02 Circle

Basic Geometries:
Circle
Theorem 1:
If a straight line drawn from the center of a circle bisects a chord, not passing through the centre, then it
cuts the chord at right angles. Conversely, if it cuts the chord at right angles, then it bisects the chord.

𝐴 𝐷 𝐵
Theorem 2:
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷, 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑂𝑄 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷  𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄
𝐶 𝑄
𝐷
𝑂

𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
Conversely,
Chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal.
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄, 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑂𝑄 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷  𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷
𝐶 𝑄
𝐷
𝑂

𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
Theorem 3:
Of any two chords of a circle, that which is nearer to the center is greater than one lying remote. Conversely,
the greater of two chords is nearer to the center.
𝑂𝑃 > 𝑂𝑄  𝐶𝐷 < 𝐴𝐵
𝐴 𝑄
𝐵

𝐶 𝑃 𝐷

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Theorem 4:
If 𝑃 be any point (interior, exterior or on the circle) then greatest distance between point 𝑃 and
circumference of the circle is 𝑃𝑂 + 𝑟 and the smallest distance between point 𝑃 and circumference of the
circle is |𝑃𝑂– 𝑟| (where 𝑟 is radius and 𝑂 is centre)

𝑟 𝑟
𝑃 𝑃
Greatest 𝑂 Least 𝑂

Angles in a Circle:
Theorem 1:
The angle at the centre of a circle is double of an angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.
𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑃𝐵
𝑃

𝐵
𝐴

Theorem 2:
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝑄𝐵
𝑃 𝑄

𝐴 𝐵
Converse of Theorem 2:
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of the
line containing the line segment, then four points lie on a circle (i.e. they are concyclic).
If 𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝑄𝐵  𝐴𝐵 is a chord of circle and 𝐴, 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝐵 are concyclic points
𝑄
𝑃

𝑂
𝐵
𝐴
Theorem 3:
The opposite angles of any quadrilateral inscribed in a circle are together equal to two right angles.
𝑃 + 𝑅 = 180° and 𝑄 + 𝑆 = 180°
𝑆 𝑅
180 − 𝜃

𝜃
𝑃 𝑄

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Converse of Theorem 3:
If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then its vertices are concyclic.
If 𝑃 + 𝑅 = 180° or 𝑄 + 𝑆 = 180°
 Then points 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 and 𝑆 are concyclic.
𝑆 𝑅
180 − 𝜃

𝜃
𝑄
𝑃

Theorem 4:
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 90°
𝑃

𝐴 𝐵
𝑂

Illustration 1:
In the given figure, the chord 𝐸𝐷 is parallel to the diameter 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐶𝐵𝐸 = 50°. Find 𝐶𝐸𝐷.
Solution:
𝐵

𝐴 𝐶
1 𝑂 2

3
𝐸 𝐷

𝐶𝐵𝐸 = 𝐶𝐴𝐸 ( angles in the same segment)

𝐶𝐴𝐸 = 1 = 50° ...(1) ( 𝐶𝐵𝐸 = 50°)

𝐴𝐸𝐶 = 90° ...(2) ( Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle)

Now in 𝐴𝐸𝐶
1 + 𝐴𝐸𝐶 + 2 = 180° [ sum of angles of a  = 180°]
 50° + 90° + 2 = 180°
 2 = 40° ...(3)
Also, 𝐸𝐷 || 𝐴𝐶 (Given)
 2 = 3 (Alternate angles)
 40° = 3 i.e., 3 = 40°
Hence 𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 40°

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Illustration 2:
In the figure below, 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 are tangents to the circle at points 𝐴 and 𝐶, respectively.
If 𝐴𝐸𝐶 = 110°. Find 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝐴

𝐷 𝐵
110° 𝐸
𝑂

𝐶
Solution:
Consider the above diagram.
𝐴
• Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral sum up to 180°.
So 𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 180° – 110° = 70°.
• From the inscribed angle theorem, we can see that
𝐷 70° 110° 𝐸 𝑥° 𝐵
𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 2𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 2(70°) = 140°
𝑂 140°
Since the sum of interior angle of a quadrilateral is 360°,
we have
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 360° – 𝐵𝐶𝑂 – 𝐵𝐴𝑂 – 𝐴𝑂𝐶
𝐶
= 360° − 90° − 90° − 140° = 40°
Illustration 3:
An acute isosceles triangle, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is inscribed in a circle. Through 𝐵 and 𝐶, tangents to the circle are drawn,
meeting at point 𝐷. If 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 2𝐷, find the measure of 𝐴.
Solution:
Let 𝐷 = 
𝐴
 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 2
In 𝐵𝐶𝐷.
180° – 4 + 180° – 4 +  = 180°
180 2 2
 7 = 180°   = 2 
7 2 
𝐵 180– 4 𝐶
 𝐴 = 180° – 4 180– 4
4  180 
= 180 −
7
3  180 𝐷
A =
7
Illustration 4:
In the given figure if 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 are three concentric circles such that radius of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 is 1 and 3 unit
respectively, then radius of 𝐶3 is

𝐶1
𝐶2
𝐶3

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Solution:
𝐴
Let 𝐵𝐷𝐶 = , then
 𝐶
DBC = −  𝐵 
2

 𝐶𝐵𝐴 = , So
𝐷
𝐴𝐵𝐷  𝐵𝐶𝐷, so
AD BD (3)2
=  R3 = =9
BD CD 1
Illustration 5:
In the given figure, 𝑂 is the centre of the circle. Prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧.
Solution:
Given : In figure, 𝑂 is the centre of the circle.
To Prove : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧
Proof : 𝑧 = 22 [angle at the centre is double to the angle in the remaining part.] 𝐴
or 𝑧 = 2 + 2
𝑥
But, 2 = 3 [angles in the same segment]
 𝑧 = 2 + 3 ...(i) 𝐷 𝐸

Now, we will determine the values of 2 and 3 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦. 2 𝑃 3

𝑦
 3 is an exterior angle of 𝐴𝐸𝐵, 1 𝑂
𝑧
 3 = 1 + 𝑥 ...(ii) [ext.  = sum of two int. opp. 𝑠]
Again, 𝑦 is an exterior angle of 𝐷𝐸𝑃 𝐵 𝐶
 𝑦 = 1 + 2
 2 = 𝑦 – 1 ...(iii)
(i), (ii) and (iii)
 𝑧 = (𝑦 – 1) + (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Hence, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧.
Tangent:
Theorem 1:
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact.

𝑂
𝑟

𝑃
Theorem 2:
Two tangents can be drawn to a circle from an external point and length of these tangents are equal.
𝑀

𝑂 𝑃

𝑁
So, 𝑃𝑀 = 𝑃𝑁

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Theorem 3:
If two circles touch one another, then centers and the point of contact are collinear.

𝑟1
𝑃 𝑂2
𝑂1
𝑟2 + 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑂1 𝑂2 𝑟1– 𝑟2
𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑂1 𝑂2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑂1 𝑂2 = |𝑟1 – 𝑟2 |
Theorem 4 (Alternate Segments Theorem):
The angles made by a tangent to a circle with a chord drawn from the point of contact are respectively
equal to the angles in the alternate segments of the circle.
𝑃 𝑀

𝐴 𝑇 𝐵
𝑀𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑃𝑀, 𝑀𝑇𝐴 = 𝑀𝑄𝑇
Theorem 5:
Suppose a line through a point 𝑃 intersects a circle in two points, 𝐴 and 𝐵, for all such lines, the product
(𝑃𝐴)(𝑃𝐵) is constant.
𝑇 𝐶
𝐵 𝐵

𝑃 𝐴 𝑂 𝑃
𝐶 𝐴 𝐷
𝐷
𝑷 lies outside the circle 𝑷 lies inside the circle
𝑃𝑇 2 = (𝑃𝐴)(𝑃𝐵) = (𝑃𝐶)(𝑃𝐷)𝑃𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶𝑃𝐷
= The power of point P
Proof : Given : A secant 𝑃𝐴𝐵 to a circle 𝐶(𝑂, 𝑟)
intersecting it in points 𝐴 and 𝐵 and 𝑃𝑇 is a tangent segment of the circle.
To Prove : 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 2 .
𝐷 𝐵
Construction : Draw 𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵. Join 𝑂𝑃, 𝑂𝑇 and 𝑂𝐴. 𝐴
Proof : 𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵  𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐵 𝑂
𝑃
Now, 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = (𝑃𝐷 – 𝐴𝐷) (𝑃𝐷 + 𝐷𝐵)
= (𝑃𝐷 – 𝐴𝐷) (𝑃𝐷 + 𝐴𝐷) [ 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷] 𝑇

