PREVIEW

 Introduction
 Ego States
 Transactions
 Egogram
 Application of Transactional Analysis
What is T.A.?
Transactional analysis is ...

Personality theory simplified

A leadership style
A training tool
An easy way of understanding who says What and
why people act and interact the way they do
An aid in dealing with conflict problems
 DEFINITION
• Transactional analysis is a method of
understanding people’s behavior by
analyzing the transactions or
interactions which transpire between
people.
• Transactional analysis is a social
psychology and a method to improve
communication.
 It was introduced by Eric Berne.
 Transactional analysis is a technique used to
help people better understand their own and
other’s behavior, especially in interpersonal
relationships.
 It is a good method for understanding
interpersonal behavior.
 It offers a model of personality and the dynamics
of self and its relationship to others that makes
possible a clear and meaningful discussion of
behavior.
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 • Eric Berne was born
The Theorist on May 10, 1910 in
Montreal Quebec,
Canada, as Leonard
Eric Bernstein.
• ErIc Berne came to the
United States in 1935.

• In 1936, he began his

psychiatric residency at
the Psychiatric Clinic of
Yale University School
of Medicine, where he
worked for two years.
• Around 1938-1939,
Berne became an
American citizen
and shortened his
name Eric Leonard
Bernstein to Eric
Berne.
• He also went into
the Army Medical
Corps
• Eric Berne married
thrice and was
divorced twice in
his whole life.
TA is concerned with four
kinds of Analysis
 Structural Analysis: Analysis of individual
personality
 Transactional Analysis: Analysis of what people do
and say to one another
 Game Analysis : Analysis of ulterior transactions
leading to a payoff
 Script Analysis : Analysis of specific life dramas that
persons compulsively play out
 THEORIES CONCERNING
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

 Analysis of self awareness/ Johri Window

 Analysis of ego states
 Analysis of transactions
 Script analysis
 Games analysis
The Three Ego States
 Idea of TA originated in Eric Berne’s work (1964)

 Three Ego states, put simply, are the basic ways in which
people behave and react.

 These states are formed in childhood and are a result of

recordings of internal (feelings about events) as well as
external (messages from others, information from outside
sources) events
According to Transactional Analysis
there are 3 types of Ego States
 EGO STATES

Parent Ego State- Adult Ego State- Child Ego State-

Behaviors, Behaviors, Thoughts Behaviors,
and feelings which are
thoughts and direct responses to the thoughts and
feelings copied here and now. feelings replayed
from parent or from childhood.
parent figures.
In Simple Words:

Parent is our 'Taught'

concept of life

Adult is our 'Thought'

concept of life

Child is our 'Felt'

concept of life
Three ego states defined
 Child – characterized by strong emotions and
desires, feelings about the events that take place in
formative years. Emotions such as fear, anger,
delight, joy, crying etc. not to be taken as ‘childish’

 Parent – [first 5 years]characterized by criticism,

guilt and “shoulds”; all the rules and regulations
that the child hears the parent say and infer from
their behaviour, leads to guilt, inhibition, caution,
habit, willingness (un) to change etc
 Adult – [takes shape around 10 moths of age] beginning of
child’s ability to move independently. Child is able to
explore, discover and form opinions. The child is just not
absorbing (Parent state) or reacting (child state) but also
ANALYZING.
BASIC HUMAN EGOSTATES
(PERSONALITY STATES)

THREE FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF EGO STATES

BASIC EGO LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY
“OUGHTS”, “SHOULD” &”DON’TS”
STATES CRITICAL PARENT
P
(PARENT) NURTURING PARENT CONSOLING, “TAKING CARE” OF
OTHERS, SYMPATHY

A
OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL,
(ADULT) ADULT ORIENTED TOWARD PROBLEM
SOLVING, DE- EMPHASIZE
EMOTION
MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM
TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS,
ADAPTED CHILD MANUPULATIVE, SUMBISSIVE
C
(CHILD) NATURALCHILD
PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATURALLY
CURIOUS & CREATIVE, FUN
LOVING, REBELLIOUS
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8
TYPICAL WAYS OF EXPRESSING EGO STATES
ON THE JOB

“CAN’TYOU TURN IN A REPORT ON TIME JUST ONCE?”

CRITICAL “WHAT, IT TAKES TWO WEEKS TO ANSWER AN E-MAIL?”

