International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)

ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-X, Issue-X

Sahana D S, Dayanand Lal. N, Vidya J, Bhanujyothi H C

An Efficient Scheme for Vein Detection Using
Accuvein Apparatus Based on Near Infrared
with Broadcom Chip

vein structures at the hand-ventral or arm, genuinely we
Abstract :Venipuncture has been considered as one of the will try to keep away from the aspect results which may
main fitness analysis strategies. Even although venipuncture additionally cause very extreme risk elements of
has been taken into consideration as one of the highest phlebotomy errors, however additionally try to lessen an
prioritized and commonly accompanied practised in hospitals is attempt required in phlebotomy.
to carry out obtain the veinsfor small kids, elderly peoples , fat , The usage of Venepuncture in our everyday health care
anaemic, or darkish skin colored patients has been a difficult
procedure has been increased drastically. The literature and
procedure for medical practitioners. To get the solution for this
problem, many devices using infrared light have became look for on difficulties of Venepuncture and blood
today's trend. But those devices share a commonplace assortment bring about numerous unpredictable issues
drawback, for visualizing deep veins or veins of a thicker part Problems that might get up from venepuncture encompass ;
of subject like limb. This paper clarifies a vein-picturing
haematoma formation, nerve harm, ache, haema-attention,
device , Accuvein which uses Near infrared (NIR) light. The
light inventory quickly extends straightforwardly to the chose more vasation, iatrogenic anaemia, arterial puncture,
selected part of the skin. The camera sensor has been used to petechiae, allergies, fear and phobia, contamination,
come across infrared radiation to take the vein photos. With the syncope and fainting, excessive bleeding, edema and
addition of an image processing process, the first-class of vein
thrombus[3]. There may be numerous difficulties
shape obtained is more desirable showing it extra as it should
be. The implemented device has met the requirements of a confronted by means of phlebotomists, medical attendants
desired output image when limb areas kept under Accuvein and pathologists while recognizing a patient's vein for
device obtaining the efficient images. The visibility of veins for venepuncture. Heat Burns and different injuries for a body
the purpose of Cannulation increased by using Accuvein
make it complicated to find veins and positioned the
device.
Keywords : Cannulation, CCD Camera, Near-infrared light, tablets to shop the lifestyles. If in case of blood transfusion
Phlebotomists, Venipuncture. or withdrawal, we want to test for the placement of the
veins. Sometimes the skilled nurses and doctors might also
I.INTRODUCTION sense it hard to exactly get the blood veins on the primary
strive.
A major means for treating for any diseases is to go Inappropriate puncturing of veins might lead to many
with medical laboratory testing, which primitively uses problems like swelling, bleeding or permanently damaging
sample of blood taken from veins. This involves an the veins, mainly for aged and for babies[4]. To conquer
incursive method of Cannulation that needs proper
the troubles various devices had been evolved by using
selection of vein[1]. Phlebotomist, the one who makes an
incision in a vein with a needle, uses a vein finder that overcoming the demanding situations like cost ,portability
helps to effortlessly discover the vein by maintaining a factor and efficiency for infrared imaging detection system.
strategic distance from pre-expository mistake in the The design of the vein detection system have to be an
example assortment and to reduce the uneasiness and pain easy-to-enforce device which makes use of a IR sensitive
to the patient. Venipuncture or Venepuncture is a process camera that takes a photograph of the objects vein
followed for getting blood from vein, which needs to be underneath a source of infrared radiation with a precise
done regularly during medical checkups. However, the
wavelength which is illustrated in Fig.1.
person who is fat or dark skin colour will experience
'hypodermic' while they are performing the visualization of Burns and various wounds for a body make it confused
vein structures. For those people the phlebotomist[2] will to discover veins and situated the tablets to shop the ways
not be having any other choice sporting out a visually of life. In the event that if there should arise an occurrence
impaired stick dependent on anatomical information with of blood transfusion or withdrawal, we need to test for the
patients revel in. This may also lead to direct or indirect situation of the veins.
damage to the patient who undergoes venepunture, which
may additionally once in a while cause loss of life of a
affected person . Even it is miles simpler to decide out the
Sahana D S, Department of CSE, GITAM School of