= 𝑃𝐷 2 – 𝐴𝐷 2
= (𝑂𝑃2 – 𝑂𝐷 2 )– 𝐴𝐷 2 [𝑂𝑃2 = 𝑂𝐷 2 + 𝑃𝐷 2 ] [Pythagoras Theorem]
= 𝑂𝑃2 – (𝑂𝐷 2 + 𝐴𝐷 2 )
= 𝑂𝑃2 – 𝑂𝐴2 [ 𝑂𝐴2 = 𝑂𝐷 2 + 𝐴𝐷 2 ]

= 𝑂𝑃2 – 𝑂𝑇 2 [ 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝑇] [radii of same circle]

= 𝑃𝑇 2 [ 𝑂𝑇𝑃 = 90°, 𝑂𝑃2 = 𝑂𝑇 2 + 𝑃𝑇 2 ]

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Illustration 6:
Chords TY and OP meet at point 𝐾 such that 𝑇𝐾 = 2, 𝐾𝑌 = 16 and 𝐾𝑃 = 2(𝐾𝑂). Find 𝑂𝑃.
Solution:
𝑃
We have (𝐾𝑃)(𝐾𝑂) = (𝐾𝑇)(𝐾𝑌).
𝑇
Substituting the given information in this equation yields 2(𝐾𝑂)(𝐾𝑂) = 2(16),
from which we find 𝐾𝑂 = 4. Therefore, 𝐾𝑃 = 2𝐾𝑂 = 8, so 𝑂𝑃 = 𝐾𝑂 + 𝐾𝑃 = 12. 𝐾
𝑂
from which we find 𝐾𝑂 = 4. Therefore, 𝐾𝑃 = 2𝐾𝑂 = 8, so 𝑂𝑃 = 𝐾𝑂 + 𝐾𝑃 = 12. 𝑌
Illustration 7:
In the diagram, 𝐶𝐵 = 9, 𝐵𝐴 = 11 and 𝐶𝐸 = 18. Find 𝐷𝐸.
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶

𝐷
𝐸

Solution:
We have two intersecting secants,
So (𝐶𝐷)(𝐶𝐸) = (𝐶𝐵)(𝐶𝐴).
Therefore, (𝐶𝐷)(18) = 9(20), so 𝐶𝐷 = 10 and 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸– 𝐶𝐷 = 8.
Illustration 8:
Chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 of a circle intersect each other at P as shown in fig., if 𝐴𝐵 = 6 cm, 𝑃𝐵 = 2 cm,
𝑃𝐷 = 2.5 cm, find 𝐶𝐷.
Solution:
Since chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 of a circle meet in 𝑃 (when produced),
 𝑃𝐴. 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶. 𝑃𝐷 𝐴
𝐵
 (6 + 2).2 = 𝑃𝐶(2.5)
𝑃
16 16  2 32 𝐷
 PC = = = = 6.4 cm
2.5 5 5 𝐶
 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑃𝐶 − 𝑃𝐷 = 6.4 − 2.5 = 3.9 cm.
Illustration 9:
If two circles of radius 1 cm and 4 cm touch each other, then find the length of common tangent.
Solution:
Distance between centres 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 5
Length of tangent
𝐴
PQ = d − ( r1 − r2 ) = 5 − ( 4 − 1) 𝐵
2 2 2 2

𝑃𝑄 = 4 cm. 𝑃 𝑄

Definition:
A circle is a locus of a point in a plane whose distance from a fixed point (called centre) is always constant
(called radius).

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Equation of a Circle in Various Forms:
(a) The circle with centre as origin & radius ‘𝑟’ has the equation; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .
(b) The circle with centre (ℎ, 𝑘) & radius ‘𝑟’ has the equation; (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 .
(c) The general equation of a circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑦
with centre as (– 𝑔, – 𝑓) & radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐. 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟
2 2 2
This can be obtained from the equation (𝑥 – ℎ) + (𝑦 – 𝑘) = 𝑟 𝑥
𝑂
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 2ℎ𝑥– 2𝑘𝑦 + ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 – 𝑟 2 = 0
Take – ℎ = 𝑔, – 𝑘 = 𝑓 and ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 – 𝑟 2 = 𝑐
Condition to define circle :
𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 > 0  real circle.
𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 0  point circle.
𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 < 0  imaginary circle, with real centre, that is (– 𝑔, – 𝑓)

Note: That every second degree equation in 𝑥 & 𝑦, in which coefficient of 𝑥 2 is equal to coefficient of 𝑦 2 &
the coefficient of 𝑥𝑦 is zero, always represents a circle.
(d) The equation of circle with (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) as extremeties of its diameter is:
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0.
This is obtained by the fact that angle in a semicircle is a right (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑃
angle.
 (Slope of 𝑃𝐴)(Slope of 𝑃𝐵) = – 1 𝐴 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
y − y1 y − y2
 . = –1
x − x1 x − x2
 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
Note that this will be the circle of least radius passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ).
Illustration 10:
Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (0, 3) and radius is 3.
Solution:
The equation of the circle is (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 0
Illustration 11:
Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1, – 1) and two of its dimeter are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 5 = 0 and
𝑥−𝑦+1=0
Solution:
Let 𝑃 be the point of intersection of the lines
𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 5 = 0 ...(i)
and 𝑥– 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2. So, coordinates of centre are (1,2). since circle passes through
(1, –1)
so radius = (1 − 1)2 + (2 + 1)2  radius=3
Hence the equation of the required circle is (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 9

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Illustration 12:
If the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + (𝑏 − 3)𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 − 3 = 0 represents the equation of a circle then find 𝑎, 𝑏.
Solution:
𝑎𝑥 2 + (𝑏 − 3)𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 − 3 = 0
above equation will represent a circle if
coefficient of 𝑥 2 = coefficient of 𝑦 2
𝑎=3
coefficient of 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑏=3
Illustration 13:
Find the equation of a circle whose diametric end points are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are the roots
of 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are the roots of 𝑦 2 − 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0.
Solution:
We know that the equation of the circle described on the line segment joining (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) as a
diameter is (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )𝑥 − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )𝑦 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 0
Here, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑎, 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑏
𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑏, 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑎
So, the equation of the required circle is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 𝑎𝑥– 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0.

Intercepts (Made by a Circle on the Axes):

The intercepts made by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 on the co-ordinate axes are
2√𝑔2 − 𝑐 (on 𝑥-axis) & 2√𝑓 2 − 𝑐 (on 𝑦-axis) respectively.
If 𝑔2 > 𝑐  circle cuts the 𝑥-axis at two distinct points.
𝑔2 = 𝑐  circle touches the 𝑥-axis.
𝑔2 < 𝑐  circle lies completely above or below the 𝑥-axis.

𝐶(−𝑔, −𝑓)
𝑟
𝑥
𝐴 𝐷 𝐵

𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝐷 = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝐶𝐷 2 = 2√𝑟 2 − 𝑓 2 = 2√𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 − 𝑓 2 = 2√𝑔2 − 𝑐

Illustration 14:
Find the locus of the centre of the circle whose 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts are 𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively.
Solution:
Equation of circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑥 intercept = 𝑎
a2
2√𝑔2 – 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑔2 – 𝑐 = ...(i)
4
𝑦 intercept = 𝑏
b2
2√𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑓2 − 𝑐 = ...(ii)
4
subtracting equation (i) and (ii)
a2 – b2
𝑔2 − 𝑓2 =
4
a2 – b2
Hence locus of centre is 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 =
4

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Illustration 15:
If a circle of constant radius 3𝑘 passes through the origin and meets the axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵, the locus of the
centroid of the triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is the circle
(A) x2 + y 2 = k 2 (B) x2 + y 2 + k 2 = 0 (C) x2 + y 2 + 4k 2 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 = 4k 2
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 = 0
Radius = 3𝑘 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2

3𝑘

𝑂 𝐴
∴ Intercepts are of length 2√𝑔2 and 2√𝑓 2.
 2g 2 f 
∴ 𝐴 is (2𝑔, 0), 𝐵(0, 2𝑓) and centroid of 𝛥 is  ,  and its locus is
 3 3 
9 2 2 2 2 2 2
 4  (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 9𝑘 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4𝑘 .
 