PARENT “I’M SURPRISED AT YOU… THE QUALITY OF THIS DOCUMENT IS

LOUSY”

NURTURING “I’M ONLY TRYING TO HELPYOU”

PARENT “LET ME CLEAN UP THAT DESK FOR YOU, MR.SMITH”

“YOU’VE DONE A GREATJOB”

“WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES?”

ADULT “CAN’T WE REACH SOME SORT OF COMPROMISE?”
“WHAT CONSEQUENCES WILL THIS ACTION HAVE?”

“ANYTHING YOU SAY, SIR!”

ADAPTED “SORRY, I’LL TRY TOIMPROVE.”
CHILD “WHAT WOULD WE DO WITHOUTYOU”

“NOBODY FOLLOWS THAT RULE ANYWAY.” “FORGET ABOUT

NATURAL IT, HE’S JUST THE BOSS”
CHILD “LET’S KNOCK OFF FOR TODAY! WHO WANTS TO WORK ON A
FRIDAY AFTERNOON ANYWAY?”
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 Thoughts, feelings, attitudes,
behavioral patterns based on
messages or lessons learned from
parents and authoritarian sources.

PARENT
EGO STATE
 Critical Parent ego state.
 If you find yourself in a conversation wagging your
finger at the other person, speaking in a harsh tone,
pointing out what they have done wrong and telling
them how they should have behaved, then almost
certainly you are in a Critical Parent ego state.
 Critical Parent
Not –OK: Prescriptive style
 Unduly critical of others
 Develops norms and standards unilaterally and
imposes them on others
 An overly judgmental, authoritarian and
controlling style
 Deprives other person of his sense of self worth
and self-respect
 Breeds mutual distrust and hostility
 Critical Parent
OK-Normative style
 Participatively develops norms
 Uniformly/ fairly implement guidelines /norms of
behavior
 Successful if manager himself/herself follows it
scrupulously
 .
Nurturing Parent ego state
 When you were a young child your parents also looked
after you and ensured that you were safe and well.
Perhaps they took your hand and explained that it was
important to wait for the green light to appear on the
traffic signal before crossing the road. When you find
yourself years later looking to protect and look after
one of your colleagues, then you may well have gone
into a Nurturing Parent ego state.
 BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

EGO STATES VERBAL NON-VERBAL

VOICE TONES WORDS POSTURES FACIAL FEELINGS
USED EXP.
VALUES CRITICIZING YOU PUFFED UP FROWN, TO SET
C.P. SOCIAL ADMONISHING SHOULD STIFF, CHIN RIGHT
Controlling NORMS ACCUSING NEVER “PROPER’ JUTTED ‘TEACH A
CARING
critical ORDERING OUGHT, POINTING OUT LESSON’
MUST FINGER,
PARENT ALWAYS ARMS
FOLDED
N.P. BELIEFS SYMPATHETIC DON’T PAT ON GENIAL COMPASS
Nurturing PREJUDICES CONDESCENDING WORRY, BACK, PATRONI ION TO
DO’S DON’TS REASSURING HAVE PUTTING ZING, HELP
FAITH, ARM SHOWING SUPPORT,
EVERYTHI AROUND, CONCER RESCUE
NG WILL LEANING N AND
BE WARMTH
ALRIGHT
 Nurturing Parent

Not –OK : Patronizing style

 Developing emotional dependency
 Over caring in a patronizing way smothers initiative
and self-confidence
 When support provided in a condescending way ,
manager emphasizes his superior position and power
 Nurturing Parent

OK: Supporting Style

 Provides support only when necessary
 Instills independent thinking and self-confidence
 Subordinates know they have to fight their own battles
, yet their leader is there to cheer & support them if
required
 Caring without developing dependency
 Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on child-like
emotions, impulses, feelings we have
experienced.

Example- Impulsive
happy, curious, angry, Self-center, pleasure,
seeking and fearful
 The Adapted Child Ego State
 When you were a young child you often had to adapt
to the demands of your parents. You may have learnt to
be polite to others, or to be quiet when your mother or
father was in a certain mood. Later in life, when you
are acting on the basis of these historic and often by
now unconscious memories you are in your Adapted
Child ego state.
Adapted child
Not Ok: Aggressive style:
 Operate from “you’re not OK “ position
 Pick up fights with others on the slightest
pretext
Ok: Confronting Style:
 Assert themselves ,confront others to
safeguards the legitimate interests of their
people/deptt/organization
 A positive and constructive approach even while
confronting or opposing others
 Free/Natural Child Ego State
 When you were three or four years old you also spent
time laughing, splashing water, playing with paint or
glue or sand, and running around. When you are older
you might somehow revert to these times, and you are
then in your Free Child ego state
 Free Child Ego State
Not –Ok
 Tremendous capacity to think of novel, off-beat
ideas but lack the perseverance to bring them to
fruition
Ok:Innovative style: respect for new ideas ,plan to
convert them into viable projects for the
organization
 Generate support for their ideas & work for
implementation
 BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

