TOPIC : FREEDOM [Gandhi: The Road To

Freedom]
Ex.1 p.88(SB)
The history of India

The Indus Valley civilization, India's earliest known civilization (2500-1700 BC),
is identified by its interesting culture as well as its artifacts. The strength and basis
of Hinduism is attributed to the Vedic culture (about 1500), as well as the origin of
the caste system.

India has had many different influences throughout its history due to the migration,
invasion or expansion of other nations. Some of these nations or people who
influenced India include the Mongols (under the direction of Genghis Khan), the
Greeks (Alexander the Great), and the British.

India was a wealthy country, economically and culturally up until British

colonization. Europeans would trade with India for spices or cotton textiles, but
when the British colonized the country the economy declined. This was due in part
to exploitation and destruction of India's industries and wealth.

Eventually, India would be granted its independence again in 1947, after which a
slow progression has been seen in its development.

India today

Present-day India has made significant headway in large-scale industrialization. As

a result, India has become one of the top five industrialized nations of the world. It
produces every conceivable industrial item and consumer goods, and has achieved
significant success in frontier scientific research including peaceful application of
nuclear energy, space and satellite research, communication technology and
biotechnology. India also has the third largest reservoir of scientific and
technological manpower. Pioneering scientists such as Nobel laureate C. V. Raman,
Homi Bhaba, J.C.Bose, Satyen Bose, Nobel laureates Hargovind Khorana and S.
Chandrasekhar have won laurels for India both at home and abroad.
 The British Empire

An 'empire' is a group of countries ruled over by a single monarch or ruling power.

An empire doesn't need an 'emperor'. The British Empire comprised of Britain, the
'mother country', and the colonies, countries ruled to some degree by and from
Britain.

The British began to establish overseas colonies in the 16th century. By 1783,
Britain had a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies. This 'first
British Empire' came to an end after the American Revolution.

However, in the 19th century, the British built a second worldwide empire, based
on British sea-power, made up of India and huge conquests in Africa.

The 'Whig' historians regarded the Empire as the deserved result of Britain's
technological and moral, superiority. They were proud that 'a small kingdom' had
amassed such a huge empire. By contrast, some modern historians such as Edward
Said (1978) have criticised Britain's 'cultural imperialism. Some historians point to
the positive legacy of British rule, with formal systems of government, law and
education as well as the development of infrastructure, like railways. However,
others argue that this view can overlook the more shameful aspects of Britain’s
past. These include the extensive use of slavery (in 17th and 18th centuries), the
loss of land and culture of the native people (Aborigines in Australia) as well as
deaths caused by famine (in India 1943) and violence (in Kenya in the 1950s).

Mohandas Gandhi

A few facts about the life of Mahatma Gandhi are surprising.

Many people don't know he was married at age 13 and had four sons before taking
a vow of celibacy. The teachers at his London law school complained incessantly
about his bad handwriting. Many other lesser-known facts about Gandhi have been
forgotten in light of his great accomplishments.

Mahatma Gandhi, known throughout India as the "father of the nation," was a
powerful voice for peace during a very volatile time in India’s history. His famous
hunger strikes and message of nonviolence helped to unite the country. Gandhi's
actions sparked world attention and ultimately led to India’s independence from
the British on August 15, 1947, and the country's rise to world superpower in South
Asia.

Sadly, Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, shortly after independence was achieved
and while India was still plagued with bloodshed over new boundaries between
religious groups.
The life of Mahatma Gandhi inspired the thinking of many world leaders, among
them Martin Luther King Jr. and Barack Obama. His wisdom and teachings are
often quoted.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru Facts. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) was a great Indian

nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. He became first
prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He
initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs.