Position of a Point with Respect to a Circle:

The point (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is inside, on or outside the circle 𝑆  𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
according as 𝑆1  𝑥1² + 𝑦1² + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 < = or > 0.
Note : The greatest & the least distance of a point 𝐴 (lies outside the circle) from a circle with centre 𝐶
& radius 𝑟 is 𝐴𝐶 + 𝑟 & 𝐴𝐶 − 𝑟 respectively.

𝐶
𝐴
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑃 𝑄

Illustration 16:
The point 𝑃(10, 7) lies outside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 20 = 0. The greatest distance of 𝑃 from the
circle is
(A) 5 (B) √3 (C) √5 (D) 15
Ans. (D)
Solution:
𝑟 = √4 + 1 + 20 = 5
𝐶 ≡ (2, 1)
∴ 𝐶𝑃 = √(10 − 2)2 + (7 − 1)2 = 10
∴ Maximum distance = 10 + 5 = 15
Illustration 17:
Check whether the point (1, 2) lies in smaller or larger region made by circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 11 = 0 &
the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

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Solution:
𝑥+𝑦 =0
We have 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 11 = 0 or 𝑆 = 0,
where 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 11.
For the point (1, 2), we have 𝑆1 = 12 + 22 − 4 × 1 + 2 × 2 − 11 < 0
Hence, the point (1, 2) lies inside the circle •
Points (1,2) and (2, –1) lie on same side of the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (2, – 1)
Hence the point (1,2) lies in the larger region.

Parametric Equations of a Circle:

The parametric equations of (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 are: 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑟cos𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑟 sin𝜃; −  < 𝜃  
where (ℎ, 𝑘) is the centre, 𝑟 is the radius & 𝜃 is a parameter.
𝑦

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟
𝑟sin𝜃
𝜃
𝐶
(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑘
ℎ 𝑟cos𝜃
𝑥
𝑂
Illustration 18:
Find the parametric equations of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0.
Solution:
We have : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
 (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 22
So, the parametric equations of this circle are
𝑥 = −2 + 2cos𝜃, 𝑦 = −3 + 2sin𝜃.
Illustration 19:
Find the equation of the following curve in cartesian form 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos𝜃, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = sin𝜃 where 𝜃 is the
parameter.
Solution:
We have : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos𝜃 ...(i)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = sin𝜃 ...(ii)
(i)2 + (ii)2
 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 1
1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =
2
1
Clearly, it is a circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius .
2

Line and a Circle:

Let 𝐿 = 0 be a line & 𝑆 = 0 be a circle. If 𝑟 is the radius of the circle & 𝑝 is the length of the perpendicular
from the centre on the line, then :
(i) 𝑝 > 𝑟  the line does not meet the circle i.e. passes outside the circle.
(ii) 𝑝 = 𝑟  the line touches the circle. (It is tangent to the circle)
(iii) 𝑝 < 𝑟  the line is a secant of the circle.
(iv) 𝑝 = 0  the line is a diameter of the circle.

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Also, if 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is line and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is circle then
(i) 𝑐 2 < 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 )  the line is a secant of the circle.
2 2 (1 2)
(ii) 𝑐 = 𝑎 +𝑚  the line touches the circle. (It is tangent to the circle)
2 2 (1 2)
(iii) 𝑐 > 𝑎 +𝑚  the line does not meet the circle i.e. passes outside the circle.

𝐶 𝑟
𝑃

These conditions can also be obtained by solving 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and making the
discriminant of the quadratic greater than zero for secant, equal to zero for tangent and less the zero for
the last case.
Illustration 20:
For what value of , does the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 =  touch the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Solution:
We have : 𝑥 + 𝑦 =  ...(i)
2 2
and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ...(ii)
If the line (i) touches the circle (ii), then
length of the ⊥ from the centre (1, 1) = radius of circle (ii)
1+1−
 = 2  2–  = 2   = 0 or 4
12 + 12
Hence, the line (i) touches the circle (ii) for  = 0 or 4
Illustration 21:
The straight line (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 3) = 0 cuts the circle (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 11 at
(A) One point (B) Two points (C) No points (D) None of these
Ans. (A)
Solution:
Equation of line is 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0. Since the perpendicular distance from centre to line is greater than
radius, hence it does not cut the circle.
Illustration 22:
The equation of the circle whose centre is (3, – 1) and which cuts off a chord of length 6 on the line
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 18 = 0 is
(A) (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 38 (B) (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 38
(C) (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = √38 (D) None of these
Ans. (A)
Solution:
Let 𝐴𝐵(= 6) be the chord intercepted by the line 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 18 = 0 from the circle and let 𝐶𝐷 be the
perpendicular drawn from centre (3, – 1) to the chord 𝐴𝐵.
2.3 − 5( −1) + 18
i.e. AD = 3, CD = = 29
22 + 52 𝐶 (3, – 1)
Therefore, 𝐶𝐴2 = 32 + (√29)2 = 38
Hence required equation is (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 38. 𝐴 𝐷 𝐵

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Tangent:
Slope form of Tangent:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is always a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 if 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ).
 a2 m a2 
Hence, of tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎√1 + 𝑚2 and the point of contact is  − , .
 c c 
Point form of Tangent:
(i) The equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 at its point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is, 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎2 .
(ii) The equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 at its point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is :
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0.
Note:
In general the equation of tangent to any second degree curve at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on it can be obtained by
x + x1 y + y1 x y + x y1
replacing 𝑥 2 by 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦 2 by 𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑥 by , 𝑦 by , 𝑥𝑦 by 1 and 𝑐 remains as 𝑐.
2 2 2
Parametric form of Tangent:
The equation of a tangent to circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 at (𝑎 cos𝛼, 𝑎 sin𝛼) is 𝑥cos𝛼 + 𝑦sin𝛼 = 𝑎.
 a cos  2+  a sin  2+  
Note: The point of intersection of the tangents at the points 𝑃(𝛼) & 𝑄(𝛽) is  , 
 cos  −  cos  2−  
 2

Illustration 23:
Find the equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 – 11 = 0 at (3, 4).
Solution:
 x +3  y+4
Equation of tangent is 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2   − 2  2  − 11 = 0
 2   
or 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0
Hence, the required equation of the tangent is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0.
Illustration 24:
Find the equation of tangents to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 which are perpendicular to the line
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
Solution:
Given circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ...(i)
and given line is 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 ...(ii)
Centre of circle (i) is (2, – 1) and its radius √5 is Equation of any line
2𝑥– 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 perpendicular to the line (ii) ...(iii)
If line (iii) is tangent to circle (i) then
|4 + 1 + k |
= 5 or |𝑘 + 5| = 5 or 𝑘 = 0, – 10
5
Hence equation of required tangents are 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 10 = 0.

Normal:
If a line is normal / orthogonal to a circle, then it must pass through the centre of the circle. Using this fact
y1 + f
normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 at (𝑥1 𝑦1 ) is; 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
, x1 + g

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Illustration 25:
Two normals of a circle are 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0. Find its equation having radius 2.
Solution:
Since point of intersection of normals is the centre of the circle,
point of intersection of lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 is (1, 1)
equation of circle having centre (1, 1) and radius 2 is (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4
Illustration 26:
If the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 2 ; 𝑎 , 𝑏 ≠ 0 touches the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 3 and is normal to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 6, then the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are respectively
4
(A) 1, –1 (B) 1, 2 (C) − ,1 (D) 2, 1
3
Ans. (C)
Solution:
Given, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 3
 Centre is (1, 0) and radius is 2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 6
 Centre is (0, 2) and radius is √10.
Since line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 2 touches the first circle
a(1) + b(0) − 2
 = 2 or (𝑎 − 2) = [2√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ] ...(i)
a 2 + b2
Also, the given line is normal to the second circle. Hence it will pass through the centre of the second circle.
 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(2) = 2 or 2𝑏 = 2 or 𝑏 = 1
Putting this value in equation (i) we get

𝑎 − 2 = 2√𝑎2 + 12 or (𝑎 − 2)2 = 4(𝑎2 + 1)

or 𝑎2 + 4 − 4𝑎 = 4𝑎2 + 4 or 3𝑎2 + 4𝑎 = 0
4
or 𝑎(3𝑎 + 4) = 0 or 𝑎 = 0, −
3
 4 
 Values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are  − ,1  respectively.
 3 

Director Circle:
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents is called the director circle of the given
circle. The director circle of a circle is the concentric circle having radius equal to 2 times the original
circle.
Proof :

𝑃
𝑟
𝐴 𝐶

𝐴𝐶 = 𝑟 cosec 45° = 𝑟√2

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Illustration 27:
Find the equation of director circle of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 2 = 0.
Solution:
Centre & radius of given circle are (−3, −4) & √27 respectively.
Centre and radius of the director circle will be (−3, −4) & √27. √2 = √54 respectively.
 equation of director circle is (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 54
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 29 = 0.

