Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
Bicol University
Legazpi City

MODULE IN MATH 11 – CALCULUS 1

LESSON 8 – DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (Part 2)

Lecturer: Engr. Junel B. Borbo

Associate Professor, Bicol University Chemical Engineering Department

Lecture Objectives
1. Derive the derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions;
2. Differentiate inverse logarithmic and exponential functions;
3. Introduce hyperbolic functions, their basic formulas and inverse functions
4. Derive the derivatives of hyperbolic functions;
5. Differentiate hyperbolic functions;
6. Solve problems involving logarithmic, exponential and hyperbolic functions

A. Derivative of Logarithmic Functions

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑦 + Δ𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
Δ𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 (1 + )
𝑥 𝑥
Δ𝑥 𝑥
Δ𝑦 log 𝑎 (1 + 𝑥 ) 1 𝑥 Δ𝑥 1 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
= = ∙ ∙ log 𝑎 (1 + ) = log 𝑎 (1 + )
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Δ𝑦 1 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
lim = lim [ log 𝑎 (1 + ) ]
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
By definition:
1 𝑥
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒, (the student is left to check the limit)
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥 1 Δ𝑥 𝑥
lim (1 + ) = lim (1 + ) ; Let 𝑧 = , as Δ𝑥 → 0, 𝑧 → ∞
Δ𝑥→0 𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 𝑥/Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
We can rewrite the limit as:
1 𝑧
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒
𝑧→∞ 𝑧
Then,
𝑥
Δ𝑦 1 1 Δ𝑥 1 1 𝑧 1
lim = lim [ log 𝑎 (1 + ) ] = log 𝑎 [lim (1 + ) ] = log 𝑎 𝑒
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥/Δ𝑥 𝑥 𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= log 𝑎 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Therefore:
𝑑 1
(log 𝑎 𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

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 To generalize, for any 𝑢, for which 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥:
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
(log 𝑎 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Special Case: Derivative of Natural Logarithm
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
(log 𝑒 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑒 ; log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
(ln 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

B. Derivative of Exponential Function

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎
Taking implicit differentiation:
1 𝑑𝑦
= (1) ln 𝑎
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
Therefore:
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
For any 𝑢, for which 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥:
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Special Case: If 𝑎 = 𝑒
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ln 𝑒 ; ln 𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

C. Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions

C.1. Introduction
1. Two particular combinations of exponential functions appear frequently with such frequency in
both pure and applied mathematics, that it is worthwhile to use special symbols. These are
hyperbolic sine and cosine.
2. Hyperbolic functions have a striking resemblance to ordinary trigonometry; only that it is related
to equilateral hyperbola rather than to the circle.
3. In both pure and applied mathematics, a curve often arises most naturally as the locus of points
whose coordinates are determined by two equations. These are called parametric equations. To
describe the motion of the point, differentiation of these equations is necessary.
C.2. The Hyperbolic Functions
• Definition of hyperbolic sine and cosine:
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 =
2 2
• Other hyperbolic functions:
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 1 1
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
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 • Basic Formulas
2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1
sinh2 𝑥 = ( ) = (𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
2 4
2
2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
cosh 𝑥 = ( ) = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
2 4
1 1
cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − (𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
4 4
1 2𝑥 1 1 −2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1 1 −2𝑥
= 𝑒 + + 𝑒 − 𝑒 + − 𝑒 =1
4 2 4 4 2 4
• Thus:
cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
C.3. Other Hyperbolic Functions
sinh 𝑥 1
tanh 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 1
coth 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
C.4. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
• The inverse (anti)hyperbolic sine is defined as:
𝑦 = arcsinh 𝑥 if 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦
𝑦 = arcsinh 𝑥 → sinh 𝑦 = 𝑥
1 𝑦
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑦 ) = 𝑥
2
𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4(1)(−1) 2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 + 1
𝑒𝑦 = =
2 2
𝑦 2
𝑒 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
• Another Example:
𝑦 = arcsech 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sech 𝑦
2
𝑥= 𝑦
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥(𝑒 + 1) = 2𝑒 𝑦
2𝑦

𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
2 ± √4 − 4𝑥 2 2 ± 2√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑒𝑦 = =
2𝑥 2𝑥
1 ± √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑒𝑦 =
𝑥
ln(1 ± √(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦=
𝑥

C.5. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

• Derivative of Hyperbolic sine
For any 𝑢, for which 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥
𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢
𝑦 = sinh 𝑢 =
2

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 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= [𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑢 (−1) ] = = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Thus:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Derivative of Hyperbolic cosine
For any 𝑢, for which 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥
𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢
𝑦 = cosh 𝑢 =
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= [𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑢 (−1) ] = = sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Thus:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Derivative of Hyperbolic tangent
For any 𝑢, for which 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥
sinh 𝑢
𝑦 = tanh 𝑢 =
cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 cosh 𝑢 (cosh 𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 − sinh 𝑢 (sinh 𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 (cosh2 𝑢 − sinh2 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
= = 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
cosh 𝑢 2
cosh 𝑢 cosh2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Thus:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Derivative of Other Hyperbolic functions
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(coth 𝑢) = − csch2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

D. Problems:
Find the derivatives of the functions given or what us asked.
2
1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
2 2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−4𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − 3 sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑡 (− sin 𝑡 − 3 cos 𝑡) + (cos 𝑡 − 3 sin 𝑡)𝑒 3𝑡 (3)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −10𝑒 3𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
3. 𝑦 = 103𝑥−2
𝑦 ′ = 103𝑥−2 (ln 10)(3) = 3 (103𝑥−2 )ln 10
4. 𝑦 = ln(3𝑥 3 )
1 3
𝑦 ′ = 3 (9𝑥 2 ) =
3𝑥 𝑥