Ex.2 p.88(SB)
1.Colonial domination-the state of being ruled and controlled by an outside power.
2.Revered-regarded with great respect.
3.Figurehead-respected leader.
4.Clampdown-a forceful attempt to make people obey rules.
5.Outrage-extreme anger because of something morally wrong.
6.Galvanised-caused people to become active in seeking change.
7.Crowning moment-most successful moment or greatest achievement.
8.Rested on his shoulders-relied on someone to achieve something important.
Ex.3 p.88(SB)
True.
Ex.5 p.88(SB)
1. To join a round table conference to discuss India`s future. His goal was to win
India`s freedom from the empire.
2. He led 70,000 of his countrymen in a non-violent protest against a tax that
Indians were forced to pay for collecting their own salt.
3. The British violent clampdown against the Indian protest, and the way Gandhi
handled the issue ( he `shattered the moral authority of a superpower`).
4. His manner was `understated`, i.e. modest and humble.
5. The modesty of his lifestyle, and the fact that Gandhi didn`t see anything for
himself in what he was doing, but tried to inspire other people.
6. India gained its independence from Britain.
 Ex.8 A p.89(SB)
I like Agnieska`s and Hana`s answers.
Ex.8 B p.89(SB)
Voiting (man);
religion (man);
access to information (woman);
speech (woman);
travel (woman).
Ex.8 C p.89(SB)
All of the phrases are used.
Ex.9, 10 B p.89 (SB)
“What Does Freedom Mean to Me?”
Have you ever thought about the meaning of freedom? To me, freedom means to
be able to learn from my mistakes. If I didn’t have freedom, I would have to do
what the top authorities always tell me to do. I don’t have any room for mistakes
so it would be harder to learn about life.
Freedom also means having the time to do things right. No freedom, in this case,
would mean that I wouldn’t have any time for fantastic, clever thoughts. I would
have to do things extremely precise and quick. When I don’t have freedom, I am
under pressure constantly. While I am under so much pressure, it makes it a more
stressful world to live in.
One last example of what freedom means to me is being able to do many things
without being forced into doing anything. No freedom means that I might have to
enlist in the army reluctantly. I might even be forced to quarter troops and watch
them take over my home! If I didn’t have freedom, I might have to get married at a
young age and start a family which I have no intention of doing at my age. My life
minus freedom would equal being controlled with everything. When I don’t have
freedom I can’t do anything except for what the strict laws tell me to do.
In summary, we are lucky to be in a society of freedom. Just remember, we are the
land of the free and the home of the brave!
Ex.10 A p.89(SB)
Personal freedom.
LOOKBACK
Ex.1 A p. 90(SB)
1. The reason I`ve come;
2. It was when I was reading that book;
3. What most impresses me;
4. One thing I`ve learnt is that;
5. The person who;
6. What you should do is;
7. All I want to say;
8. What they do.
Ex.1 B p. 90(SB)
1. All I want to say about love is obviously not for me.
2. One thing I'd like to try is forgetting the past.
3. It was my father who taught me to value myself.
4. What I think we should do is go right back to the beginning, and
basically look all over the body.
Ex.2 A p. 90(SB)
1.Vain;
2.alarm;
3.presumed;
4.shift;
5.asthma;
6.subject.
Ex.2 B p. 90(SB)
Student A
Search to no avail/in vain/frantically/extensively;
to launch/(to be) the subject of/to pursue/to lead an investigation;
day/night/early/late/split/10-hour shift.
Student B
To set off/to sound/to raise/to trigger the alarm;
presumed rightly/wrongly/dead/innocent;
to suffer from asthma/migraines/amnesia/hay fever.
Ex.3 A p. 90(SB)
1.Unwind;
2.let;
3.mind;
4.out;
5.off.
Ex.3 B p. 90(SB)
1. To unwind , I usually go back in my room.
2. The last time I let my hair down was last night.
3. What helps me to take my mind off work is meeting up with friends.
4. I think people should take time out from work if they are feeling
exhausted.
 5. Talking with mother helps me when I want to switch off from work.
Ex.4 A p. 90(SB)
My perfect day
I am going to describe how my perfect day would be and I will tell you,
how the environment would smell and look, I will describe each things
that I could imagine, thing that I would do, with the people that I would
spend time with, the food that would eat, in others words, I will describe
with details each part of my ideal day (in the morning, afternoon and
night).
Refreshed by a good sleep, I would like to get up at 6:00 am to admire
the bright sunrise in a beautiful place with my parents and my siblings in
the middle of wonderful mountains, without the smog of the city only
fresh air and that I could hear and watch the birds singing in the distance
and to hear the peaceful sound of a big waterfall, too. I would like to eat a
delicious shrimp cocktail with strawberry freshwater and finally for
dessert, a tasty and sweet chocolate cake.
Having eaten, I would like to go with my family to climb the mountains
and reach the top to see the landscape around us, such as the big and
green trees, the noisy but wonderful waterfall, beautiful and colorful
flowers of different kinds, in where you could only hear the wind
blowing in the trees and the melodious song of the different kinds of
birds such as Canary, Goldfinch, Parakeet, and so on and later, to come
back to a big and fancy house.

  In the afternoon, I would like to watch interesting horror movies with my lovely
family and be eating a big, delicious and fantastic Hawaiian pizza and juicy huge
hamburgers in our cozy living room. I would like that all the afternoon we could
play fun video games, basketball, football and I can be in the big, clean and
transparent pool and I could stay many hours inside in the pool and feel the fresh
water on my skin. later, at 6:00 pm maybe, I would love that will start to drizzle
and I could smell the wet soil and I could see the shiny raindrops and clear like
diamonds in the big old windows.

    At night, when the drizzle stopped ,my family and I would go outside to see

the magnificent myriad of stars that shining in the dark sky, and I would like to
make a night party, and stay all night awake singing rock songs, talking about
funny, terrible, incredible stories and eat junk food including Mexican food such as
the hot and delicious tacos I would also dancing all the night without concerns only
for that day.
   Conclusion: This would be my perfect day , to spend the day with my family in
the great mountains, doing things that I love as playing different games, eating
tasty food that I like and enjoying this time that I could spend only with them.
Although, I know that this day maybe would never become a reality, but I do not
care, it does not matter how the weather would be or in which place would also be,
the only things would be to spend a wonderful time with my family, because being
with my family all the days are just perfect.
Ex.5 A p. 90(SB)
1. … up to a point.
2. That`s ridiculous!
3. I couldn`t agree more.
4. I suppose you`ve got a point, …
Ex.5 B p. 90(SB)
1. Absolutely!
2. I am afraid that is not quite true.
3. I was just going to say that.
4. I can not share this view.