KROK HACKS 1

1.) HELMINTHS

a) Opisthorchis: The helminth with the smallest egg

b) Enterobias vermicularis: Perianal swab/fold or worm in underwear.

c) Echinococcus granulosus: Main carrier is a DOG.

d) Diphyllobothrium Latum: Main carrier is a FISH.

e) Toxoplasma gondii: Main carrier is a CAT.

f) Filarial worm: Causes Elephantiasis and eye infection(eye worm)

g) Ascaris Lumbricoides: Eosinophiles will be in the question. It causes Ascariasis.

h) Trichinella and Taenias: Found in PORK.

i) Schistosoma: You will see Australia and egg with characteristic sharp point. It will cause
urogenital or vaginal infection.

2.) PROTOZOAS AND BACTERIA

a.) Balantidum Coli: Cilia all around or four nucleus or two nuclei two vacuoles.

b.) Giardia Lamblia: Two nucleus and four pairs of flagella.

c.) Dysenteric amoeba: Four nucleus cyst in feces.

d.) Trichomonia: Causes Urogenital and vaginal infection.

e.) Leishmania: It causes both cutaneous and visceral(organs) diseases.

f.) Leptospira: (Spirochete) C&S shape causes nose bleeding

g.) Diphtheria: Chinese letters

h.) Treponema pallidum: Spiral shape(Spirochetes)

3.) ARTHROPODS

a) Wohlfahrt Fly: It causes MYIASIS

b) Karakurt Spider: Roundish black abdomen with two rows of red spots on it dorsal surface.

c) Sarcoptes Scabies: Causative agent of Scabies.

d) Demodicosis or Demodex: Causative agent of Acne etc.

CELLS IN PATHMORPHOLOGY

a.) Langhans cells: Tuberculosis

b.) Aschoffs bodies: Acute verrucous Endocarditis

c.) Councilman’s bodies: Viral Hepatits

d.) Virchow’s cells: Leprosy

e.) Mikulich Cell: Rhinoscleroma

f.) Reed-Sternberg cell: Hodgkin disease,lymphogranulomatosis

g.) Beresovsky-sternberg: Lymphogranulomatosis

h.) Warthin-Finkeldey cells: Measles

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES

a.) Typhoid fever: Salmonella typhi; affects small intestine and causes ulceration.

b.) Dysentry:Shigella dysentery; Occurs usually colon. Stages are: Catarrhal,fibrinous, ulcerative
colitis and repair.

c.) Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix; Incision is done at Mc burney’s point(From ant.sup
iliac spine to the umbilicus, junction between lat. 1/3 and middle 1/3)…Stages are: Catarrhal,
phlegmonous, Ulcerophlegmonous, gangrenous and apostematous)

d.) Coccal bacterial: These agents cause purulent processes….So if you see pus in your question
check for any cocci bacterial in the option.

e.) Cirrhosis: Pseudolobules

GENERAL SIGNS OF SOME PATHOLOGIES.

a.) Anthracosis: Miner and black deposits in the lung tissue.

b.) Croupous/Lobar pneumonia: Neutophil, fibrin and grey or red hepatization.

c.) Amyloidosis: Congo red, lardaceous kidney

d.) Sago Spleen: Mahogany with enlarged follicles

e.) Scarlet Fever: Crimson tongue

f.) Infuenza: Panbronchitis or larngotracheobronchitis(Severe form).

g.) Lipoma: movable soft tissue mass of lipocyte obscuring psoas muscle.

h.) Fibroma: movable soft fibrous tissue.

i.) Infectious endocarditis: Sepsis that affect edges of valves.

j.) Rheumatic endocarditis: Deformation of valves due to rheumatic diseases

k.) Spotted fever: Spots and specks.

l.) Epidemic typhus: Lice

m.) Brills disease: Relapse of epidermic typhus after some years.

n.) Hypospadia: Opening of the urethra below the penis.

o.) Epispadia: Opening of the urethra above the penis.

p.) Diffuse cardiosclerosis: Multiple whitish layers in myocardium.

q.) Baccilus Anthrax: On the cattle farm. Ascolis test.

r.) Actinomycosis: Fungal infection associated with pus

s.) Spore checking: Oil immersion and ozhensko method.

