Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
Bicol University
Legazpi City

MODULE IN MATH 11 – CALCULUS 1

LESSON 7 – DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (Part 1)

Lecturer: Engr. Junel B. Borbo

Associate Professor, Bicol University Chemical Engineering Department

Lecture Objectives:
1. Derive the derivatives of trigonometric functions;
2. Differentiate trigonometric functions;
3. Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions;
4. Solve engineering problems on derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Notes:
1. Trigonometric quantities usually appear in engineering applications so it is imperative that
we know derivatives of these quantities
2. Geometric problems are much easier to handle using trigonometric quantities.
3. Differentiation is from outermost trigonometric expression, up to the most nested quantity,
applying chain rule

A. Derivatives of Trigonometric Equations

A.1. Elementary Properties of Trigonometric functions
• One-valued and continuous of all values of the argument 𝑥 except for tangent, secant,
cotangent and cosecant functions
1
❖ Tangent and secant functions become infinite when 𝑥 = ± (𝑛 + 2) 𝜋
❖ Cotangent and cosecant become infinite when 𝑥 = ±𝑛𝜋
• Sine and cosine and their reciprocals are periodic with the period 2𝜋
• Tangent and cotangent are periodic with the period 𝜋
• Fundamental correlations of trigonometric functions are given by their properties and
geometric interpretations
A.2. Derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
• Consider the function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑦 + Δ𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos Δ𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
Δ𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos Δ𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥 − 𝑦
Δ𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos Δ𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥 − sin 𝑥
Δ𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 (− cos Δ𝑥 + 1) + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
1
• Using the reduction formula for sine: sin2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥)
1
2 sin2 ( Δ𝑥) = 1 − cos Δ𝑥
2
1
Δ𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 [2 sin2 ( Δ𝑥)] + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
2

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 • Dividing the equation by Δ𝑥:
2 1
Δ𝑦 − sin 𝑥 [2 sin (2 Δ𝑥)] + cos 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
=
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
1
[sin (2 Δ𝑥)] 1 sin Δ𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 sin ( Δ𝑥) + cos 𝑥
1 2 Δ𝑥
2 Δ𝑥
• Taking the limits as Δ𝑥 → 0:
1
Δ𝑦 [sin (2 Δ𝑥)] 1 sin Δ𝑥
lim = lim {− sin 𝑥 sin ( Δ𝑥) + cos 𝑥 }
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 1 2 Δ𝑥
2 Δ𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Applying Chain Rule:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A.3. Derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

• Derivative of cosine function:
𝑑 𝑑 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑢 𝜋 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(cos 𝑢) = [sin ( − 𝑢)] = cos ( − 𝑢) (−1) = − cos ( − 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• Derivatives of tangent function:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 si𝑛 𝑢 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑢 − sin 𝑢 (− sin 𝑢) (cos2 𝑢 + sin2 𝑢)
(tan 𝑢) = ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑢 2
cos 𝑢 2
cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Derivatives of other trigonometric functions can be derived in a similar manner.

A.4. Table of Derivatives for trigonometric functions

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑑𝑢
(cot 𝑢) = −csc 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A.5. Examples
• Problem 1
𝑦 = 8 cos 4𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = −8 sin(4𝑥 2 ) (8𝑥) = −64 sin(4𝑥 2 )
• Problem 2
1
𝑦 = 12 tan 𝑥
4
1 1 1
𝑦 = 12 sec 2 ( 𝑥) ( ) = 3 sec 2 ( 𝑥)
′
4 4 4

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 • Problem 3
𝑧 = (3 + 7 sec 2𝜃)2
𝑑𝑧
= 2(3 + 7 sec 2𝜃)(7 sec 2𝜃 tan 2𝜃)(2) = 28 sec 2𝜃 tan 2𝜃 (3 + 7 sec 2𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
• Problem 4
tan 2𝑥
𝑦=
1 − cot 2𝑥
(1 − cot 2𝑥)(sec 2 2𝑥)(2) − tan 2𝑥 (csc 2 2𝑥)(2)
𝑦′ =
(1 − cot 2𝑥)2
2 sec 2 2𝑥 (1 − cot 2𝑥) − 2 tan 2𝑥 (csc 2 2𝑥)(2)
=
(1 − cot 2𝑥)2
• Problem 5
𝑦 = sin4 𝑥 cos4 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = sin4 𝑥 (4) cos 3 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 4 𝑥 (4)(sin3 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
= 4 sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 4 sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
• Problem 6
𝑦 = sin[tan2 (2𝑥 3 )]
𝑦 ′ = cos[tan2 (2𝑥 3 )] (2) tan(2𝑥 3 ) sec 2 (2𝑥 2 ) (4𝑥)
= 8𝑥 tan(2𝑥 3 ) sec 2(2𝑥 2 ) cos[tan2 (2𝑥 3 )]
• Problem 7
𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 cot(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = 8{𝑥 2 [− csc 2(1 − 𝑥 2 ) (−2𝑥)] + cot(1 − 𝑥 2 ) (2𝑥)}
= 16𝑥 3 csc 2(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 16𝑥 cot(1 − 𝑥 2 )
• Problem 8
𝑦 = sin(cos(tan(sec 2𝑥)))
𝑦 ′ = cos( (tan(sec 2𝑥))) (− sin(tan(sec 2𝑥)))(sec 2 (sec 2𝑥))(sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥)(2)
𝑦 ′ = −2 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 sec 2(sec 2𝑥) sin(tan(sec 2𝑥)) cos(cos(tan(sec 2𝑥)))
• Problem 9
𝑦 = cot 3 √1 − cos 4𝑥 3
1 1
𝑦 ′ = 3 cot 2 √1 − cos 4𝑥 3 (− csc 2 √1 − cos 4𝑥 3 ) [ (1 − cos 4𝑥 3 )−2 (sin 4𝑥 3 )(12𝑥 2 )]
2
−18𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 3 csc 2 √1 − cos 4𝑥 3 csc 2 √1 − cos 4𝑥 3
=
√1 − cos 4𝑥 3
• Problem 10
𝑦 = csc(3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 ))
𝑦 ′ = − csc(3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 )) cot(3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 )) (3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) tan(1 − 2𝑥 2 ))(−4𝑥)
= 12𝑥 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) tan(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) csc(3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 )) cot(3 sec(1 − 2𝑥 2 ))
• Problem 11
Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 for the implicit equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3 = sin(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦) −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦) −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦) − 2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦) + 1

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B. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
B.1. Introduction
• Notes
1. Inverse functions are helpful in dealing with the evaluation of variables of a
given function, i.e., in the evaluation of angles in trigonometric function
2. Higher mathematics deals with inverse trigonometric functions
3. Applications wherein the rate of change of angles deals with inverse
trigonometric functions.

• Inverse of a Function
❖ Consider the equation of 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦
𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) → 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)
❖ The inverse of this function is
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
❖ Determination of the inverse of a function involves interchanging the
independent and dependent variables, and expressing the new dependent
variable as a function of the other variable:
1
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 → 2𝑥 = 𝑦 − 4 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2
2
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 (𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 is the inverse function of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4)
2 2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 → 𝑦 = ±√𝑥
3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Let 𝑦 be a function of 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
The inverse of the function of this function:
𝑥 = sin 𝑦 → 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥

• Elementary Properties:
1. Problem 12
Prove that arcsin(−𝑥) = − arcsin 𝑥
Solution:
Unit Circle (on the right):
sin 𝛼 = 𝑥 → 𝛼 = arcsin 𝑥
sin 𝛽 = −𝑥 → 𝛽 = arcsin(−𝑥)
𝛼 = −𝛽;
arcsin 𝑥 = − arcsin(−𝑥)
Thus, arcsin 𝑥 = − arcsin(−𝑥)
2. Problem 13
Prove that sin(2 arcsin 𝑥) = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
Solution:
Let 𝜃 = arcsin 𝑥 ; sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
sin(2 arcsin 𝑥) = 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
sin 2𝜃 = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
From Pythagorean relation:
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 → cos 𝜃 = √1 − sin2 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑥 2

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 Therefore:
sin 2𝜃 = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ∴ 𝑄𝐸𝐷
3. Problem 14
Evaluate the expression
4 1
arccos + arctan
5 7
Solution:
4 4 1 1
Let 𝛼 = arccos → cos 𝛼 = ; 𝛽 = arctan → tan 𝛽 = ; 𝛾 = sum of angles
5 5 7 7
𝛼+𝛽 =𝛾
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = tan 𝛾
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
= tan 𝛾
1 − tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
From cos 𝛼 = 4/5:
3
tan 𝛼 =
4
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
= tan 𝛾
1 − tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
3 1 21 + 4 25
+ 28
4 7 = = 28 = 1 = tan 𝛾
3 1 3 28 − 3
1− ( ) 1−
4 7 28 28
tan 𝛾 = 1
1
𝛾= 𝜋
4
4. Problem 15
Change the equation 2 arcsin 𝑥 + arcsin 𝑦 = 𝜋 to algebraic form.
2 arcsin 𝑥 + arcsin 𝑦 = 𝜋
Solution:
Let arcsin 𝑥 = 𝛼 → sin 𝛼 = 𝑥; arcsin 𝑦 = 𝛽 → sin 𝛽 = 𝑦
Substitution:
2𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝜋
Taking the sin of both side:
sin(2𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝜋 = 0
Applying the identity of the sine of sum two angles and double angle formulas:
sin(2𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 2𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 2𝛼 sin 𝛽 = 0
2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 2 𝛼 sin 𝛽 − sin2 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = 0; cos 𝛼 = √1 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 2 𝑦
= 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦
4𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = 4𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 4 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

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 B.2. Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
1. Derivative of arcsin 𝑥
𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥 → sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 = = ; cos 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
1 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑠
Differentiating implicitly:
𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2
To generalize, for any expression 𝑢, where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥:
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(arcsin 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
2. Derivative of arctan 𝑥
𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 → tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
sec 2 𝑦 = 1 + tan2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
Differentiating implicitly:
𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
To generalize, for any expression 𝑢, where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥:
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
(arctan 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢
Derivatives of other inverse trigonometric functions can be derived in a similar manner.
3. Table of Derivatives for Inverse Trigonometric functions
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(arcsin 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 −
(arccos 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
(arctan 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 −
(arccot 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(arcsec 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 −
(arccsc 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑢√𝑢 − 1
B.3. Examples:
1. 𝑦 = arctan(3𝑡)
𝑑𝑦 3 3
= 2
=
𝑑𝑡 1 + (3𝑡) 1 + 9𝑡 2
2. 𝑦 = arcsin(2 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 4 cos 2 𝑥
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 3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + arcsin(𝑥 − 1)
1 1 1
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 1) ( ) (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (2 − 2𝑥) + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (1) +
2 √1 − (𝑥 − 1)2
(𝑥 − 1)(1 − 𝑥) 1
𝑦′ = + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 +
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 2
√1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑥 − 1)(1 − 𝑥) + 1 −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 1
𝑦′ = + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ = + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 2√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑎2 arcsin 𝑎 − 𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
1
𝑎2 (𝑎) 1 1
′
𝑦 = − 𝑥 ( ) (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 (1)
2 2
√1 − (𝑥 )
𝑎
2
𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
𝑦′ = + − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

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