Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 12 views

    Improper Integrals: F (X) DX Exists If F (X)

    Uploaded by

    Maha Oktega
    1) Improper integrals can occur when either the limits of integration are infinite, or when the integrand becomes infinite at some point in the interval of integration. 2) An example of an improper integral with infinite limits is calculating the area under the curve y=e-x from 0 to infinity. 3) An improper integral where the integrand becomes infinite is calculating the area under y=1/√x between x=0 and x=1, which becomes infinite at x=0. To evaluate this, the integral is taken from ε to 1 and the limit as ε approaches 0 is calculated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Improper Integrals: F (X) DX Exists If F (X)

    Uploaded by

    Maha Oktega
    12 views3 pages
    1) Improper integrals can occur when either the limits of integration are infinite, or when the integrand becomes infinite at some point in the interval of integration. 2) An example of an improper integral with infinite limits is calculating the area under the curve y=e-x from 0 to infinity. 3) An improper integral where the integrand becomes infinite is calculating the area under y=1/√x between x=0 and x=1, which becomes infinite at x=0. To evaluate this, the integral is taken from ε to 1 and the limit as ε approaches 0 is calculated.

    Original Title

    P14 KALKULUS S2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) Improper integrals can occur when either the limits of integration are infinite, or when the integrand becomes infinite at some point in the interval of integration. 2) An example of an improper integral with infinite limits is calculating the area under the curve y=e-x from 0 to infinity. 3) An improper integral where the integrand becomes infinite is calculating the area under y=1/√x between x=0 and x=1, which becomes infinite at x=0. To evaluate this, the integral is taken from ε to 1 and the limit as ε approaches 0 is calculated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    12 views3 pages

    Improper Integrals: F (X) DX Exists If F (X)

    Uploaded by

    Maha Oktega
    1) Improper integrals can occur when either the limits of integration are infinite, or when the integrand becomes infinite at some point in the interval of integration. 2) An example of an improper integral with infinite limits is calculating the area under the curve y=e-x from 0 to infinity. 3) An improper integral where the integrand becomes infinite is calculating the area under y=1/√x between x=0 and x=1, which becomes infinite at x=0. To evaluate this, the integral is taken from ε to 1 and the limit as ε approaches 0 is calculated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 3

    1.

    Improper Integrals
    b

    In our introduction to the definite integral, we have known that ∫ f ( x ) dx exists if f(x)
    a

    is piecewise continous in the closed interval [a,b]. However in many interesting applications,
    one of two situations occurs, either (1). a or b infinite, or (2). f becomes infinite at one or
    more values in the [a,b]. If one of these cases occurs, we say that the integral is an
    improper integral.
    Cases (1). b = ∞ , a=−∞∨both
    We will begin with an example :
    Calculate the area in the first quadrant under the curve y=e−x

    Y Figure 1

    (0,1)
    y=e−x

    O N X

    Figure 1

    The region in question is sketched in figure 1, N is some large number, now what happens as
    N approach to ∞. We have area from 0 to N
    N

    ∫ e−x dx=1−e− N
    0

    ∞
    −x −N
    and the total area is lim ∫ e dx= lim ( 1−e ) =1.
    N→∞ 0 N→∞

    Definition
    N

    (i). Let a be a real number and f be a function having the property that ∫ f ( x ) dx exist for
    a

    every real number N ≥ a. Then we define the improper integral,


    ∞ N

    ∫ f ( x ) dx= Nlim
    →∞
    ∫ f ( x ) dx ........................... (1)
    a a

    provided that this limit exist.


    ∞

    If ∫ f ( x ) dxexist and is finite, we say that the improper integral is convergent, but if the
    a

    limit in (1) does not exist, or if it exist and is infinite, then we say that the improper integral
    is divergent.
    b

    (ii). ∫ f ( x ) dx exist for every real number N such that –N ≤ b we define


    −∞

    b b

    ∫ f ( x ) dx= Nlim
    →∞
    ∫ f ( x ) dx ............................. (2)
    −∞ −N

    Provided that this limit exist. We define the terms convergent and divergent as in (1).
    0 N
    (iii). If ∫ f ( x ) dx∧∫ f ( x ) dx exist for everyreal N and M, then we define
    −M 0

    ∞ N 0

    ∫ f ( x ) dx= lim ∫ f ( x ) dx+ lim


    N→∞ 0
    ∫ f ( x ) dx
    M →∞ −M
    −∞

    Whenever both these limit exist.


    ∞
    1
    Example 40 : Calculate ∫ dx
    1 x

    Solution :
    N
    1
    lim ∫ dx = lim ¿ . So that the improper integral is divergent.
    N→∞ 1 x N→∞

    ∞
    x
    Example 41 : Evaluate ∫ e dx
    0

    Solution :

    ∫ e x dx=e x ¿ N0 =e N −1, but Nlim


    →∞
    (e N −1)=∞ ,so that the improper integral is divergent.
    0

    0
    Example 42 : Calculate ∫ e x dx
    −∞

    0
    0 =1−e−N , (1−e−N ¿ )=1¿ , so that the improper integral
    Solution : ∫ e x dx=e x ¿ −N but Nlim
    →∞
    −N

    is convergent.
    For all students, do in your class and discuss together

    ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
    2
    1
    (i). ∫ cos x dx ; (ii). ∫ x e−x dx ; (iii). ∫ x 3 dx ; (iv). ∫ x
    k
    dx
    0 −∞ −∞ 1

    ∞
    (iv). ∫ x 2−41 x +9 dx
    −∞

    Case (2) : a∧b are finite and f becomes infinite at some number in the [a , b ¿.

    We begin with an example as follow

    1
    Example 43 : Calculate the area in the first quadrant under the curve y= between x = 0
    √x
    and x = 1. Y

    Solution :

    x=1

    1
    y=
    √x

    O X

    Clearly, the region is infinite. However, if ε is a small, positive real number then we can
    calculate the integral, and see what happens as ε → 0+¿¿ .

    1=
    lim lim ¿ +¿¿
    +¿
    1
    dx ε ε → 0 {2 ( 1−√ε ) }¿ , so that the total area is 2 as ε → 0 .
    +¿

    ε → 0 {∫ }=2 √ x ¿
    ε √x

    You might also like