Technology,Bengalure, India. Email: ds.sahana16@gmail.com

Dayanand Lal. N, Department of CSE, GITAM School of
Technology,Bengalure, India.. Email: dayanandlal@gmail.com
Vidya J, Department of CSE, GITAM School of Technology,
Bengalure, India. Email: vidya.sjprakash@gmail.com
Bhanujyothi H C, Department of CSE, GITAM School of Technology,
Bengalure, India. Email: banu.banuchandrashekar@gmail.com

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 An Efficient Scheme for Vein Detection Using Accuvein Apparatus Based on Near Infrared with Broadcom Chip

Fig. 1. NIR Vein Imaging System.

Fig.(b). Penetration model of image capturing system.
In a few scientific situations, the place of vein desires to
be recognized. Each second counts while docs are treating The problem with the penetration method is, the pictures
trauma sufferers. obtained will not be much accurate and clear because the
Some of the other devices which help the venipuncture arm is not present at a significant depth. Limitation of the
procedure to perform the visualizing of the vein patterns Penetration strategy is that, on the off chance that we
exist. The techniques uses near-infrared (NIR) light or far- remember thicker body component like arm, the NIR light
infrared (FIR) light[6]. NIR is used because of its high can't accomplish the opposite side of the arm. The
benefits like low cost and safety . By effectively utilizing explanation is that every one trans-illuminated NIR light
these two kinds of lights in CCD camera techniques, may be absorbed sooner than entering to the next part of
scientists can get the pictures of objects that extent from the arm.
imagining vein structures until the division. For the FIR
light based technique [7], a camera is expected to make the II. RELATED WORK
water ingestion. It is also helpful to collect the high quality
images for segmentation. The only disadvantage of FIR L.Wang et al[9] have proposed a method on non-
light based technique is high cost. A replacement can be invasive technique to get the image of veins patterns
taken expensive FIR method as the NIR light that ranges evaluated using FIR imaging technique. The analysis of the
from (700 nm–2500 nm) are used to visualize the vein data collected using FIR(Far infrared) imaging technique,
pattern[8] is less successful as the images of palm/limb/wrist obtained
The NIR approach follows two kinds of image have covered lesser features of veins and also the quality of
collecting systems of veins. (i) Reflection and (ii) images obtained are not much accurate as shown in figure
Penetration, as shown in fig 2(a) and fig2(b) . The very first 4. FIR will be operative by detecting electromagnetic
method, reflection technique is mainly affected by radiations emitted from human body. And also images that
reflected lighting fixtures, the photos we get seem to be captures the large veins are very less sensitive to ambient
brighter. So simplest, it is having lesser comparison and environmental factors like temperature, humidity
visibility. The penetration approach is tons increasingly conditions and human body temperature[10].
useful, while identifying vein structures on the appendage Soujanya Ganesh[11] has viewed how an ultrasound
as light can't enter to a much profundity in a grown-up's system that fits for photographs might to consider the
arm. Majority of vein visualizing devices use the above statistics like how much deep it can reach, what might be
strategies of NIR light. Some of the examples like Vein the size, in which place object is placed , the complete
viewer and Accuvein put an image in green and red photo structures obtained to get the guidance on locating the
respectively at the pores and skin by means of the usage of veins which are abnormal. System works on the idea of
the reflection method. getting the ultrasonic waves by the method of transmission
on to the human frame by using the device called
transducer to become aware of the reflected rays from the
gadgets internal. The transducer discovers the light rays
which would converted into electrical energy. Devices
operating on Trans-illuminating light assets mechanisms
want lights to be switched off for the medical doctors to get
the images of veins simple and clear way. Markers are
utilized on the patient's skin after observing the vein. Very
high resolution ultra vein scanners are needed by the
transducer which need to be held while needle insertion
seem to be an uncomfortable way to get accurate view on
Fig.2 (a). Reflection model of image collecting system. ultrasound display.
Naoya Tobisawa et al[12] describes the framework
The devices need darker settings for projection. which involves the exceptionally high-power and low-level
Similarly, the images generated by penetration method are light source, the method functions as follows: the near
less accurate which purely depend on the projection angle infrared CMOS camera and little one-eye head put on the
say for example, Trans-illuminator Device, Vein showcase to display. Utilizing
Navigation Device and Vascu-Luminator [2]. this framework, they get the
trans-illumination pictures of the