VERBAL NON-VERBAL
VOICE TONES WORDS POSTURES FACIAL FEELINGS
USED EXP.
INTUITIVE “AHA” I GOT IT SNAPPING EXCITEMENT “GUT FEEL”
L.P. CREATIVE FINGERS , CURIOUS
LITTLE PROFESSOR

F.C. SPONTANEOUS WOW! HEY, JUMPING UP PLAYFUL, JOY

FREE CHILD UN-INHIBITED GREAT! THROWING UP LAUGHTER IMPULSIVE
CHILD NATURAL HANDS IN JOY PAIN,
PLEASURE
R.C.
REBELLIOUS CHILD AGGRESSIVE WHY ME? HANDS ON POUTING REBELLIOUS
FIGHTING WHAT THE HIPS INDIGNANT
FOR RIGHT HELL?
C.C.
COMPLIANT CHILD SUBMISSIVE SIR, MAY I BENT NECK DOWNCAST RESPECT
OBEDIENT
MA’AM FOLDED EYE DEFERENCE
RESPECTFUL
CONFORMING MAY I HANDS QUIVERING DEPENDENCE
LIPS OR CHIN
 Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on objective analysis of
information(data, facts).

Make decisions based on logic, computations,

probabilities, etc.(not emotion).

ADULT EGO
STATE
 Adult ego state
 Being in an Adult ego state - focused on the here and
now, looking to collaborate with others and to solve
problems, thinking logically and aware of your own
and other people’s emotions – is generally a very
resourceful state to operate from.
 Adults
Not OK: Task-obsessive style

 An overwhelming concern about the task can make

him/her insensitive to feelings of others
 Adults
Ok: Problem solving Style
 Not overwhelmed by the enormity of the immediate
task
 Adopt problem solving approach

 View each task in a broader perspective

 Relaxed and enjoy work , see it as a challenge, not a

threat
 BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

VERBAL NON-VERBAL

VOICE TONES WORDS POSTURES FACIAL FEELINGS

USED EXPRES
SION
REASONING
MATTER-OF- WHAT ARE ATTENTIVE ALERT TO
FACT FINDING
ADULT A RATIONAL
ANALYTICAL
FACT.
DISPASSIONATE
THE FACTS?
HOW CAN
REFLECTIVE
THINKING
EYES
“POISED”
UNDERSTAND
TO FIND A
WE SOLVE LEANING “COOL”. SOLUTION,
OBSERVANT
THE FORWARD IN OPEN
OBJECTIVE
PROBLEM? CHAIR MINDED
OPEN-MINDED
WHAT ARE TOWARD
THE OTHER
ALTERNATI PERSON
VES? WHAT
CAN WE
ESTIMATE?
 Typical Behaviors

PARENT ADULT CHILD

Advising Fact Finding Laughing

Criticizing Questioning Crying

Ordering Analyzing Sulking

Telling Problem Solving Being

Helping Frightened
Fault Finding
Cooperating Playing
Moralizing
Planning Enjoying
Scolding
Coordinating Dancing
Nurturing
Scheduling
Caring Curiosity
Thinking
Loving Obeying
Dependent
 Ego states present in all the person.
 It influence the human behaviour.
 Ego states are the recording in the mind of a person of
all the experience of the past.
 Ego states are the reflection of the past.
 It can be positive or negative.

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 ANALYSIS
OF
TRANSACTIONS
 TRANSACTION ?

When two people meet, their exchange of

thought is called transaction.

Either Verbal or Non-Verbal or both.

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS MECHANISM

• Berne’s starting-point was that when

two people encounter each other, one
of them will speak to the other. This is
called the Transction Stimulus.

• The reaction from the other person

is called the Transaction
Response.
• The person sending the Stimulus is called
the Agent.
• The person who responds is called the
Respondent.
• We can interact with each other
from any ego state.

