Pediatric Services Operational Policy-1 PDF

MOH/P/PAK/175.
08 (BP)
PAEDIATRIC SERVICES
Ministry of Health Malaysia
OPERATIONAL POLICY
The Operational Policy for Paediatric Ser vices
was prepared by
the Paediatricians of the Ministr y of Health Malaysia,
in collaboration with
The Medical Ser vices Development Section,
Medical Development Division, Ministr y of Health Malaysia
Published in Januar y 2012
A catalogue record of this document is available from the Librar y and

Resource Unit of the Institute of Medical Research, Ministr y of Health;
MOH/P/PAK/175.08 (BP)
And also available from the National Librar y of Malaysia;
ISBN 983-3433-53-7
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
prior written permission of the author.
ISBN 983-3433-53-7
CONTENT
FOREWORD
The Director General of Health Malaysia 7
The National Advisor of Paediatric Services 8
VISION 9
MISSION 9
OBJECTIVES 9
SCOPE OF SERVICES 9
COMPONENTS 10
ORGANISATION 10
OPERATIONAL POLICIES
1.0 Patient Safety Goals 11
2.0 Access to Care and Continuity of Care 12
3.0 Patient and Family Rights 18
4.0 Assessment of Patients 21
5.0 Care of Patients 22
6.0 Sedation 25
7.0 Medication Management and Use 25
8.0 Patient and Family Education 27
9.0 Quality Improvement and Patient Safety 28
1 0 . 0 Prevention and Control of Infections 29
1 1 . 0 Facility Management and Safety 30
1 2 . 0 Staff Qualifications and Education 31
1 3 . 0 Management of Communication and Information 34

OPERATIONAL POLICIES SPECIFIC TO SUB-SPECIALTIES
1.0 Paediatric Nephrology Unit Policies 37
2.0 Paediatric Neurology Unit Policies 47
3.0 Paediatric Cardiology Unit Policies 53
4.0 Paediatric Oncology Unit Policies 57
5.0 Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Unit Policies 63
6.0 Paediatric Respiratory Unit Policies 68
7.0 Paediatric Dermatology Unit Policies 75
8.0 Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit Policies 80
9.0 Adolescent Medicine Unit Policies 83
1 0 . 0 Neonatology Unit Policies 88
1 1 . 0 Paediatric Specialist Clinic Policies 94
1 2 . 0 Paediatric Day Care Unit Policies 97
1 3 . 0 Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Policies 104
APPENDIX
I. General Paediatric Ward Staff And Equipment Norms 113
II. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Staff And Equipment Norms 117
III. List of Contributors for Development of Operational Policy for

125
Paediatric Services
128
REFERENCES
130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Glossary
ADR = Adverse events
AOR = At Own Risk
ASA = Classification - American Society of Anesthesiologists
ASD = Atrial Septal Defect
BAER = Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses
CAPD = Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
CICU = Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
CME = Continuous Medical Education
CPAP = Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
CPD = Continuous Professional Development
CPG = Clinical Practice Guidelines
CPR = Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CSSD = Central Sterile Supply Department
CT = Computed Tomography
CXR = Chest X-ray
DCU = Day Care Unit
DG = Director General of Health Malaysia
DMSA Scan = Technetium Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Scan
DTPA Scan = Diethylenetriamene Pentaacetate Scan
ECG = Electrocardiogram
EEG = Electroencephalogram
EMG = Electromyogram
ENT = Ear, Nose and Throat
EPO = Erythropoietin
GA = General Anesthesia
GN = Glomerulonephritis
HD = Hemodialysis
HFOV = High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
HIDA SCAN = Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid Scan
HIE = Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
HKL = Hospital Kuala Lumpur
IC = Identity card
IC = In-charge
ICD 10 = 10th International Classification of Diseases
ICU = Intensive Care Unit
IT = Information Technology
IVU = Intravenous Urogram
KKM = Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
MCU = Micturating Cysto-Urethrogram
MO = Medical Officer
MOH = Ministry of Health
MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MVA = Motor Vehicle Accident
NIBP = Non Invasive Blood Pressure
NICU = Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
PD = Peritoneal Dialysis
PDA = Patent Ductus Arteriosus
PET = Peritoneal Equilibration Test
PICU = Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
POMR = Perioperative Mortality Review
QA = Quality Assurance
QI = Quality Improvement
SCAN = Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect
SCN = Special Care Nursery
SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