Length of Tangent:
Let 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅 be two tangents drawn from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
𝑄
√𝑆1

𝑃
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑅
Then 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅 is called the length of tangent drawn from point 𝑃 and is given by
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅 = √𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = √𝑆1 .
Illustration 28:
If the length of the tangents drawn from the point (1, 2) to the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 and
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 be in the ratio 4 ∶ 3, then 𝑘 =
(A) 7/2 (B) 21/ 2 (C) –21/ 4 (D) 7/4
Ans. (C)
Solution:
T1 4
Given = , where 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are the length of tangents drawn to the given circle.
T2 3

1+ 4 +1+2− 4 4 21
 = k =− .
1 2 k 3 4
(1)2 + (2)2 − − +
3 3 3
Illustration 29:
Two tangents 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅 drawn to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 20 = 0 from point 𝑃(16,7). If the centre
of the circle is 𝐶, then the area of quadrilateral 𝑃𝑄𝐶𝑅 will be
(A) 75 sq. units (B) 150 sq. units (C) 15 sq. units (D) None of these
Ans. (A)
Solution:
1 𝑄
Area PQCR = 2.PQC = 2  L  r
2 𝐿
𝑟
Where 𝐿 = length of tangent and 𝑟 = radius of circle.
𝑃 𝐶
𝐿 = √𝑆1 and 𝑟 = √1 + 4 + 20 = 5
Hence the required area = 75 sq. units.
𝑅

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Power of a Point:
For circle  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Power of a point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is equal to 𝑆1
𝑆1 = (𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦1 )2 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0
Power of Point > 0 ↔ Point lies outside the circle
Power of Point < 0 ↔ Point lies inside the circle
Power of Point = 0 ↔ Point lies on circle
𝑇 𝐵

𝑃 𝐴 𝑂 𝑷 lies outside the circle, 𝑃𝑇 2 = (𝑃𝐴)(𝑃𝐵) = (𝑃𝐶)(𝑃𝐷)=The power of point P

𝐶
𝐷
𝐶
𝐵
𝑃
𝑷 lies inside the circle, 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐷
𝐴 𝐷

Illustration 30:
Points 𝑅 and 𝑀 trisect, so 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑀𝑆. Point 𝑈 is the midpoint of, 𝑇𝑀 = 2 and 𝑀𝑄 = 8. Find 𝑃𝑈.
𝑄

𝑃 𝑆
𝑅 M

𝑇
Solution:
The power of point 𝑀 gives us (𝑀𝑅)(𝑀𝑆) = (𝑀𝑇)(𝑀𝑄).
We know that 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑀𝑆, so substitution gives 𝑀𝑅 2 = (2)(8), i.e., 𝑀𝑅 = 4. Therefore, 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑀𝑅 = 4 and 𝑃𝑆 =
3(𝑀𝑅) = 12.
Since 𝑈 is the midpoint of 𝑃𝑄, we have 𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑃𝑈. Now we can apply the power of point 𝑃 to find :
(𝑃𝑈)(𝑃𝑄) = (𝑃𝑅)(𝑃𝑆).
Substitution gives (𝑃𝑈)(2𝑃𝑈) = 4(12), so 𝑃𝑈 = 2√6.
Illustration 31:
In the diagram, we have 𝐵𝑃 = 8, 𝐴𝐵 = 10, 𝐶𝐷 = 7 and 𝐴𝑃𝐶 = 60°. Find the area of the circle.
Solution:
It's not immediately obvious how we will find the radius,
So we start by finding what we can. The power of a point 𝑃 gives us
(𝑃𝐶)(𝑃𝐷) = (𝑃𝐵)(𝑃𝐴),
So (𝑃𝐶)(𝑃𝐶 + 7) = 144. Therefore, 𝑃𝐶 2 + 7𝑃𝐶– 144 = 0, so (𝑃𝐶 + 16)(𝑃𝐶– 9) = 0. 𝑃𝐶 must be positive,
so 𝑃𝐶 = 9.
Seeing that 𝐴𝑃𝐶 = 60° makes us wonder if there are any equilateral or 30 − 60 − 90 triangle lurking
about.

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Since 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴𝑃/2 and the angle between these sides is 60°, the sides adjacent to 𝐴
the 60° angle in 𝐴𝐶𝑃 are in the same ratio as the sides adjascent to the 60° angle
in a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle with right angle at 𝐴𝐶𝑃! 𝐵
 𝐴𝐶𝑃 = 90°  𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 90° 𝑃
Since 𝐴𝐶𝐷 is right and inscribed in 𝐴𝐷, we know 𝐴𝐷 is a semicircle.
𝐶
Therefore, 𝐴𝐷 is a diameter of the circle. 𝐷
Since 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝑃√3 = 9√3 from our 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, we have.
𝐴𝐷 = √𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 = √243 + 49 = 2√73 Finally, the radius of the circle is 𝐴𝐷/2 = √73, so the area is
2
(√73) 𝜋 = 73𝜋.

Equation of Chord with given Middle Point:

The equation of the chord of the circle 𝑆  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 in terms of its mid-point
𝑀(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 which is designated by
𝑇 = 𝑆1 .

𝐵
𝐴
Note:
(i) The shortest chord of a circle passing through a point ‘𝑀’ inside the circle, is one chord whose middle
point is 𝑀.
(ii) The chord passing through a point '𝑀′ inside the circle and which is at a maximum distance from the
centre is a chord with middle point 𝑀.
Illustration 32:
Find the equation of the chord of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0, whose middle point is (0, 0).
Solution:
Equation of given circle is 𝑆  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
Let 𝐿 ≡ (0, 0)
For point 𝐿(0, 0), 𝑆1 = −4 and
𝑇  𝑥. 0 + 𝑦. 0 + (𝑥 + 0) − (𝑦 + 0) − 4 i. e. 𝑇 ≡ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4
Now equation of the chord of circle (i) whose middle point is 𝐿(0, 0) is
𝑇 = 𝑆1 or 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Second Method:
Let 𝐶 be the centre of the given circle, then 𝐶  (−1, 1). 𝐿  (0, 0) slope of 𝐶𝐿 = −1.
Equation of chord of circle whose middle point is 𝐿, is 𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
( chord is perpendicular to 𝐶𝐿) or 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Illustration 33:
A variable chord is drawn through the origin to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0. The locus of the centre of the
circle drawn on this chord as diameter, is
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑦 = 0 (C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0
Ans. (C)

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Solution:
Suppose mid-point of chord be (ℎ, 𝑘), then its equation is 𝑇 = 𝑆1
⇒ ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑎(𝑥 + ℎ) = ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 2𝑎ℎ
It passes through origin, then ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0
Hence locus of mid-point is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0.