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-X, Issue-X

subject's limb. They can acquire a more clear trans- be very difficult to prick them several times with a needle
illuminated images of profound situated veins, which is is one of the crucial thing for infants, Geriatrics: for aged
utilized to help the IV infusions, the varicose-vein people are required repetitive blood tests or medicinal
treatment, blood vessel catheterization, intra are injections.
employable perception of veins and lymph conduits, etc.
Since it utilizes low level light sources , here and there it is B. Idea Of Near-Infrared(NIR) Imaging
preposterous to expect to get a reasonable and a decent The portion of the spectrum which is visible to the
quality pictures. human eye is called visible spectrum. Electromagnetic
Phlebotomycoach[13] is a technique which illustrates radiation is called as visible light. Persons eyes is able to
Venepunture ,as taking a sample of blood from a vein from see with the wavelengths from about 380 to 740nm.To
hand. If patient requires frequent blood tests or medication view the images of vein patterns around the boundary, the
continuously, the technique of intravenous (IV) comes in to chance of viewing below everyday visible light conditions
picture. In this procedure, the skin on hand will be pricked may be very less. For this scenario, the solution can be
by noticing the presence of veins, so that the medications using Near-Infrared imaging(NIR) techniques. The
or fluids are given intravenously. This requires a very good features of NIR which is used to detect the veins are as
skilled medical technician called phlebotomist, to follow follows:
up the procedure painlessly. But some of the patients are 1. NIR can do the penetration into the subject's tissue till
very feared about this procedures due to which they might 3mm beneath [15].
feel light headache, some patients might undergo fainting, 2. If the content of haemoglobin has reduced in the
if the phlebotomist is not much experienced he might have subjects body, it absorbs more infrared radiation rather than
pricked the wrong nerve which may lead to damaging the its surrounding tissue. So setting infrared radiation at the
nerve, a severe blood cloths, infections and many more. preferred a part of the frame we can acquire the vein photo
F. B. Chiao et al[14] explains the characteristics of the captured through an IR camera. In the resulting picture, the
patients that identifies veins available for the purpose of veins appear to be darker than the surrounding tissue. Near
IV access. The qualities considered depend on fat patients to Infrared (NIR) radiation of the wavelength district 740
crew who are related with lesser vein visibility. Test nm-760nm can distinguish on veins anyway not courses
directed on fat patients, gave the after effects of roughly six because of the particular ingestion of infrared radiation in
veins on every furthest point dependent on unassisted blood vessels[16].The illustration has also been studied
vision . Utilization of the new infrared VueTek Veinsitew under drug reactions that need to evaluated by considering
results inside the perceivability of shallow veins qualified the reactions on the subjects body when it has been injected
for IV Cannulation which can be raised while utilizing. in to veins[17].
Prior identity of patients with hard IV get admission to
could deliver the higher clinical care, with the aid of C. Working
stopping complications lowering the ache for patients.
Cheng-Tang Pan et al [15],illustrates (i) commonly used
method for diagnosis through medical laboratory testing
that makes use of blood as a sample (ii) Uses the concept
of invasive method called Cannulation which gives the
viability to properly select the veins. Usage of devices like
vein finder helps the physicians to locate the veins easily,
which prevent the problems that would occur in collecting
the samples reducing the discomfort and pain of the
patient. Due to the experimental results, based on the
consideration of various human factors, besides taken huge
number of aspects and patients for testing the actual
devices and model yielded the better results.