SPPD = Sistem Pengurusan Pesakit Dalam
SSEP = Somatosensory Evoked Potential

TOF = Tetralogy of Fallot
TPHA = Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination
URTI = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
VSD = Ventricular Septal Defect

Operational Policy, Paediatric Services
FOREWORD BY
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH MALAYSIA
The Ministry of Health is committed to providing timely, safe, quality

care of the highest standard that is accessible to all. This is also
what the public rightfully expects when they present themselves
to a health facility.
For many years now we have seen a steady improvement in

our health care delivery through investment in manpower and
structural development. However there are still gaps in service
provision that need new approaches.
One of the challenges in health care delivery is consistency of performance

throughout the system. Many initiatives have been launched to address this
problem, one of which is to create a departmental operational policy. This policy
should provide the foundation upon which high quality care is delivered by each
and every component of the delivery process.
The paediatric services address a particularly vulnerable segment of the

population where there is little margin for error. Parents of sick children expect
health care workers to be competent and caring and the facilities adequate to
address the needs of the children and their families during such stressful periods.
Our population also increasingly expects full disclosure when consenting to

procedures and evidence that those performing such procedures are competent.
A well documented policy that has specific sections addressing family rights,
infection control, staff qualification and monitoring of medication usage will go
a long way in promoting a safe and efficient health care delivery system.
A departmental operating policy that is applicable to all levels of hospitalized

care will also help to reduce the discrepancies between departments and
hospitals ensuring equitable access to good health care for the different sections
of the population.
Malaysia has made enviable progress in the indices of child health since
Independence. However, most of this was brought about by innovations in
primary care. Now as we endeavour to achieve developed nation status, the
remaining gaps in improving child health indices will have to be addressed by
improvements in secondary and tertiary care. I hope that the implementation of
this operational policy will help achieve this goal.
Dato’ Sri Dr. Hasan bin Abdul Rahman

Director General of Health Malaysia
7
FOREWORD BY
NATIONAL ADVISOR OF PAEDIATRIC SERVICES
During the pediatric annual heads of department meeting

in 2007 a draft version of the pediatric operational policy was
presented. This document had separate sections for the various
subspeciality services in addition to a central core for all the
services. After some deliberation it was decided that a single
generic document that addresses the basic needs of child health
at all levels should be used as the basis of the pediatric services
within the Ministry of Health.
This document has been purposely designed to address the requirement for
accreditation by international quality agencies such as the Joint Commission
International. This is in line with decision of the Ministry that all government
hospitals should be accredited.
The primary concern of all doctors is the safety and well being of their patients.
Children should benefit from their contact with the health services and this contact
should be as pleasant as possible for the whole family. Hence the issue of patient
safety and full disclosure for all procedures has to be addressed in a systematic
fashion. This extends to verifying the competency of their carers and the design
of in patient facilities.
We have included a section on staffing and equipment norms. This is meant to

help central agencies when they plan to expand or introduce pediatric services.
It is envisaged that over time all pediatric facilities will achieve these norms.
This document is designed to be a guide. Individual departments and

subspeciality units may have to modify some sections to address specific needs
and are encouraged to do so.
I would like to thank all the pediatricians who have worked hard to produce this
document and we all hope it will be truly beneficial to the children and their
families.
Hussain Imam bin Hj Muhammad Ismail

National Advisor of Paediatric Services
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
8
VISION
That all children be able to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health through
access to facilities for the promotion of wellness; prevention and treatment of
illness; and rehabilitation of health.
MISSION
The paediatric medical department shall:

• provide quality healthcare which is effective, appropriate, timely and
responsive to the needs of the patient, family, and community by a team of
trained, committed, caring and innovative personnel.
• work with parents and the community as partners in the care of the children
and promotion of wellness.
OBJECTIVES
To provide quality care incorporating aspects of promotive, preventive, diagnostic,

curative and rehabilitative care which is child and family friendly to all children
up to 18 years of age.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
1. To provide health and medical services to children from birth to 18 years of

age which include:
a. In-patient paediatric medical services.
b. Specialist out-patient paediatric medical services.
c. Paediatric medical ambulatory care.
d. Community and outreach paediatric medical services.
e. Immunisation for missed opportunities.
2. Training of doctors, nurses and allied health personnel in general paediatrics

and paediatric medical subspecialties.
3. Advocacy role for issues related to child and adolescent health.
4. Quality improvement activities, health systems and clinical research.
The depth and breadth of the services provided by each Paediatric Department
depends on whether it is in a national, regional, state or district hospital.
9
COMPONENTS
1. Wards 4. Intensive care units

2. Clinics 5. Subspeciality units
3. Ambulatory care centre
ORGANISATION
The organisation will depend on the level of care provided by the

paediatric department.
• The national centre shall be headed by a senior consultant
paediatrician appointed by the MOH and assisted by the various
heads of the Medical Paediatric subspecialty units.
• Paediatric departments in regional, state and district hospital shall
be headed by a Paediatrician.
The number of committees shall depend on the complexity of the

department. There shall be personnel appointed to look into infection
control, quality improvement activities, continuous professional
development, lactation management and house-officer and junior
medical officer training.
The organisational chart of the Paediatric Department is as follows:
Organisation Chart for the Department of Paediatrics (not strictly

hierarchical)
Hospital Director
Head of Department of Paediatric
Paediatric Consultant Matron Hospital Supervisor

Paediatric Specialist
Sister of Paediatric Department

Medical Officer
Clerk Staff Nurse Assistant Medical

Houseman Officer
Community Nurse
Attendant
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OPERATIONAL POLICIES
The operational policies that follow was prepared in accordance to the Joint
Commission International (JCI) Accreditation Standards For Hospitals which
came into effect on January 2008.
The main purpose of a health care organisation is patient care.
Children and adolescents are admitted to receive in-patient care or registered

to receive outpatient services depending on their health care needs and the
organisation’s mission and resources.
1.0 PATIENT SAFETY GOALS

1.1 PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
a. Patient shall be identified by two identifiers.
b. For inpatients, identification tag with the patient’s name and
registration number shall be affixed to the patient’s limb.
c. For outpatients, identification is by patient’s name and Identity
Card number of the patient (Mykid) or mother.
1.2 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AMONG CARE-GIVERS

a. Verbal and telephone communication including laboratory
results and orders shall be written down by the receiver in the
patient’s case-notes, read back by the receiver and confirmed to
be accurate by the informer.
1.3 REDUCE RISK OF HOSPITAL-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

a. For infection control, please refer to the following:
• Policy And Procedure Of Infection And Antibiotic Control, MOH
2002
• Disinfection And Sterilization Policy And Practice, MOH 4th
Edition 2002 (MOH/P/PAK/79.04 (HB)
• Hand Hygiene Handbook, MOH 2006
• Critical Care Medicine Section Statement on Infection Control
Measure In The ICU, MOH 2004
• Pocket Guidelines For Standard Precautions, MOH 2nd Edition
2005, ISBN 983-42556-2-4
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• Management Of Clinical And Related Wastes In Hospital And

Healthcare Establishments, MOH July 1993
b. In-patients with serious diseases transmitted by air-borne route
shall be nursed in negative pressure isolations with hepafilter.
1.4 REDUCE PATIENT FALLS

a. All patient beds/cots shall have side rails on both sides.
b. Parents and caregivers shall be orientated on the need to have
the side rails up at all times when patient is in the bed.
c. Floors shall be kept dry, and warning signs shall be placed for wet
floors.
d. All falls within the health care facility shall be notified through
incident reporting format.
e. The patient who has fallen shall be thoroughly assessed and
managed accordingly.
2.0 ACCESS TO CARE AND CONTINUITY OF CARE

