19e2 PDF
19e2 PDF
19e2 PDF
SECOND EXAM
Closed book, two pages of notes allowed.
Answer any two of the three questions. Please state any additional assumptions you made, and show all work.
PCO2 = 10‐3.5 atm
Some useful constants:
KH = 10‐1.5 M/atm
1. Carbonate System.
(50% for all three parts) Two raw drinking waters are mixed as they enter the headworks of a water treatment
plant. The two are characterized as follows:
Water Flow (MGD) Alkalinity pH
(mg/L as CaCO3)
#1 20 10 6.30
#2 10 350 9.50
A. What will the pH of the blended water be immediately after mixing?
B. What will the pH of the blended water be after it has reached equilibrium with the bulk atmosphere?
C. How many mg/L of caustic soda (NaOH) must be added to the unequilibrated blended water in part
“A” to raise the pH to 9.80 ?
2. Complexation
(50% total for all 4 parts) Fluoride forms few strong complexes. Aluminum is one exception. The following two
part problem concerns complexes of this metal-ligand combination.
A. (25%) Below is an “accurate” alpha graph for the Al+3 – F- system. Using this graph determine the
complete speciation in an acidified alum solition where the total aluminum concentration is 2 mM and the
total fluoride concentration is 10 mM. Assume the pH of the is low enough to render any hydroxide
complexes insignificant.
B. (10%) Now explain in qualitative terms how the speciation would change if the alum solution pH was
substantially elevated so that hydroxide complexes became important and justify your answer using
your knowledge of water chemistry
C. (10%) Explain in qualitative terms how the speciation would change if the pH was high, and if 2 mM of
EDTA was added. Note that EDTA does not form precipitates. Again, justify your answer using your
knowledge of water chemistry.
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D. (5%) Finally explain in qualitative terms how the speciation would change if you took into account the
impacts of high ionic strength. Note that the alpha graph as shown is based on the ideal infinite dilution
case (i.e., no ionic strength). Again, justify your answer using your knowledge of water chemistry.
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3. multiple choice
(50%) Answer all 20 of the following questions. The first 10 are multiple choice. Please indicate which of the
options is the best choice.
1. Pearson is:
a. the first name of your textbook’s author
b. the founder of modern environmental chemistry
c. the originator of a discredited theory
d. the one who developed the hard and soft acid concept
e. none of the above
2. When a solution spontaneously absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere it:
a. results in higher total carbonate
b. drops in pH
c. approaches equilibrium
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
3. Phosphate
a. is a tetradentate ligand
b. is a deadly poison
c. is insoluble
d. is the drug of choice for malaria
e. has been used as a “builder” in detergents
4. H2CO3*:
a. is composed mostly of aqueous CO2
b. is always conservative, even in open systems
c. is a toxic substance
d. all of the above
e. complexes very strongly with sodium
5. Ion pairs:
a. are always charged
b. are larger than Bartlett pears
c. are illegal in Alabama
d. are outer‐sphere complexes
6. The value of n‐bar:
a. is usually 6 or less
b. depends on the free ligand concentration
c. can be used to solve complexation problems graphically
d. all of the above
e. none of the obove
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7. The buffer intensity of the open carbonate system:
a. is independent of the alkalinity
b. is independent of the CT
c. is always higher than the pCO2
d. is at a minimum where the pH < pK1
e. is at a minimum where the pH = pK2
8. Detergent “builders” are used to:
a. help solubilize grease
b. complex trace metals
c. take hardness cations from the surfactants
d. elevate the acidity
e. reduce the caloric content
9. EDTA
a. stands for ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
b. is most commonly used as a pH buffer
c. forms precipitates with most metals
d. is commonly used to enhance the impacts of copper on algae
e. is a tetra‐dentate ligand
10. The Irving Williams Series
a. is a means of estimating alkalinity
b. describes the inverse proportionality of acidity to alkalinity
c. includes a number of books, such as The Chapman Report, and The Prize
d. provides a comprehensive description of ligand structure
e. follows the increase in ligand affinity from Mn(II) to Cu(II)
The 10 below are true/false. Mark each one of the following statements with either a “T” or an “F”
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15. _____ Environmental systems are far more likely to be at equilibrium with respect to
precipitation reactions than with respect to acid/base (e.g., proton) equilibrium.
Additional Information:
For a diprotic acid:
1
1
Some additional equilibria
Equilibrium Constant
FeOH+2 = Fe+3 + OH‐ K1 = 10‐11.8
Fe(OH)2+ = FeOH+2 + OH‐ K2 = 10‐10.5
Fe(OH)4‐ = Fe(OH)2+ + 2OH‐ K3 = 10‐12.1
Fe2(OH)2+4 = 2Fe+3 + 2OH‐ K22 = 10‐25.05
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Selected Acidity Constants (Aqueous Solution, 25°C, I = 0)
Trichloroacetic acid 0.70
CCl3COOH = H+ + CCl3COO‐
Iodic acid HIO3 = H+ + IO3‐ 0.8
+ ‐
Thiocyanic Acid HSCN = H + SCN 1.1
Bisulfate ion 2
HSO4‐ = H+ + SO4‐2
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4‐ 2.15 (&7.2,12.3)
Citric acid 3.14 (&4.77,6.4)
C3H5O(COOH)3= H+ + C3H5O(COOH)2COO‐
Hydrofluoric acid 3.2
HF = H+ + F‐
Nitrous acid HNO2 = H+ + NO2‐ 4.5
Acetic acid 4.75
CH3COOH = H+ + CH3COO‐
Propionic acid 4.87
C2H5COOH = H+ + C2H5COO‐
Carbonic acid H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3‐ 6.35 (&10.33)
Hydrogen sulfide H2S = H+ + HS‐ 7.02 (&13.9)
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4‐ = H+ + HPO4‐2 7.2
Hypochlorous acid 7.5
HOCl = H+ + OCl‐
Boric acid B(OH)3 + H2O = H+ + B(OH)4‐ 9.2 (&12.7,13.8)
Ammonium ion NH4+ = H+ + NH3 9.24
Hydrocyanic acid 9.3
HCN = H+ + CN‐
Phenol 9.9
C6H5OH = H+ + C6H5O‐
m‐Hydroxybenzoic 9.92
C6H4(OH)COO‐ = H+ + C6H4(O)COO‐2
acid
Bicarbonate ion HCO3‐ = H+ + CO3‐2 10.33
Monohydrogen HPO4‐2 = H+ + PO4‐3 12.3
phosphate
Bisulfide ion HS‐ = H+ + S‐2 13.9
Water H2O = H+ + OH‐ 14.00
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1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Log [L]
8
0
-1 H+ OH-
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Log C
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
9