Chord of Contact:
If two tangents 𝑃𝑇1 & 𝑃𝑇2 are drawn from the point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle
𝑆  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then the equation of the chord of contact 𝑇1 𝑇2 is:
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0.
Note: Here 𝑅 = radius; 𝐿 = length of tangent.
(a) Chord of contact exists only if the point ‘𝑃’ is not inside.
2LR 𝑇1
(b) Length of chord of contact 𝑇1 𝑇2 = .
R2 + L2
(c) Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of 𝑂
3
𝑃
RL
contact =
R2 + L2 𝑇2

 2R L 
(d) Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) =  2 2 
L − R 
(e) Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle 𝑃𝑇1 𝑇2 is:
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑥 + 𝑔) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) (𝑦 + 𝑓) = 0.
Illustration 34:
Find the equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from (0, 1) to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Given circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 ...(i)
Let 𝑃 = (0, 1)
For point 𝑃 (0, 1), 𝑇 = 𝑥. 0 + 𝑦. 1 − (𝑥 + 0) + 2(𝑦 + 1)
i.e. 𝑇 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2
Now equation of the chord of contact of point 𝑃(0, 1) w.r.t. circle (i) will be
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2 = 0
Illustration 35:
If the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from (𝛼, 𝛽) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 subtends right angle at
the centre then prove that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 2𝑎2 .
Solution:

∠𝑄𝑂𝑅 = ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 =
2 𝑄
So 𝑂𝑄𝑃𝑅 is a square
𝑂𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑄 2 𝑂 𝑃
𝑎2 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 – 𝑎2 𝑅
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 2𝑎2

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Pair of Tangents from a Point:
The equation of a pair of tangents drawn from the point 𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is ∶ 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇².
Where 𝑆  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐; 𝑆1  𝑥1 ² + 𝑦1 ² + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐
𝑇  𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐.
𝑃

𝐴 𝐶

𝑄
Illustration 36:
Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥– 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 from the point (2, 1).
Solution:
Given circle is 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
Let 𝑃  (2, 1)
For point 𝑃, 𝑆1 = 16
Clearly 𝑃 lies outside the circle
and 𝑇  2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2(𝑥 + 2) − 3(𝑦 + 1) + 9 = 0
i.e. 𝑇  2(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5)
Now equation of pair of tangents from 𝑃(2, 1) to circle (1) is 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇 2
or 16(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9) = 4(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5)2
or 12𝑦 2 − 16𝑥– 56𝑦 + 16𝑥𝑦 + 44 = 0
or 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 11 = 0

Family of Circles (Part-I):

This article is aimed at obtaining the equation of a group of circles having a specific characteristic.
For example, the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆 = 0 where 𝜆 is arbitrary, represents a family of circles
with fixed centre (−2, −1) but variable radius. We have the following results for some other families of
circles.
(a) The equation of the family of circles passing through the points of intersection of two circles
𝑆1 = 0 & 𝑆2 = 0 is: 𝑆1 + 𝐾 𝑆2 = 0
(b) The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of intersection of a circle 𝑆 = 0
& a line 𝐿 = 0 is given by 𝑆 + 𝐾𝐿 = 0.
Illustration 37:
Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (1, 1) and points of intersection of the circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 13𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 25 = 0.
Solution:
Any circle through the intersection of given circles is 𝑆1 + 𝜆𝑆2 = 0
Or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 13𝑥– 3𝑦 + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 7𝑦/2 − 25/2) = 0
This circle passes through (1, 1)
1 + 1 + 13 − 3 + 𝜆(1 + 1 + 2 − 7/2 − 25/2) = 0
𝜆=1
Putting the value of 𝜆 in (i) the required circle is 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 30𝑥 − 13𝑦 − 25 = 0

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Illustration 38:
Find the equations of smallest circle which passes through the points of intersection of the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.
Solution:
The required circle by 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0 is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) = 0 ...(i)
  
centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) =  − , − 
 2 2
centre lies on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
 
– – =1
2 2
𝜆 = −1
Putting the value of 𝜆 in (i) the required circle is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 8 = 0
Illustration 39:
If 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is a chord of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 = 0, then the equation of the circle of which this chord is a
diameter, is
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Family of circles passing from points of intersection of circle and chord are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 𝜆(𝑦 − 2𝑥) = 0.
 
Its centre is (5 +  ), −  . It lies on y − 2x = 0 .
 2

i.e. − − 10 − 2 = 0  −5 = 20   = −4
2
Hence equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0.

Family of Circles (Part-II):

(a) The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) can be written in the
form :
x y 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) + 𝐾 x1 y1 1 = 0, where 𝐾 is a parameter.
x2 y2 1
(b) The equation of a family of circles touching a fixed line 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) at the fixed point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
is (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝐾(𝑦 − 𝑦1 − 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )) = 0, where 𝐾 is a parameter.
Illustration 40:
5
Find the equation of circle passing through the points 𝐴(1, 1) & 𝐵(0, 3) and whose radius is .
2

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Solution:
Equation of 𝐴𝐵 is 2𝑥 + 𝑦– 3 = 0
 equation of circle is (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥) + (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) + 𝜆(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) = 0
or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝜆 − 1)𝑥 + (𝜆 − 4)𝑦 + 3 − 3𝜆 = 0
2
 2 − 1    − 4  5
 2  +  2  + 3 − 3 =
    2
𝜆=1
 equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥– 3𝑦 = 0

Common Tangents to Two Circles:

Different cases of intersection of two circles:
Let the two circles be (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2 = 𝑟12 …(i)
and (𝑥 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦2 )2 = 𝑟22 …(ii)
with centres 𝐶1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐶2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and radii 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 respectively. Then following cases may arise :
Case-I:
When |𝐶1 𝐶2 | > 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 i.e., the distance between the centres is greater than the sum of radii.
Direct common
𝑟1 𝑟2tangents
𝐶1 𝑇 𝐶2 𝑃

Transverse common
tangents

In this case four common tangents can be drawn to the two circles, in which two are direct common
tangents and the other two are transverse common tangents.
The points 𝑃, 𝑇 of intersection of direct common tangents and transverse common tangents respectively,
always lie on the line joining the centres of the two circles and divide it externally and internally
respectively in the ratio of their radii.
C1 P r1 CT r
= (externally) and 1 = 1 (internally)
C2 P r2 C2T r2
Hence, the ordinates of 𝑃 and 𝑇 are
 r x −r x r y −r y   r x +r x r y +r y 
P   1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1  and T   1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1  .
 r1 − r2 r1 − r2   r1 + r2 r1 + r2 
Case-II:
When |C1C2 |= r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between the centres is equal to the sum of radii.
Direct common
tangents

𝐶1 𝑇 𝐶2 𝑃

Transverse common
tangent

In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct while the transverse tangents are coincident.

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Case-III:
When |C1C2 | r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between the centres is less than sum of radii.
Direct common
tangents

𝑃
𝐶1 𝐶2

In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct while the transverse tangents are imaginary.
Case-IV:
When |C1C2 |= |r1 − r2 | , i.e., the distance between the centres is equal to the difference of the radii.
Tangent at
the point of
𝑟2 contact
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑃
𝑟1

In this case two tangents are real and coincident while the other two tangents are imaginary.
Case-V:
When |C1C2 | |r1 − r2 | , i.e., the distance between the centres is less than the difference of the radii.

𝑟2
𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑟1

In this case, all the four common tangents are imaginary

Illustration 41:
Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 2 = 0 touch each other,
1 1 1
if + = .
a 2 b2 c 2
Solution:
Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 0 ...(i)
and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 2 = 0 ...(ii)
Let 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 be the centres of circles (i) and (ii), respectively and 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 be their radii, then
𝐶1 = (– 𝑎, 0), 𝐶2 = (0, – 𝑏), 𝑟1 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 , 𝑟2 = √𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2
Here we find the two circles touch each other internally or externally.
For touch, |𝐶1 𝐶2 | = |𝑟1 ± 𝑟2 |
Or √(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = |√(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 ) ± √(𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 )|

On squaring 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 – 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 – 𝑐 2 ± 2√(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )√(𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 )

Or 𝑐 2 = ±√𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) + 𝑐 4
Again squaring, 𝑐 4 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 – 𝑐 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) + 𝑐 4
1 1 1
Or 𝑐 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 or + =
a 2 b2 c 2

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Radical Axis & Radical Centre:
The radical axis of two circles is the locus of points whose powers w.r.t. the two circles are equal.
The equation of radical axis of the two circles 𝑆1 = 0 & 𝑆2 = 0 is given by
𝑆1 − 𝑆2 = 0 i. e. 2 (𝑔1 − 𝑔2 ) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ) 𝑦 + (𝑐1 − 𝑐2 ) = 0.
𝐴 𝑄