• Anytime one person recognizes another with

a smile, a nod, a frown, a verbal greeting,
etc., this recognition, in TA language, is
called a “Stroke".

• Two or more strokes make a transaction.

As Per Dr. Mehrabian
• Only 7% of the meaning is in the
words spoken
• 38% way words are delivered (tone,
accents on certain words, etc.)
• 55 % is in facial expression
 Statement No. 1
Harsha has been asked by her manager to work extra
hours at the weekend. She asks for some time to
consider the situation. Next day, she replies that she
has given it some thought and is willing to do the
overtime.
 Statement No. 2
Girish has been admitted to hospital for an operation.
He is approached by a doctor who wishes to carry out
some diagnostic procedures which Girish does not
understand. Instead of asking, however, he keeps
silent and worries for the rest of the day.

ADAPTED CHILD
 Statement No. 3
Ankita has just learned that she has not got the
promotion she hoped for. She has a confrontation with
her boss and becomes angry and tearful.

FREE CHILD(-ve)
 Statement No. 4
Anya and Latika are friends and attend the same
University. Anya has a row with her boyfriend and
Latika responds in the following way:
‘He’s not worth it. I never thought he was good
enough for you. To be quite honest, I thought you were
wasting your time.’

Critical Parent
 Statement No. 5
Adil and Krishna are friends who share the same office
at work. Adil’s girlfriend breaks off their relationship
and Krishna responds in the following way:
‘Look, I know you must be feeling rotten. If you like,
I’ll clear up those files for you and you could leave a bit
early.’
 Statement No. 6
Katrina’s husband asks her to consider changing their
next year’s holiday plans. They had planned a
sightseeing holiday, including visits to the local art
galleries and museums. He suggests they need a more
relaxing break and should go to beach. Katrina
responds by pointing out that they had both resolved
to improve their knowledge of art and, anyway, she has
better things to do than waste time on the beach.

Controlling Parent
 Statement No. 6
Mrs Rao is an 80-year-old resident in a nursing home.
One of the attendants asks her if she would like to go
out for a walk, since the day is warm and sunny. Mrs
Rao is enthusiastic about the suggestion, and adds that
she wouldn’t mind paddling cycle as well.

Free Child (+ve)

 Statement No. 8
Ankit, who is eight years old, has been told by his
parents that he must not play in the sun without
wearing sunscreen lotion. He replies that he knows
not to do this, because he got burned on holiday last
year.
 Statement No. 7
The manager of a small firm is concerned that his
secretary is repeatedly late for work. The manager,
Mr. Banerjee, waits until his irritation is under control,
then makes an appointment to speak to his secretary.
He expresses his concern and asks for an explanation.
Types of Transactions

Complementary
Crossed

Ulterior
 Complementary
transactions

• A complementary transaction occurs when a

message, sent from a specific ego state, gets the
predicted response from a specific ego state in
the other person.

Example :-
STIMULUS: Have you seen my glasses?
(Adult to Adult)
RESPONSE: Yes, they’re on the dining room table.
(Adult to Adult)
COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTION
A wife who is grieving her lost friend is
comforted by a sympathetic husband, her
momentary dependency is answered
appropriately. A wife in child state being
relieved by her husband in parent state.
Complementary Transactions
This is a
complementary
P P transaction
because the
employee accepts
A A the child ego
state assigned to
him by the
C C director and
responds in child
ego state.
DIRECTOR EMPLOYEE
“You’re three hours late,I “I’m really sorry, I slept
want an explanation.” through the alarm, itwon’t
happen again, I promise.”
 Crossed Transactions

A crossed transaction occurs when an unexpected response is

made to the stimulus. An inappropriate ego state is activated,
and the lines of communication between people are crossed.

At this point people tend to withdraw, turn away from

each other or switch the conversation in another direction.

For example :-
STIMULUS: Have you seen my glasses? (Adult to Adult)

RESPONSE 1: Oh you haven’t lost them again! (Parent to Child)

RESPONSE 2: You can’t expect me to look after your things.

(Child to Parent)
Crossed transactions are a frequent source of
pain between people
 CROSSED TRANSACTION
This is a crossed
transaction because
P P although the manager,
parent ego state,
attempted to address
A A the employee as a
child, the employee
refuses this ego state
C C and responds in adult
ego state to the
manager’s ego state.
DIRECTOR EMPLOYEE
A crossed transaction is
“You’re three “Oh, didn’t you any transaction where
hours late, I get held up by the person being spoken
want an that accident on to refuses the ego state
explanation.” the road as they are assigned by the
well?” first speaker.
Ulterior Transactions

 Ulterior transactions are the most complex. They

differ from complementary and crossed
transactions as they always involve two or more
ego states.

