Circle Geometry (Part 3)

3
Exam Paper

Assessment Standard: 12.4.1(c)

Cyclic Quadrilaterals

Last week we covered up toTheorem 3,

the idea of a converse and we applied our
theory to some problems called RIDERS. Collect your Paper 3 Lessons every week!!
Guys, both NSC and IEB examinations
Okay, so now onto the next chunk of theory candidates have the option of writing Paper 3 at the end of
which has to do with CYCLIC the year! Paper 3 covers additional
QUADRILATERALS. mathematics material and is out of 100 marks. Maths
Paper 3 will really set you apart in the job market, and
Now remember - a Quadrilateral is any make studying technical subjects at tertiary level easier.
We have hooked you up with these lessons - written by IEB Maths
four sided figure.
Paper 3 examiner, Heather Frankiskos.
The Examination Guidelines for the DOE stipulate that the
A Cyclic Quadrilateral is a four sided proofs of all Grade 11 and the Grade 12 theorems of the
figure with all four corners lying on the geometry of circles are required for examination purposes.
circumference of a [Link] usually name it This bookwork has a suggested maximum mark allocation
clockwise or anti-clockwise -don’t ZIGZAG. of 15 out of 100. The IEB Subject Assessment Guidelines
suggest that no bookwork i.e. NO PROOFS be examined.
We can expect ‘Complete the statement’ type questions
but no complete proofs. These Geometry modules will not
present [Link] must get these from your teacher.

A Q S
D W Q P
P

C B R
S P Q
R
Cyclic quad Cyclic quad WQPR PSTQ
abcd/dabc/cbad PQRs Not cyclic Not cyclic
Not PRSQ

Theorem 5:
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (opposite ∠s of a cyclic quad) and conversely, if a
pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary then the quad is cyclic. 12
(Opposite ∠s of quad suppl.)
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
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Exam Paper

B
A

^ ^
If ABCD cyclic then ​A​ + ​C​ = 180º
^ ^
​B​ + ​D​ = 180º
D C

B
A x ^ ^
If ​A​ + ​C​ = 180º then ABCD cyclic
^ ^
​B​ + ​D​ = 180º

180 - x
D C

Theorem 6:
The exterior angle of a cyclic quad is equal to the interior opposite angle (ext ∠of cyclic quad) and conversely, if
the exterior angle of a quad is equal to the interior opposite angle, the quad is cyclic (ext ∠ of quad)

B ^ ^

A If ABCD cyclic then C​
​  1= A​
​ 
x

x
1
C

B
x ^ ^

A 80º If ​C​ 1 = A​
​  then ABCD is cyclic (we can draw a
circle through all 4 points)

1 C
D 80º

Let us see if you can apply these CYCLIC QUAD Theorems here.
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
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Exam Paper

E Can you see the following?
1 2 ^ ^
1) ​E​ 2= B​
​  1 (∠s same segment)
^ ^
​
F F​ 1 = C​
​   (∠s same segment)
1
2
^ ^
​  1 = 180º (opp ∠s cyclic quad PEFB)
2) ​F​ 1 + P​
P 1 G
^ ^
​
2 ​  1 = 180º (opp ∠s cyclic quad PECB)
C​ + P​
^ ^ ^
​E​ 1+​B​ 1+​B​ 2 = 180º (opp ∠s cyclic quad ECBP)
^ ^ ^
​
32 E​ 1+​E​ 2+​B​ 2 = 180º (opp ∠s cyclic quad EFBP)
1
K B C ^ ^
​  1 (ext ∠ cyclic quad PEFB)
3) ​P​ 2 = F​
^ ^
​  1 (ext ∠cyclic quad PBCE)
​B​ 3 = E​
^ ^
​F​ 2 =​P​ 1 (ext ∠ cyclic quad FEPB)

PLEASE look at this RIDER carefully - use your fingers or colour (or whatever) to try to see all the angles
mentioned above.

Also remember that you have met an exterior angle before. Do you remember that for any triangle, the
exterior angle (formed by extending any side) was equal to the sum of the interior opposite two angles?

C A A

B
1

B
1
1
A B
C

^ ^ ^
So ​B​ 1 = A​
​  + C​
​   C

Here for a cyclic quadrilateral the exterior angle is equal to the one interior opposite angle.

^ ^ ^ ^
​B K B​ 1 = D​
​   Note: ​A​ 1≠ C​
​  
x 1
BAF must be straight like ABK
A
1

F D C
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
3
Exam Paper
The next bit of theory relates to a very special line called a TANGENT

We define a TANGENT to be a line which makes contact with a circle at only one point on the circumference.
In each Rider below SPT is a tangent.
s p
s t

s p t

In each of the above sketches, draw in the radius OP. Can you see that OP will always be perpendicular to
SPT?