𝐶1 𝐶2

The common point of intersection of the radical axes of three circles taken two at a time is called the radical
centre of three circles. Note that the length of tangents from radical centre to the three circles are equal.
Note:
(a) If two circles intersect, then the radical axis is the common chord of the two circles.
(b) If two circles touch each other, then the radical axis is the common tangent of the two circles at the
common point of contact.
(c) Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the two circles.
(d) Radical axis will pass through the mid-point of the line joining the centres of the two circles only if the
two circles have equal radii.
(e) Radical axis bisects a common tangent between the two circles.
(f) A system of circles, every two which have the same radical axis, is called a coaxial system.
(g) Pairs of circles which do not have radical axis are concentric.
Illustration 42:
If the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0, cuts 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 at 𝐴 and 𝐵, then find the equation
of the circle on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter
Solution:
𝐴𝐵 is the radical axis of the two circles
The equation of 𝐴𝐵 is 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (using 𝑆1 − 𝑆2 = 0).
The equation of the required circle is
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1) + 𝜆(2𝑥 + 1) = 0[Using 𝑆1 + 𝜆(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ) = 0]
Or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 (𝜆 + 1) + 3𝑦 + 𝜆 + 1 = 0
Since 𝐴𝐵 is diameter of this circle, the center lines on it. So,
1
−2𝜆 − 2 + 1 = 0 or  = −
2
Thus, the required circle is
1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + = 0 or 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 1 = 0
2
Illustration 43:
Find the co-ordinates of the point from which the lengths of the tangents to the following three circles be
equal.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 24 = 0

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Solution:
Here we have to find the radical centre of the three circles. First reduce them to standard form in which
coefficients of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 be each unity. Subtracting in pairs the three radical axes are
𝑥 =2;
8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 9 = 0
10𝑦 + 25 = 0
 5
Solving any two, we get the point  2, −  which satisfies the third also. This point is called the radical
 2
centre and by definition the length of the tangents from it to the three circles are equal.

Coaxial System of Circles:

A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have the same radical axis, are called co-axial circles.

𝑆 + 𝑃 = 0
𝑆 + 𝑃 = 0

𝑆 + 𝑃 = 0
𝑆=0
𝑃=0

(1) The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the equation of the radical axis and of one circle of
the system are 𝑃 ≡ 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0, 𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 respectively, is
𝑆 + 𝜆𝑃 = 0
(𝜆 is an arbitrary constant).
(2) The equation of a co-axial system of circles, where the equation of any two circles of the system are
𝑆1 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔1 𝑥 + 2𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and
𝑆2 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔2 𝑥 + 2𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
Respectively, is 𝑆1 + 𝜆(𝑆1 − 𝑆2 ) = 0
or 𝑆2 + 𝜆1 (𝑆1 − 𝑆2 ) = 0
Other form 𝑆1 + 𝜆𝑆2 = 0, (𝜆 ≠ −1)
𝑆2+( 𝑆1–𝑆2)=0
𝑆1+( 𝑆1+𝑆2)=0
𝑆1+(𝑆1–𝑆2)=0
𝑆1+𝑆2=0 𝑆2 = 0

𝑆1 = 0 𝑆2 = 0 𝑆1 = 0 𝑆1 – 𝑆2 = 0

(3) The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the simplest form is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑔 is
a variable and 𝑐 is a constant.
Illustration 44:
The gradient of the radical axis of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 11 = 0 is
1 1 1 2
(A) (B) − (C) − (D) −
3 10 2 3
Ans. (B)

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Solution:
Equation of radical axis is 𝑆1 − 𝑆2 = 0
7 8 y 11
𝑆1 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0, S2  x2 + y 2 − x + + =0
3 3 3
 Radical axis is −2𝑥 − 20𝑦 − 4 = 0
1
Hence gradient of radical axis = −
10
Illustration 45:
The coordinates of the radical centre of the three circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 30 = 0 are
(A) (6, 30) (B) (0, 6) (C) (3, 0) (D) None of these
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Radical axis of first two circles is
6𝑦 − 6 = 0 i. e. , 𝑦 = 1 …(i)
Radical axis of last two circles is
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 30 …(ii)
7 
Solving (i) and (ii), we get radical centre  , 1  .
2 

Orthogonality of Two Circles:

Two circles 𝑆1 = 0 & 𝑆2 = 0 are said to be orthogonal or said to intersect orthogonally if the tangents at
their point of intersection include a right angle. The condition for two circles to be orthogonal is :
2 𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2 𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 .
Proof:
(𝐶1 𝐶2 )2 = (𝐶1 𝑃)2 + (𝐶2 𝑃)2
 (𝑔1 − 𝑔2 )2 + (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 )2 = 𝑔12 + 𝑓12 − 𝑐1 + 𝑔22 + 𝑓22 − 𝑐2
 2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
𝑃
𝑟1 𝑟2

𝐶1 𝐶2

Note :
(a) The centre of a variable circle orthogonal to two fixed circles lies on the radical axis of two circles.
(b) If two circles are orthogonal, then the polar of a point ′𝑃′ on first circle w.r.t. the second circle passes
through the point 𝑄 which is the other end of the diameter through 𝑃. Hence locus of a point which
moves such that its polars w.r.t. the circles 𝑆1 = 0, 𝑆2 = 0 & 𝑆3 = 0 are concurrent in a circle which is
orthogonal to all the three circles.
(c) The centre of a circle which is orthogonal to three given circles is the radical centre provided the
radical centre lies outside all the three circles.

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Illustration 46:
If the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔1 𝑥 + 2𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑔2 𝑥 + 2𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 are orthogonal to
c
each other then prove that 𝑔1 𝑔2 + 𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 2
2
Solution:
Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔1 𝑥 + 2𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ...(i)
2 2
And 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑔2 𝑥 + 2𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
c2
Or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑔2 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + = 0 ...(ii)
2
Since circles (i) and (ii) cut orthogonally
g   f  c
 2𝑔1  2  + 2𝑓1  2  = 𝑐1 + 2
 2  2 2
c2
𝑔1 𝑔2 + 𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 +
2
Illustration 47:
If the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 intersect orthogonally, then 𝑘 is
3 3 3 3
(A) 2 or − (B) −2 or (C) 2 or (D) −2 or –
2 2 2 2
Ans. (A)
Solution:
2𝑔𝑔′ + 2𝑓𝑓′ = 𝑐 + 𝑐′ i.e., 2.1.0 + 2. 𝑘. 𝑘. = 6 + 𝑘
or 2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 6 = 0
or (2𝑘 + 3)(𝑘 − 2) = 0
3
 k = 2, − .
2
Illustration 48:
The circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5 intersects the line 3𝑥– 4𝑦 = 𝑚 at two distinct points if :
(A) −85 < 𝑚 < −35 (B) −35 < 𝑚 < 15 (C) 15 < 𝑚 < 65 (D) 35 < 𝑚 < 85
Ans. (B)
Solution:
𝑠: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 5
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 52
for 𝑚 ⊥ distance from (2, 4) to 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑚 = 0 is 𝑃
𝑂 < |𝑃| < 5
|3(2) − 4(4) − 𝑚|
⇒ <5
5
 |10 + 𝑚| < 25
−35 < 𝑚 < 15
Illustration 49:
The two circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 (𝑐 > 0) touch each other if :
(A) 𝑎 = 2𝑐 (B) |𝑎| = 2𝑐 (C) 2|𝑎| = 𝑐 (D) |𝑎| = 𝑐
Ans. (D)

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Solution:

𝑎 𝑎
| |=𝑐−| |
2 2
|𝑎| = 𝑐
Illustration 50:
The equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 0) and (0, 1) and having the smallest radius is:
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦– 2 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0
Ans. (C)
Solution:
(1, 0) and (0, 1) will be ends of diameter
So equation of circle
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 0) + (𝑦 − 0) (𝑦 − 1)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Illustration 51:
The length of the diameter of the circle which touches the 𝑥 −axis at the point (1, 0) and passes through
the point (2, 3) is :
(A) 5/3 (B) 10/3 (C) 3/5 (D) 6/5
Ans. (B)
Solution:
Let center of the circle be 𝐶(1, 𝛽)
𝛽 2 = (2 – 1)2 + (3 – 𝛽)2 𝑃(2, 3)
𝐶(1, ) 
 𝛽 2 =– 6 𝛽 + 10 + 𝛽 2
5 5
 𝛽=  𝑟 =
3 3
10 𝑋
diameter = 𝑀(1,0)
3
Illustration 52:
The circle passing through (1, – 2) and touching the axis of 𝑥 at (3, 0) also passes through the point :
(A) (–5, 2) (B) (2, –5) (C) (5, –2) (D) (–2, 5)
Ans. (C)
Solution:
Let equation of circle be (𝑥 – 3)2 + (𝑦 + 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2
 it passes through (1, −2)
𝑟 =2
 circle is (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4
 (5, −2)