t.) Capsule: Burri-Gins technique

u.) Chronic or choriosepsis: Intoxication usually from wound.

v.) Chorioepithelioma:Sponge with cyncytiotrophoblast.

w.) Syphilis: Caused by treponema pallidum(Spirochetes) perivasculitis endovasculitis.

x.) Tuberculoma: Secondary form of tuberculosis with a capsule formation.

y.) Fibro-cavernous tuberculosis: Secondary form with cavities and walls.

z.) Caseous necrosis: Tuberculosis

aa.) Fibro-sarcoma: Meat of fish

bb.) Sub-acute glomerulonephritis: Crescent, demilume, semilunar.

cc.) Systemic Lupus Erythematous: Antinuclear antibodies, wire loops, autoimmune.

dd.) Chronic glomerulonephritis: Decrease of active nephrons.

ee.) Acute glomerulonephritis: due to shock, immunecomplex.

ff.) Osteomyelities: Sequester formation.

gg.) Cholera: Rice water stool

hh.) Tuberculosis: Horseshoe shape

VITAMINS AND CO-FACTORS.

a.) Vitamin B1: Thiamin(Thiamin pyrophosphate) deficiency: Beri-beri

b.) Vitamin B2: Riboflavin(FAD,FMN) Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis

c.) Vitamin B3: Niacin(NAD) Dificency: Pellagra and D-triad..Diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia….It
is gotten from tryptophan…Maize excess causes it as well.

d.) Vitamin B6: Pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine…Responsible for transamination
and decarboxylation reactions. Isoniazid is an antivitamin B6 so this vitamin should be taken along with
this drug.

e.) Vitamin B9: Folic acid(Tetrahydrofolate) Responsible for DNA synthesis. Co-trimoxazole blocks
pathway of its synthesis….Methotrexate blocks the formation of THF(active form of B9).

f.) Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin: absorbed in the stomach by intrinsic factor also called castle or
glycomucoproteins. Its deficiency leads to absence of the synthesis of THFA(active form of B9) leading to
formation of MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA AND ATROPHY OF THE TONGUE.

g.) Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid..Responsible for connective tissue strengthening(Collagen) and blood
vessel. It is also an anti-oxidant. (Oxyproline, lysyl oxidase,proline,hydroxyproline) Deficiency:Scurvy

h.) Vitamin A: Retinol(Trans retinoic acid)..Responsible for night vision and maintenance of skin.)
Deficiency leads to Night blindness and excess leads to hyperkeratosis

i.) Vitamin D3: Cholecalciferol…For calcium absorption and bone strengthening.

j.) Vitamin E: Tocopherol…It is an antioxidant

k.) Vitamin K: Vicasolum(Synthetic form)…For post translational modification of coagulation factor

2,7,9 and 10.

ENZYMATIC BIO-MAKERS

a.) LDH1,2: Heart pathology(Myocardial infarction)

b.) LDH &CPK: Early stage of myocardial infaction.

c.) CPK: Muscular dystrophy

d.) ALT: Liver

e.) AST: Heart

f.) GAG: Bones

g.) Ceruloplasmin: For copper transport(Wilson’s disease)

h.) C-reactive: Acute phase protein for inflammation.

i.) UDP-Glucoronyltransferase: For glucorination.

j.) G6PD: It synthesizes NADPH which protects cell membrane from lysis.

k.) Uroporphyrinogen 1: Its accumulation under the skin leads to photosensitivity.

l.) Uroporphyringen 1 co-synthase: Its deficiency leads to accumulation of uroporphyrinogen 1
which causes photosensitivity.

m.) Phenylketonuria: Greenish urine

n.) Alcaptonuria:Black urine…Acummunlation of homogentisic acid.

o.) Bence jones protein: Paraproteinemia(In plasmocytoma) These are abnormal proteins.

p.) Xanthine oxidase: Allupurinol and colchicine in purine degredation pathway.

q.) Carbamoyl phosphate: Ornithine –urea cycle.

r.) Glutamic acid: Removal of ammonia from the brain.

s.) Hippuric acid: It is used to check th detoxification function of liver.

t.) Galactosemia: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, cataract.

u.) Maple syrup: Accumulation of branch chain aminoacids in urine.

v.) Tay-sachs: Gangliosidase or sphingomyelin(Lipid) insufficiency.

w.) Contrycal: Acute pancreatitis

x.) Bromine poison: Use sodium chloride

y.) Lecithin(Phosphatidylcholine): Lipotropic factor

z.) Methionine: For methylation reaction.

