Transform
1→
Example
Find the Fourier transform of the sign function sgn(t) [pronounced signum (t)],
2→
the inversion (or reflection) property of time

and frequency
Example
Using the reflection property of the Fourier transform , find the Fourier transforms of
3→
Example
This function, is a time-shifted version of

Example
Find the Fourier transform of the time-shifted rectangular pulse x(t)
The pulse x(t) is the gate pulse rect (t/τ ) delayed by 3τ/4 seconds
Hence, according to time domain shifting property , its Fourier transform is the
Fourier transform of rect (t/τ ) multiplied by
4→
Frequency and Time domain shifting
Example
Find the Fourier transform of
Example
5→
Example
Example
By the duality property, the Fourier transform of
Table of Fourier transform of

basic signals
6→
Example
(Time-domain convolution property of the Fourier transform). With the aid
of the Fourier transform Table , find the Fourier transform X(w) of the
signal x(t) = x1(t) ∗x2(t) where
Table of Fourier transform of basic
signals
7→
Example
8→
Example
Use the time-differentiation property to find the Fourier transform of the
triangle pulse shown below
The Fourier transform can be found directly using the definition of the Fourier
transform , but it is much easier to find it using the derivative property. We can express
the function as
Its first derivative is shown to be
Its second derivative is given by

Taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the second derivative ,
9→
Example
(Frequency-domain differentiation property). Find the Fourier transform X(ω) of the
signal x(t) =t cosω0t where ω0 is a nonzero real constant.
10→
Example
Use the time-domain integration property of the Fourier transform in order to find
the Fourier transform X(ω) of the signal x(t) = u(t).
Fourier Transform of any periodic signal
Exponential Fourier series of a periodic signal x(t) with period T0 is given

by:
Taking the Fourier transform of both sides, we obtain

Example
See example 6.9

page 628 text book
The signal energy Ex of a signal x(t) is given as
Signal energy can be related to the signal spectrum X(ω) by
This is Parseval’s theorem (for the Fourier transform). It allows us to determine

the signal energy from either the time-domain specification x(t) or the
corresponding frequency-domains pacification X(ω).
Signal Transmission Through LTI Systems
Using the convolution property of the Fourier transform, we can find the frequency
spectrum of the output signal of a LTI system
take the Fourier transform of both sides of the differential equation
The Inverse Fourier transform
1. To find the constants A and B equate the right-hand sides of
Using Table of basic Fourier transform pairs, we find that
The Inverse Fourier transform
Obtain the inverse Fourier transform of:
(a) To avoid complex algebra, we can replace jω with s for the moment. Using
partial fraction expansion,
Using Fourier Transform Table of basic functions
The frequency response of the causal second-order LTI differential system,
Take the Fourier transform of the differential equation (the Fourier transform
of the first and second derivative)
Now, suppose we want to obtain the system’s response when the input signal
is a unit step function
The Fourier transform of the step function has the form
Consider the causal LTI differential system initially at rest described by
Take the Fourier transform of the differential equation (the Fourier transform
of the first and second derivative)
Partial fraction expansion :order of numerator should be less than the order of
denominator
Consider a stable causal second-order LTI differential system whose characteristic
polynomial has complex zeros:
FT of the differential equation

(𝑗𝜔)2 𝑌 𝜔 + 𝑗𝜔𝑌 𝜔 + 𝑌 𝜔 = 𝑋(𝜔)
using Table of Fourier transform pairs

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Chapter 7

Fourier Transform and Spectra

Signals and Systems

(a) A nonperiodic function, (b) increasing

Effect of increasing T on the spectrum of the

The inverse Fourier transform of X(ω) is represented by

the signal has a finite number of discontinuities, maxima, and minima

the inverse Fourier transform

the Fourier transform pair

This is the conjugate symmetry property of the Fourier transform

The Magnitude Spectrum, it is even function

Note: As width decreases, FT is more widely spread Narrow

(a) Unit impulse and (b) its Fourier spectrum.

(a) A constant (dc) signal and (b) its Fourier spectrum.

the inversion (or reflection) property of time

This function, is a time-shifted version of

Frequency and Time domain shifting

Table of Fourier transform of

Its first derivative is shown to be

Its second derivative is given by

Exponential Fourier series of a periodic signal x(t) with period T0 is given

Taking the Fourier transform of both sides, we obtain

See example 6.9

Signal energy can be related to the signal spectrum X(ω) by

This is Parseval’s theorem (for the Fourier transform). It allows us to determine

Obtain the inverse Fourier transform of:

FT of the differential equation

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