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    (Benjamin, Chapt. 3 pg.131-150) : #7 Analytical Solutions

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    wastequest
    This document discusses acids and bases from several perspectives. It defines acids and bases according to early concepts, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are defined as substances that donate protons or accept electron pairs, while bases accept protons or donate electron pairs. The document also discusses the pH of natural waters being regulated by chemical reactions with minerals and biological processes like photosynthesis. Finally, it explains concepts like acid/conjugate base strength relationships, water autodissociation, and pH being a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

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    (Benjamin, Chapt. 3 pg.131-150) : #7 Analytical Solutions

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    wastequest
    40 views12 pages
    This document discusses acids and bases from several perspectives. It defines acids and bases according to early concepts, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are defined as substances that donate protons or accept electron pairs, while bases accept protons or donate electron pairs. The document also discusses the pH of natural waters being regulated by chemical reactions with minerals and biological processes like photosynthesis. Finally, it explains concepts like acid/conjugate base strength relationships, water autodissociation, and pH being a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

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    This document discusses acids and bases from several perspectives. It defines acids and bases according to early concepts, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are defined as substances that donate protons or accept electron pairs, while bases accept protons or donate electron pairs. The document also discusses the pH of natural waters being regulated by chemical reactions with minerals and biological processes like photosynthesis. Finally, it explains concepts like acid/conjugate base strength relationships, water autodissociation, and pH being a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    40 views12 pages

    (Benjamin, Chapt. 3 pg.131-150) : #7 Analytical Solutions

    Uploaded by

    wastequest
    This document discusses acids and bases from several perspectives. It defines acids and bases according to early concepts, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are defined as substances that donate protons or accept electron pairs, while bases accept protons or donate electron pairs. The document also discusses the pH of natural waters being regulated by chemical reactions with minerals and biological processes like photosynthesis. Finally, it explains concepts like acid/conjugate base strength relationships, water autodissociation, and pH being a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Updated: 2 February 2018 Print version

    Lecture
    #7 Acids & Bases: Analytical
    Solutions
    (
    Stumm & Morgan, Chapt.3 )

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 1


    Definitions
    Early
    Acids
     turns blue litmus red
     tastes sour
     neutralizes bases
     reacts with active metals to evolve

    H2
    Bases
     turns red litmus blue
     tastes bitter
     feels soapy

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 2


    Definitions (cont.) H
    O
    H

    H
    Arrhenius (1887)
    Acids O
    H H H
     solutions which contain an excess H
    O O
    of hydrogen ions
     e.g., HNO = H+ + NO -
    3 3 H H
     H+ doesn’t exist free in solution
    Bases
     solutions which contain an excess
    of hydroxide ions

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 3


    Definitions (cont.)
    Bronsted-Lowry (1923)
     Acids: (proton donor)
     any substance that can donate a proton to any other substance
     Bases: (proton acceptor)
     any substance that accepts a proton from any other substance

    Acid1 + Base2 = Acid2 + Base1 • Acid strength of a conjugate


    acid-base pair is measured
    HNO3 + H2O = H3O+ + NO3-
    relative to the other pair
    HOCl + H2O = H3O+ + OCl- • the stronger the acid, the
    weaker the conjugate base,
    NH4+ + H2O = H3O+ + NH3 and vice versa
    H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH-
    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 4
    Definitions (cont.)
    Lewis
    Acids
     can accept and share a long pair of
    electrons
    Bases
     can donate and share a lone pair of
    electrons

    A more general definition:


    includes metal ions as acids

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 5


    Effect of proton acceptor
    Strong acid in water
     HCl + H2O =
    H
    H3O+ + Cl-
    O
    Cl H O
    Cl
    H H
    H H

    Weak acid in organic solvent


    (ethanol)
     HCl + C2H5OH = C2H5OH2+ + Cl- H

    O CH3
    Cl H O CH3 Cl
    H C
    H C H2
    H2

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 6


    Acid/Conjugate Base
    Weak acids do not substantially donate a proton
     e.g., H CO , HAc, H S, HOCl
    2 3 2

    The stronger an acid is the weaker its conjugate


    base. The stronger a base is the weaker its conjugate
    acid
    H

    O
    Cl H O
    Cl
    H H H H

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 7


    Acids & Bases
    pH of most mineral-bearing waters is 6 to 9.
    (fairly constant)
    pH and composition of natural waters is
    regulated by reactions of acids & bases
    chemical reactions; mostly with minerals
     carbonate rocks: react with CO2 (an acid)
    -
     CaCO3 + CO2 = Ca+2 + 2HCO3
     other bases are also formed: NH3, silicates, borate, phosphate
     acids from volcanic activity: HCl, SO2
    Biological reactions: photosynthesis & resp.
    Sillen: Ocean is result of global acid/base titration
    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 8
    Acids & Bases (cont.)
    Equilibrium is rapidly established
    proton transfer is very fast
    we call [H+] the Master Variable
    because Protons react with so many chemical
    species, affect equilibria and rates
    Strength of acids & bases
    strong acids have a substantial tendency to donate a
    proton. This depends on the nature of the acid
    as well as the base accepting the proton (often water).

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 9


    Autodissociation of
    H O  H  OH 

     water

    2

    Actually donation of proton to neighboring


    −
    water
    2H O  H O  
    15.5
    14.15

    OH 15.0 14.10
    2 3 14.05

    pKw
    EE 68014.5
    #7 14.00
    13.95

    {H  }{OH  } 10 13.90

    Kw 
    14.0 13.85
    pKw

    13.80

    {H 2O}
    20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
    13.5 30
    Temperature oC

     {H }{OH
    13.0


    } 12.5

    12.0
     10 14
    @See
    25Table
    C 3.1 in
    o 0 20 40 60 80 100

    C Temperature oC
    pH: the
    intensity
    factor

    Alkalinity: a capacity factor


    To next lectur
    e

    David Reckhow CEE 680 #7 12

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