 There are two different levels in transaction.

One of them is a surface level or social level and
the second one is a hidden level or a
psychological level.
Ulterior transaction example…

If a car salesman says to his customer, "This is

our finest sports car...but maybe too racy for
you," he is sending a message that can be heard
by either the customer’s adult or child ego state.

If the customer’s Adult hears, the response may

be... "yes, you’re right, considering my
requirement."

If the customer’s Child hears, the response

may be "I’ll take it. It’s just what I want."
Thus ulterior transactions help us to get the
desired response from the respondent.
Another example of Ulterior Transaction
In a class room the professor played some video clips
to give a presentation on Stock Markets.

Two of the students started discussing topics related to

SEBI, BSE etc. which were not discussed in the class
before. Now apparently, or on surface, the two students
were having an adult-to-adult transaction.

 But covertly, that transaction was a child-to-child

transaction as the two were trying to tell the rest of
the class, ‘Look! We’ve more knowledge about the
topic”.
 HOW TO CONVERT
CROSSED TRANSACTION
TO
COMPLEMENTARY
TRANSACTION
 Situation
 Colleague A to Colleague B: “You know, I think the project that we are
working on has a loophole. While discussing with other team members,
I found out that there is a problem in the assembly line which you are
co-ordinating. Is there a problem there? Can I offer help?”

 Scene 1: Colleague B to Colleague A: “yes, I realized that there is a

problem, infact yesterday, my staff told me that there is a technical
issue, maybe there is a system failure. Since you are a software engineer,
can you help us? I am so grateful that you came to me and offered help,
thank you!”

 Scene 2: Colleague B to Colleague A: “who told you about the

problem, there is nothing like this? You think I cannot manage my unit,
I have been working here for past 20 years. Do not interfere in my
matters”
 Modifying energies to make transaction
Complimentary
 Colleague B to Colleague A: “who told you about the
problem, there is nothing like this? You think I cannot
manage my unit, I have been working here for past 20
years. Do not interfere in my matters”

 Colleague A to Colleague B: “Oh! Of course I know

that you have such a vast experience and I have learnt
so much from you in the past 5 months. I felt I could
come and ask you if there was something that I can do.
Would you not offer me a cup of tea?”
EGOGRAM
EGOGRAM
Graph designed by Jack Dusay (1977) to indicate
the relative importance of each ego state within a
person’s personality.

 Different amounts of psychic energy invested in the three

ego states.

The Egogram shows this distribution

of energy.
 APPLICATION
OF
TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
 REASONS FOR POPULARITY OF
T.A. IN MANAGEMENT

SIMPLE
LANGUAGE BUILT-IN HUMOR

APPROPRIATE
NON-THREATENING FOR “NORMAL
SELF-ANALYSIS PEOPLE”

DEMONSTRATED
SUCCESS IN BUS. USEFUL AT WORK &
ORGANIZATIONS AT HOME

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 Need for Transactional Analysis in Daily Life

• To understand why some of your relationships work and

others don’t you need to assess your own behavior and
that of others.

• Which mode are you in the most, parent, adult, child?

• Which mode are your subordinates and peers in?

• Which mode is your boss in?

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BASIC GUIDES WHICH CAN HELP YOU IN WORKING WITH PEOPLE

•Cooperation cannot be forced

•You communicate more through action than words
•Sentiment and emotion count.
•Everyone likes to feel important
•Everyone wants to know the significance of his job
•Don't forget to show appreciation for a job well done.
•Learn to listen to people
•Be sincerely interested in your employees and their
welfare.

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PITFALLS OF T.A. IN MANAGEMENT

 THE “SOPHOMORE SYNDROME” (BUGGING COLLEAGUES

BY POINTING OUT WHEN THEIR PARENT OR CHILD IS
HOOKED)

 ENCHANTMENT WITH THE LANGUAGE OF T.A., RATHER

THAN VIEWING IT AS A TOOL FOR GROWTH &
UNDERSTANDING

 USING T.A. MORE ON OTHERS THAN ON SELF

 DESIRE FOR CHANGING ONESELF MUST COME FROM THE

INDIVIDUAL HIMSELF, NOT THE ORGANIZATION

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THANK YOU