III. METHODOLOGY
A. About VEIN DETECTION
In case of emergency when the patients are admitted in Fig.3. Prototype of experiment.
to hospital each and every second counts. Physical injuries
might make the physicians and phlebotomist feel difficult i. As shown in fig.3, IR light will be projected on the
to find veins on the first try, in particularly for obese subject’s skin/limb, which penetrates into tissues and veins
people to supply the drugs. Here comes the actual picture and its surroundings tissues and a part of this light will be
of detecting the veins and to know how difficult it is to get reflected. The reflected light rays have been captured by a
the clear picture of veins. If we take the example of having IR camera. In NIR , the ring of LEDs are used to get the
pattern of blood for diagnosing, blood transfusion, blood clear image of the preferred frame component with infrared
donation, and so on. It's far crucial to know the exact light. This ring constitutes a circuit driver and the power
region of the veins[14]. In numerous scientific supply could be provided from the pc the usage of a USB
emergencies, the precise location of veins desires to be cable[17]. Below fig.4 shows the IR light Source Setup.
diagnosed like Intravenous injections(IV), Bruises and The main objective of using
Bums, Blood transfusions, Blood donation, kidney dialysis IR light source is to get the
and also locating veins in small kids and infants seems to good vein images ,facilitating

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 An Efficient Scheme for Vein Detection Using Accuvein Apparatus Based on Near Infrared with Broadcom Chip

an accurate comparison between veins and its surrounding vein pattern from the background images. Obtained vein
tissue. patterns will be considered and isolated from rest of the
images. If this step not executed properly, noises will be
increased. If we don't get proper images of vein, obviously
it will be of no use again. The concept of Thresholding is
used to get converted the gray scale vein images to the
binary images.
d. Filter: The output of segmentation component
consists of gray scale images that might have some unclear
and also unwanted shadows in the images of veins which
are displayed. So it has fed into the filter to upgrade the
Fig.4. IR light source. nature of image obtained. In order to block the unwanted
visible radiations which are below 720nm allows the near
ii. This reflected light rays have been captured by an IR infrared radiation to fed to the transmission filter . The
camera. CCD cameras are chosen for NIR because of its filter can now effectively block more than 90% of the
sensitivity to IR, which gives a better picture quality. One visible radiations. The output of this filter will be the
more advantage is camera being cost effective i.e lesser enhanced set of images which is of good quality.
cost. The camera really works well on laptop which uses
windows OS. The CCD camera has sufficient spatial
resolution to get clear vein pictures. CCD cameras as
shown in fig.5, have 1000nm range of wavelength and the
human eye cannot detect wavelengths which is greater than
750nm.

Fig.6. Pre-processing.

Fig.5. NIR CCD camera. v. In Post-processor, the operation of this component is

iii. In Region of Interest(ROI), Raw image captured performed after the data received from the external source
from the CCD camera will be fed into the ROI Component. but before feeding for the display unit. It checks with the
ROI is mainly used to select the region of interest that database to know whether the obtained image after the
wishes to get . NIR light source when projected shows the processing is matching with the template that is stored in
complete images which has captured using CCD camera , database priory.
so only ROI is used to get highlighted segment of an
image. Reason to carry out ROI step as utilizing the whole
image takes much time and the final captured image might
not be much accurate. So ROI is used to acquire the
required part of the image.
iv. In Pre-processing , Output of ROI , which have been
captured from IR camera will be fed to the Broad-cam chip
(Raspberry Pi3), which will carry out the pre-processing
steps to get the good quality of images at the end. Pre-
processing needs to be performed before passing images to
external source as shown in fig.6.
a. Required part of image obtained in ROI step
undergoes pre-processing
b. Image processing algorithm has been applied to
show the exact vein pattern of arm/wrist/ limb, to remove
noise and also to enhance the quality of input image that Fig.7. Post processing.
have acquired. Vascular Imaging Algorithm has shown the
process for getting various patterns of blood vessel to get a
images which are contrast using the near-infrared imaging
system. vi. In Display Unit, the main objective of this paper will
c. Segmentation using Threshold : Once ROI outputs be considered that is to display the proper vein patterns
the required image part and feeds it to the Broadcom chip, .The display unit is used to display the final processed
the Image processing algorithm which are embedded in the image of veins on laptop, which helps to get the clear
chip will eliminate noise and there by gives the enhanced difference between veins and its
images. Then segmentation will be used to differentiate the back-ground.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-X, Issue-X