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Aliter :
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝜆𝑦 = 0 ....(1)
Putting (1, −2) in (1)
𝜆 = 4
Required circle is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0
point (5, −2) satisfies the equation the equation.
Illustration 53:
Let 𝐶 be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and radius = 1. If 𝑇 is the circle centred at (0, 𝑦), passing through
origin and touching the circle 𝐶 externally, then the radius of 𝑇 is equal to :
3 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 4
Ans. (D)
Solution:

(1, 1)
𝐶2
(0, 𝑦)𝐶1

𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
1 + (1 − y )2 = 1 + y
1
𝑦 =
4
1
 radius =
4

Illustration 54:
Let 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑅𝑆 be tangents at the extremities of the diameter 𝑃𝑅 of a circle of radius 𝑟. If 𝑃𝑆 and 𝑅𝑄 intersect
at a point 𝑋 on the circumference of the circle then 2𝑟 equals
( PQ ) + ( RS )
2 2
PQ + RS 2PQ  RS
(A) PQ  RS (B) (C) (D)
2 PQ + RS 2
Ans. (A)
Solution:
Let ∠𝑅𝑃𝑆 = 𝜃 𝑃 𝑄
∠𝑋𝑃𝑄 = 90 – 𝜃 90 – 

𝑟
 ∠𝑃𝑄𝑋 = 𝜃 ( ∠𝑃𝑋𝑄 = 90°) 

 Δ𝑃𝑅𝑆 ~ Δ𝑄𝑃𝑅 (𝐴𝐴𝐴 similarity) 𝐶 𝑥

PR RS
 =  𝑃𝑅 2 = 𝑃𝑄. 𝑅𝑆 𝑟
QP PR
𝑅 𝑆
 𝑃𝑅 = [Link]

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Illustration 55:
Let 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 3𝑥𝑦 = 0 be the equation of a pair of tangents drawn from the origin ′𝑂′ to a circle of radius
3 with centre in the first quadrant. If 𝐴 is one of the points of contact, if the length of 𝑂𝐴 is
3(𝑎 + √𝑏), then find 𝑎 + 𝑏
Solution:
The equation 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 represents pair of tangents 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐴′.
Let angle between these to tangents be 2𝜃.
2
 −3 
2   − 2 1
 2 
Then tan2𝜃 = 𝐴
2+1 3
𝐶
2 h2 − ab
[Using tan𝜃 = ]
a+b  𝐴′

2tan  1
=  tan2 𝜃 + 6tan𝜃 – 1 = 0 𝑂
1 − tan  3
2

−6  36 + 4
tan𝜃 = = −3 ± √10
2
3
As 𝜃 is acute  tan𝜃 =
OA
Now we know that line joining the point through which tangents are drawn to the centre bisects the angle
between the tangents,
 ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = ∠𝐴′𝑂𝐶 = 𝜃
In Δ𝑂𝐴𝐶 tan𝜃 = 10 − 3
3 10 + 3
 𝑂𝐴 = 
10 − 3 10 + 3
 𝑂𝐴 = 3(3 + √10)
Illustration 56:
Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0 and intersects the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4 = 0 orthogonally.
Solution:
𝑆1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0
𝑆2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0
Family of circle through point of intersection
of 𝑆1 = 0 & 𝑆2 = 0
𝑆1 + 𝜆(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ) = 0
𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 + 𝜆 (4𝑥) = 0
It is orthogonal to 𝑆3 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
for 𝜆 apply 2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
Illustration 57:
Tangents 𝑇𝑃 and 𝑇𝑄 are drawn from a point 𝑇 to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 . If the point 𝑇 lies on the line
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑟, find the locus of centre of the circumcircle of triangle 𝑇𝑃𝑄.

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Solution:
Circum centre of 𝑇𝑃𝑄 is also circumcentre of 𝑃𝑂𝑄𝑇
 Circumcentres is mid-point of 𝑂𝑇
 0 + x1 0 + y1  𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
(ℎ, 𝑘)   ,  𝑂
 2 2 
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )  (2ℎ, 2𝑦) 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑟
or 𝑝(2ℎ) + 𝑞(2𝑘) = 𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑄
Illustration 58:
If the tangent at the point 𝑃 on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 2 meets the straight line 5𝑥– 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 at
a point 𝑄 on the 𝑦 −axis, then the length of 𝑃𝑄 is
(A) 4 (B) 2√5 (C) 5 (D) 3√5
Ans. (C)
Solution:

𝑃  = 5𝑥– 2𝑦 + 6 = 0

𝑄 (0, 3)

𝑆: (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 42
𝑄  (0, 3)
𝐿𝑃𝑄 = S1 = 0 + 9 + 18 − 2 = 25 = 5
Illustration 59:
If 𝑎 > 2𝑏 > 0 then the positive value of 𝑚 for which 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2 is a common tangent to
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2 and (𝑥– 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2 is
2b a2 − 4b2 2b b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a − 4b
2 2 2b a − 2b a − 2b
Ans. (A)
Solution:
𝑆1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2
𝑆2 : (𝑥– 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2
𝑇: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥– 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2  𝑚𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2 = 0
 ⊥ distance from 𝐶1 & 𝐶2 = 𝑏
|𝑎𝑚 − 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2 |
=𝑏
√1 + 𝑚2
 𝑎𝑚 – 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑏√1 + 𝑚2
 𝑎𝑚 = 2𝑏√1 + 𝑚2
 𝑎2 𝑚2 = 4𝑏 2 (1 + 𝑚2 )
 𝑚2 (𝑎2 – 4𝑏 2 ) = 4𝑏 2
4b2 2b
 𝑚2 = 2 𝑚 =
a − 4b 2
a − 4b2
2

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Illustration 60:
The radius of the circle, having centre at (2, 1), whose one of the chord is a diameter of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 2𝑥– 6𝑦 + 6 = 0
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) √3
Ans. (C)
Solution: 𝑃
𝑆1 ∶ (𝑥 – 1)2 + (𝑦 – 3)2 = 22
2
𝑂1 𝑂2 = (2 − 1)2 + (1 − 3)2 = 1 + 4 = 5 (2,1)
𝑜1 𝑜2
(1,3)

𝑃𝑂1 = 2
 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂2 = 22 + ( 5)2 = 4 + 5 = 3 𝑆1 = 0 𝑆2 = 0
Illustration 61:
Line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 is a tangent to a circle at (1, – 1). This circle is orthogonal to a circle which is drawn
having diameter as a line segment with end points (0, – 1) and (– 2, 3). Find equation of circle.
Solution:
Family of circle whose tangent at (1, −1) is
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 + 𝜆(2𝑥 + 3𝑦– 1) = 0
𝑆 ∶ 𝑥 2 – 2𝑥(1 − 𝜆) + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦(1 + 3/2) + 2 − 𝜆 = 0
𝑆1 : (𝑥– 0) (𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 + 1) (𝑦 − 3) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0
Apply condition
2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 to get 𝜆
Illustration 62:
Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 be a quadrilateral with area 18, with side 𝐴𝐵 parallel to the side 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐶𝐷. Let 𝐴𝐷 be
perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷. If a circle is drawn inside the quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 touching all the sides, then
its radius is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 3/2 (D) 1
Ans. (B)
Solution:
1
𝑎+𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑐)
2
𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 𝑐 ...(i)
Area of quad. 𝐴 𝑎 𝑏 𝐵
1 𝑏
 2a  a + b + a + c  = 18 𝑎
2
 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏) = 18 𝑎 𝑐
 3𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 18
𝐷 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐 𝐶
 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 6 ...(ii)
𝐵𝑀2 + 𝐶𝑀2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
 (2𝑎)2 + (𝑐– 𝑏)2 = (𝑏 + 𝑐)2
 4𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 – 2𝑏𝑐 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑏𝑐
 𝑎2 = 𝑏𝑐 ...(iii)
by solving (i), (ii) & (iii) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 4
 radius of circle is 𝑟 = 𝑎 = 2