CARYOTYPES OF DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMAL PATHOLOGIES.

a.) Down syndrome: 47.21+

b.) Patau syndrome:47.13+

c.) Turner’s syndrome:45XO(Monosomy)

d.) Klinefelter’s syndrome:47XXY

e.) Edward’s syndrome:47.18+

f.) Super female:XXX(Trisomy or triple X)

g.) Cru-d-Chat:47.5+

h.) Holandric trait: Y-Linked…E.g Hypertrichosis

i.) Daltonism :Colour blindness….Recessive sex-linked

j.) Hemophilia: Recessive sex-linked

ALLERGY, TYPES AND EXAMPLE.

a.) Type 1: Anaphylaxis,atopy,reagine or immediate example bronchial asthma

b.) Type ii: Blood transfusion incompatibility

c.) Type iii: Immune complex e.g Serum sickness, Arthus disease

d.) Type iv: Cellular toxicity, In mantu’s test(Tuberculosis)

DRUGS FOR DIFFERENT PATHOLOGIES

a.) Metronidazole: Amebiasis, giardiasis, lambiasis

b.) Aethimizole: For asphyxia of new born

c.) Lobeline hydrochloride: For restoration of respiration after shock etc.

d.) Unithiol: Metal poisoning e.g mercury

e.) Atropine: For organophosphate poisoning.

f.) Neostigmine or proserin: Antidote for Atropine poison.

g.) Calcium chloride: Used as antidote for magnesium sulphate

h.) Acetylcysteine: Used as antidote for paracetamol

i.) Dithylinium: It’s a myorelaxant which causes short term spasm of facial muscles.

j.) Pseudocholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase: For metabolism of dithylium after its used..Its

insufficiency causes prolongation of dithylinium effect.

k.) Morphine: Naloxone

l.) Carbenicillin sodium: For pseudomonas aeruginosa(blue-pus baccilus).

m.) Ketotifen: Seasonal coryza

n.) Ketamin: Dissocative analgesia which side effect is hallucination.

o.) Digoxin: Chronic cardiac insufficiency

p.) Corglycon: Acute cardiac insufficiency

q.) Tetracycline: Affect teeth

r.) Loratadine: Anti-histamine…Donot cross BBB

DIFFERENT MEDIA/TESTS IN MICROBIOLOGY

a.) Leffler: For diphtheria

b.) Tellurite agar: For Diphtheria

c.) Bordet-gengou: Bordetella Pertusis

d.) Red colonies: E.Coli

e.) Colourless colonies: Salmonella typhi

f.) Zeel-neelsen: For acid resistant bacilli

g.) CFT(Reiter’s test): For Gonorrhea and syphilis

h.) Immunoflourescence: For influenza

DIFFERENT VACCINES AND THEIR CLINICAL USE.

a.) BCG: For tuberculosis

b.) STI: Anthrax

c.) Antidiphteric antitoxic serum: Diphtheria

d.) DPT: Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus

OTHERS

a) Phage conversion: To make bacteria toxic

b) Phagetyping: To know source of infection

c) 1;20: To repeat test after 10 days

d) 1;40: Confirms diagnosis

e) 1:80: Carrier of disease

f) Neutrophilic leukocytosis: 500 radiation exposure

g) Lymphopenia:200-300 radiation exposure

h) After appendectomy: Intensification of leukopoeisis.

i) After Shock and accident: Redistribution of leucocyte from the marginal pool.

j) Sinoatrial node: 60-80bpm

k) Atrioventricular node: 40-60bpm

l) Bundle of His:20-40bpm

m) Purkinje fibers:10-20bpm

n) Ammonia in the brain usually leads to convulsion,brain edema etc.

o) Evaporation: High humidity with normal or moderate room temperature…e.g 80% humidity and
36oc temperature.

p) Convection: A man putting on clothing in a room.

q) Radiation: A man putting on light clothing and in a closed room.

r.) Conduction: A woman in the water or swimming pool.

Compiled by: KOMI LEESI S. (President, Greatness Club International)

Remember: If you want to be ahead, you must load your head…Greatness…It’s in you