on the SD card and that will be inserted into the

broadcom chip along with the boot software called
Raspbian Jessie. The results of this may provide a binary
image which demonstrates the foreground image and the
history image based at the contrast greater picture[10].
Filter takes care of removing the shadow and faint
images and gives the enhanced vein pattern after this
D. Prototype Model processing step. Then post-processing will be applied to
check out the shape match in database, if it is matching it
will be displayed in the display unit with much good
presentation of vein patterns. Figure 10 , figure 11 and
figure 12 shows the experimental results.

Fig 8: Working model of NIR Based Accuvein

Fig 10 : Image created by the IR LED array

Fig 9: Flow chart of the model

The information captured from CCD camera will be
given to the processing unit at different stages to enhance
the image visualization using valid image processing
algorithms. When it uses the algorithms to enhance the
image quality the output obtained with somewhat dark
veins, allows for easier differentiation between the veins
and its surroundings. After this , a threshold
(segmentation) is applied to create a images of color
black and white where in it contains the vein patterns.
Now the gray scale image will be ready to be segmented.
Fig 11 : Re-projection of the captured image on the
Using the concept of thresholding it is easier to get the
boundaries between "foreground" and "background" subject’s skin
pixels. Figure 9 shows complete overview of the
proposed system model. The processor usually consists
of Broad-cam chip and the laptop that contains required
software to get effective image patterns. Accuvein
device , which is based on NIR , makes use of OPEN CV
(Computer Vision) Library which is supported by the
Python Programming Language to perform the necessary
enhancement of the information obtained from the
acquisition system. The Broadcom chip consists of
another USB cable interface from the laptop and an
Ethernet cable to get connected as an interface between
Fig 12 : NIR based Hand images
the Broadcom chip and the laptop. The images obtained
are then undergo processing using the built in language
of the Broadcom chip, which uses Python and is
supported by Open CV Image processing library saved

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 An Efficient Scheme for Vein Detection Using Accuvein Apparatus Based on Near Infrared with Broadcom Chip

10. C.-L Lin and K.-C. Fan, ”Biometric Verification Using Thermal
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configured CCD camera has been used to get the images of
vein. Using the proposed prototype , the trans-illumination
images of the subject's skin/limb/wrist will be obtained. By AUTHORS PROFILE
using image processing algorithm , the focus is on getting
the enhanced vein image patterns which undergo several
Mrs. Sahana D S is working as an Assistant Professor in the department of
pre-processing and post-processing steps by removing all Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM School of Technology,
the noises and unnecessary part of images which are Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India. She received her BE in CSE from
present when the image has been captured and achieved. In Visvesvaraya Technological University in 2013 and her M.Tech in CSE
from Visvesvaraya Technological University in 2015. Her area of interest is
this manner, the reason to get a productive, non-intrusive Cyber security. She has published 4 papers in the international journals.
device for distinguishing vein images by using near
infrared source has been carried out. Dr. Dayanand Lal. N Assistant Professor in CSE Department, GITAM
School of Technology, Bengaluru campus. He has published three research
papers “Porting presentation Layer to ensure network security in mobile
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