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Illustration 63:
Consider the two curves 𝐶1 : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 ; 𝐶2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6𝑥 + 1 = 0. Then,
(A) 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 touch each other only at one point
(B) 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 touch each other exactly at two points
(C) 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 intersect (but do not touch) at exactly two points
(D) 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 neither intersect nor touch each other
Ans. (B)
Solution:
𝐶1 : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
𝐶2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (3,0)
2
(𝑥 − 1) = 0  𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = ±2
So, the curves touches each other at two points (1, 2) & (1, – 2)
Comprehension (Illustration 64 & 65) :
A circle 𝐶 of radius 1 is inscribed in an equilateral triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅. The points of contact of 𝐶 with the sides
𝑃𝑄, 𝑄𝑅, 𝑅𝑃 are 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 respectively. The line 𝑃𝑄 is given by the equation √3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0 and the point 𝐷
3 3 3
is  ,  . Further, it is given that the origin and the centre of 𝐶 are on the same side of the line 𝑃𝑄.
 2 2 

Illustration 64:
The equation of circle 𝐶 is
2
2 2 1
(A) (𝑥 − 2√3) + (𝑦 – 1) = 1 (B) (𝑥 – 2√3)2 + (𝑦 + ) = 1
2
2 2
(C) (𝑥 – √3) + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 1 (D) (𝑥 – √3) + (𝑦 – 1)2 = 1
Ans. (D)
Solution:
𝑚𝑃𝑄 = – √3
1 𝑃
so, slope of 𝑂𝐷 =
3 3 𝑥 + 𝑦– 6 = 0
1
tan𝜃 = 33,3
3 𝐹 𝐷 2 2
3 3 3 𝑂
x− y−
 2 = 2= ±1
3 1
𝑅 𝑄
2 2 𝐸

(2 3,2) (not possible) & ( 3,1)

hence circle is (𝑥 − √3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1

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Illustration 65:
Points 𝐸 and 𝐹 are given by
 3 3  3 1
(A) 
 2 2 
, , ( 3,0 ) (B) 
 2 2 
, , ( 3, 0 )
   
 3 3  3 1 3 3   3 1
(C) 
 2 2   2 2 
(D)  ,
 2 2   2 2 
, , , , ,
     
Ans. (A)
Solution:
x− 3 y −1   3 3 
For point 𝐸 = =1  E  , 
3 1   2 2  
−
2 2
x − 3 y −1  F ( 3,0)
For point 𝐹 = =1
0 −1  
Illustration 66:
Equations of the sides 𝑅𝑃, 𝑅𝑄 are
2 2 1
(A) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = – 𝑥– 1 (B) 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
3 3 3
3 3
(C) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = – 𝑥– 1 (D) 𝑦 = √3𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
2 2
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Equation of line 𝑅𝑃 𝑦 = 0
3  3
Equation of line 𝑄𝑅 𝑦 – = 3  x −  ⇒ 𝑦 = √3𝑥
2  2 

Illustration 67:
Tangents drawn from the point 𝑃(1, 8) to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 11 = 0 touch the circle at the
points 𝐴 and 𝐵. The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle 𝑃𝐴𝐵 is
(A) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 19 = 0 (B) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 19 = 0
(C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 29 = 0 (D) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 19 = 0
Ans. (B)
Solution:
𝐴

𝑃(1, 8)
𝑂(3,2)

The required circle is a circle described on 𝑂𝑃 as diameter.

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Illustration 68:
The centres of two circles 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 each of unit radius are at a distance of 6 units from each other. Let 𝑃
be the mid point of the line segment joining the centres of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 and 𝐶 be a circle touching circles
𝐶1 and 𝐶2 externally. If a common tangent to 𝐶1 and 𝐶 passing through 𝑃 is also a common tangent to
𝐶2 and 𝐶, then the radius of the circle 𝐶 is
Solution:
In triangle 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐴1 𝐴3 = 𝐴3 𝐴2 𝐴 3
1 2 2
Let angle 𝐴3 𝐴1 𝐴2 = 𝜃, cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = 𝑟
3 3
Apply sine rule in triangle 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴1
  𝐴2
6 r +1 𝑃
= 𝑟 =8
sin(  − 2) sin 
Illustration 69:
Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance √3 + 1 apart. If the chords subtend at the center,
 2
angles of and , where 𝑘 > 0, then the value of [𝑘] is
k k
[Note : [𝑘] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to 𝑘]
Solution:

𝑂𝐴 = 2cos
k

OB = 2cos
2k
 
2cos + 2cos = 3 + 1
k 2k
  3 +1
 2cos
2
− 1 + cos =
2k 2k 2 𝐵 
2𝑘

Let cos = t
2k 𝑂
3 +1  2
2𝑡 2 + 𝑡– 1– =0 𝑘
2
𝐴
2 3 1+ 3
 4𝑡 + 2𝑡– (3 + √3) = 0  𝑡 = ,−
2 2
1+ 3
𝑡 =− (not possible)
2
3   
t= = cos30 = cos  cos = cos
2 6 2k 6
𝑘=3
Illustration 70:
The circle passing through the point (– 1,0) and touching the 𝑦-axis at (0, 2) also passes through the point -
 3   5   3 5
(A)  − ,0  (B)  − ,2  (C)  − ,  (D) (– 4, 0)
 2   2   2 2
Ans. (D)

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Circle
Solution:
Family of circle which touches 𝑦 − axis at (0,2) is
𝑥 2 + (𝑦– 2)2 + 𝜆𝑥 = 0
Passing through (−1,0)
1 + 4−𝜆 = 0𝜆 = 5
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
which satisfy the point (– 4, 0).
Illustration 71:
The locus of the mid-point of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from points lying on the straight line
4𝑥– 5𝑦 = 20 to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 is-
(A) 20(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )– 36𝑥 + 45𝑦 = 0 (B) 20(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 36𝑥– 45𝑦 = 0
(C) 36(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )– 20𝑥 + 45𝑦 = 0 (D) 36(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 20𝑥– 45𝑦 = 0
Ans. (A)
Solution:
Let mid-point be (ℎ, 𝑘), then chord of contact:
ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 = ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 ...(i)
 4 x − 20 
Let any point on the line 4𝑥– 5𝑦 = 20 be  x1 , 1 
 5 
 Chord of contact :
5𝑥1 𝑥 + (4𝑥1 − 20)𝑦 = 45 ...(ii)
(i) and (ii) are same
5x 4 x − 20 45
 1= 1 = 2
h k h + k2
9h 45k + 20( h2 + k 2 )
 x1 = and x =
h2 + k 2 4( h2 + k 2 )
1

9h 45k + 20( h2 + k 2 )
 =
h2 + k 2 4( h2 + k 2 )
 20(ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 )– 36ℎ + 45𝑘 = 0
 Locus is 20(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )– 36𝑥 + 45𝑦 = 0
Paragraph (for Illustration 72 & 73)
A tangent 𝑃𝑇 is drawn to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 at the point 𝑃(√3, 1). A straight line 𝐿, perpendicular to 𝑃𝑇
is a tangent to the circle (𝑥 – 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
Illustration 72:
A common tangent of the two circles is
(A) 𝑥 = 4 (B) 𝑦 = 2 (C) 𝑥 + √3𝑦 = 4 (D) 𝑥 + 2√2𝑦 = 6
Ans. (D)
Solution: 𝑘=2
2 3 − 1  0
h= =6
2−1 (0,0) (2,0) (3,0) (ℎ, 0)
equation of tangents from (6, 0): 1
𝑦– 0 = 𝑚(𝑥– 6)  𝑦– 𝑚𝑥 + 6𝑚 = 0
use 𝑝 = 𝑟 2

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics

6m
= 2  36𝑚2 = 4 + 4𝑚2
1 + m2
 32𝑚2 = 4
1
 𝑚2 = 1/8  m = 
2 2
1
at m = −
2 2
equation of tangent will be x + 2 2 y = 6
Illustration 73:
A possible equation of 𝐿 is
(A) x − 3 y = 1 (B) x + 3 y = 1 (C) x − 3 y = −1 (D) x + 3 y = 5
Ans. (A)
Solution:
Equation of tangent at 𝑃 will be 3x + y = 4
1
Slope of line 𝐿 will be
3
x
Let equation of 𝐿 be : y = +c
3
 𝑥 − √3𝑦 + √3𝑐 = 0
Now this 𝐿 is tangent to 2nd circle
3 + 3c 1
So = 1  c = −
2 3
5
or c = −
3
1
using c = −
3
x 1
 y= −  𝑥 − √3𝑦 = 1.
3 3

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