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 5. 𝑦 = ln(𝑒 3𝑡 + 2)
𝑑𝑦 1 3𝑒 3𝑡
= 3𝑡 (𝑒 3𝑡 )(3) = 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 + 2 𝑒 +2
2
6. 𝑦 = log 5 (𝑥 − 4)
1 2𝑥 log 5 𝑒
𝑦′ = 2 (2𝑥) log 5 𝑒 =
𝑥 −4 𝑥2 − 4
2 2 2 −𝑡
7. Find 𝑑 𝑥/𝑑𝑡 if 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡 2 (𝑒 −𝑡 )(−1) + 𝑒 −𝑡 (2𝑡) = −𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑡 (2 − 2𝑡) + (2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑒 −𝑡 (−1) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (2 − 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 2)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
8. From 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡, show that 𝑑𝑡 2 + 2 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑢 = 0
𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡) + sin 𝑡 (𝑒 −𝑡 )(−1) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑡 (− sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡 (−1) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (− sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
= −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡
2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
+ 2 + 2𝑢 = −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) + 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 = 0; ∴ 𝑄𝐸𝐷
9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = ln √1−sin 𝑥

1 + sin 𝑥 1 1
𝑦 = ln √ = ln(1 + sin 𝑥) − ln(1 − sin 𝑥)
1 − sin 𝑥 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦′ = ( ) (cos 𝑥) − ( ) (− cos 𝑥) = ( + )
2 1 + sin 𝑥 2 1 − sin 𝑥 2 1 + sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
= [ ]
2 1 − sin2 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1 2 cos 𝑥 1
= [ 2 ]= ( 2
)= = sec 𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥
11. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑎 arctan 𝑎 − 2𝑥
1
𝑥 2𝑎 (𝑎) 2𝑥 2 2𝑎2
𝑦′ = 2 (2𝑥) + ln(𝑎 2
+ 𝑥 2 ) (1)
+ − 2 = + ln(𝑎 2
+ 𝑥 2)
+ −2
𝑎 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
1+ 2
𝑎
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 − 2(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )
= + ln(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) = ln(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
12. 𝑦 = sinh(1 − 4𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = cosh(1 − 4𝑥 2 ) (−8𝑥) = −8𝑥 cosh(1 − 4𝑥 2 )

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 13. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1) cosh 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (4 sinh 4𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (4 sinh 4𝑥 − cosh 4𝑥)
14. 𝑦 = arcsin sinh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
𝑦′ =
√1 − sinh2 𝑥
15. 𝑦 = ln tanh2 3𝑥

2(tanh 3𝑥)(sech2 3𝑥)(3)

𝑦′ = = 6 csch 3𝑥 sech 3𝑥
tanh2 3𝑥
16. 𝑦 = sec(tanh3 (sech 𝑥))

𝑦 ′ = sec(tanh3 (sech 𝑥)) tan(tanh3(sech 𝑥)) (3 tanh2 (sech 𝑥))(sech2 𝑥)(sech 𝑥)(tanh 𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 3 tanh 𝑥 sech3 𝑥 tanh2 (sech 𝑥) sec(tanh3 (sech 𝑥)) tan(tanh3 (sech 𝑥))

17. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 2)2 cosh(3𝑥 − 2)

𝑦 ′ = (3𝑥 − 2)2 sinh(3𝑥 − 2) + 2(3𝑥 − 2)(3) cosh(3𝑥 − 2)

𝑦 ′ = (3𝑥 − 2)2 sinh(3𝑥 − 2) + 6(3𝑥 − 2) cosh(3𝑥 − 2)

18. Let 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and 𝑘 are constants. Show that from 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sinh(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑐2 cosh(𝑘𝑥), it follows that
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 sinh(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑐2 cosh(𝑘𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 𝑘 cosh 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑘 sinh 𝑘𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 𝑐1 𝑘 2 sinh 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑘 2 cosh 𝑘𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑐1 𝑘 2 sinh 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑘 2 cosh 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘 2 (𝑐1 sinh(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑐2 cosh(𝑘𝑥)) = 0

𝑐1 𝑘 2 sinh 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑘 2 cosh 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑘 2 sinh 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑐2 𝑘 2 cosh 𝑘𝑥 = 0 𝑄𝐸𝐷!

19. Prove that arcsin tanh 𝑥 = arctan sinh 𝑥
Solution:

Let 𝑦 = arcsin tanh 𝑥

sin 𝑦 = tanh 𝑥
sin2 𝑦 = tanh2 𝑥

1 − sin2 𝑦 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥

cos2 𝑦 = sech2 𝑥
cos2 𝑦 sech2 𝑥
=
1 1
sec 2 𝑦 = cosh2 𝑥

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 tan2 𝑦 + 1 = cosh2 𝑥

tan2 𝑦 = cosh2 𝑥 − 1

tan2 𝑦 = sinh2 𝑥
tan 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥
𝑦 = arctan sinh 𝑥
arcsin tanh 𝑥 = arctan sinh 𝑥 𝑄𝐸𝐷!
20. Prove that arcsin tanh 𝑥 = arccos sech 𝑥
Solution:

Let 𝑦 = arcsin tanh 𝑥

sin 𝑦 = tanh 𝑥

sin2 𝑦 = tanh2 𝑥

1 − sin2 𝑦 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥

cos2 𝑦 = sech2 𝑥
cos 𝑦 = sech 𝑥
𝑦 = arccos sech 𝑥 𝑄𝐸𝐷!

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