This is your next theorem.

Theorem 7:
A tangent to a circle is always perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact (rad ⊥ tangent) and
conversely, a line drawn perpendicular to a radius at the point where it meets the circumference, will be a
tangent (radius ⊥ to line)

Given SPT a tangent with OP a radius then OP ⊥ SPT

and conversely,
s p t

Given radius OP and SPT ⊥ OP then SPT is a tangent

s p t
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
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Exam Paper
Theorem 8:
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from a common external point, then the two distances from this
point to the points of contact are equal (tang, same point)

R
R
p

p
Q

pR = pq PR ≠ PQ (both must be tangents from P)

PQ is actually called a secant

And now for the final, but the most used theorem in Circle Geometry. We call it the TAN-CHORD theorem
This theorem says
Theorem 9:
The angle formed between a tangent to a circle and a chord drawn from the point of contact....

chord drawn at point of contact

angle between tangent and chord

tangent to circle
is equal to the angle subtended by the same chord in the other segment (tan chord theorem)
B
x is the angle between tangent and chord PM
x
coming in from the right

y m y is the angle between tangent and chord PB
coming in from the left

y x
C p T
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
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Exam Paper

B In the diagram QTS and SPW are tangents
Can you agree to all these statements?
^ ^
1) ​T​ 1 = P​
​  1 (tan chord BT)
W ^ ^
​T​ 4 = P​ ​  3 (tan chord TK)
2 ^ ^
​
1 P P​ 2 = T​
​  2 (tan chord BP)
Q ^ ^
​
3 P​ 4 = T​
​  3 (tan chord PK)
4
1 2 ^ ^ ^
2) ​T​ 1 + T​
​  2 = K​
​  (tan chord TP)
3 ^ ^ ^
​
t 4 K
T​ 3 + T​
​  4 = B​
​  (tan chord TP)
^ ^ ^
​P​ 1 + P​ ​  2 = K​
​  (tan chord TP)
^ ^ ^
​P​ 3 + P​ ​  4 = B​
​  (tan chord TP)
3) TS = SP (tangents same PT)
S ^ ^ ^ ^
\ T​
​  3 + T​
​  4 = P​
​  3 + P​
​  4 (Isos ∆)
^ ^
4) ​B​ + K​ ​  = 180° (opp ∠s cyclic quad)
^ ^ ^ ^
​P​ 1 + ​P​ 3 + ​T​ 2 + ​T​ 3 = 180° (opp ∠s cyclic quad)
5) There are no exterior angles of cyclic quad BTKP in the diagram

6) There is no radius / diameter/ centre so no angle is 90°

Of course this very important Theorem must have a converse...

If the angle formed between a chord and a line is equal to an angle subtended by the chord, then the line
is a tangent to the circle (converse tan chord)

A
x

1x
t
B

^ ^
If ​B​ 1 = ​A​ 1 then we can assume that a circle could be drawn going through A,B and C
This would make BC a chord and B the point of contact with tangent BT

So now you have all the theory mastered.

Let us try an exam type rider mixing it all up.
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 Circle Geometry (Part 3)
3
Exam Paper
Remember to read the given information slowly; pay attention to keywords such as centre, radius, cyclic
quad, tangent and relate them to their theorems. Mark all information on picture.
We will start with an easy one
Rider 1
Given:
P
P, Q, R and S are points on a circle.

1 2 PR is the diameter of the circle
MRT is a tangent at R
^ ^
​S​ 2 = 65° and R​
​  3 = 35°
1 1
Q S
2 65° 2
3

35°
2 3
1 4
M R T

^ ^ ^
Determine, with reasons, the sizes of R​
​  1; R​
​  4 and S​
​  3

Think: PQRS must be cyclic / PR is a diameter so

^ ^
​  2 = 90° /PR must be ⊥ to RT the tangent
​  1 + S​
S​

Solution
^ ^
a) ​R​ 1 = S​
​  2 (tan chord QR)
^
\ ​R​ 1 = 65°
^ ^
b) ​R​ 3 + R​
​  4 = 90° (rad ⊥ tang)
^
\ R​
​  4 = 55°
^ ^
c) ​S​ 1 + S​
​  2 = 90° (∠ in semi-circle)
^
\ ​S​ 3 = 90° (∠on st line)

You were not asked to find any other angles but see if you get
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
​  1 = 65°; S​
P​ ​  1 = 25° ; ​R​ 2 = 25°; T​
​  = 35°; Q​
​  1 = 35° etc.
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