2.1 ADMISSION POLICIES FOR IN-PATIENTS AND OUTPATIENTS
2.1.1 In-patients
a. Paediatric medical officer/specialist in-charge of the ward shall

be informed of all patients prior to their admission to the ward.
b. Admission to the paediatric ward can be from:

• The Accident and Emergency Department
• The paediatric clinic and ambulatory care centre
• Other wards within the hospital
• Direct admission from other MOH health facility and private
health facilities shall be admitted after consultation with
the paediatrician
• Selected groups of patients under the care of paediatricians
with standing instructions for direct admission to the
paediatric wards. E.g. oncology patients with febrile
neutropenia, transplant recipients, patients with inborn
errors of metabolism
12
c. Admissions shall be categorized as emergency, semi-emergency,

and elective by the responsible receiving doctor.
• Emergency: Immediate threat to patient’s life or well-being
exists. This situation warrants the highest admitting priority.
All reasonable measures are taken to ensure this patient’s
immediate admission, including the transfer or discharge
of another less ill patient.
• Semi-emergency: Undue or prolonged delay in admission

might threaten the patient’s life or well-being. The patient
normally shall be admitted within twenty-four (24) hours.
• Elective: The health of the patient is not endangered by

delayed admission. Such patients are usually scheduled
in advance of admission. In consideration of the patient,
the Hospital will make every effort to accommodate this
patient’s desired date of admission.
d. When no bed space is available to admit patients, or to admit

patients to the appropriate unit, efforts shall be made to transfer
the patient to another available facility as soon as possible.
• There shall be net-working within a designated
geographical area on the availability of intensive care/
subspeciality beds.
• In hospitals without specialists, it is the responsibility of
the receiving institution/hospital with specialist to find the
relevant bed space.
e. Registration of admissions shall be done at the Registration

Counter of the hospital. However, ill patients from other health
care facilities may be transferred directly to the ward, and the
admission formalities attended to subsequently.
f. For other issues related to patient admissions, please refer to the

general admission policies of the hospital.
g. The condition of the patient, proposed care, expected outcome

of that care and cost of care shall be explained to the patient and
family by the doctor in charge.
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• The parents/guardian of a critically ill patient shall be

informed immediately of the patient’s condition by the
medical officer/specialist. This shall be documented in the
patient’s record.
• If the parents/guardian are not within the hospital and are

not contactable by telephone, the police shall be enlisted
in locating them.
h. The parent/guardian of the patient shall be orientated on the

facilities available in the ward. They shall be briefed about safety
precautions particularly bedside rails. They shall be made aware
of the rules and regulations of the hospital e.g. no smoking within
the hospital premise, and visiting hours.
i. Physical, language and cultural barriers to care shall be

reduced by:-
• Having signage in Bahasa Malaysia and English including
any internationally recognized symbols.
• Having printed material in Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese,
Tamil, English and other common language of the region.
j. Admission or transfer to and from units providing intensive or

specialized care is determined by the policies set up by the various
units. (refer to documents of NICU, PICU, and other subspeciality
services).
• Decision to transfer is done after consultation with the
appropriate specialist in charge.
• The criteria for these patients to be transferred to and from
these units shall be documented in their case notes.
2.1.2 Outpatients
a. The Paediatric Specialist Outpatient Clinic shall operate during

office hours according to the clinic schedule.
b. Patients shall be seen at Paediatric Specialist Clinic by appointment.
c. Referrals to the clinic shall be from medical practitioners except

for urgent cases from MOH health centres without medical officers.
14
d. Patients shall be seen within 90 minutes from the time of

appointment or registration (whichever is later). To facilitate this,
patients shall be given staggered appointments.
e. Patients’ weight and height shall be taken before consultation.
f. Patient blood samples shall only be taken by trained paediatric staff.
2.2 CONTINUITY OF CARE
a. The responsible specialist in charge shall be clearly identified

during the patient’s care. The responsible specialist is the specialist
directing and coordinating the medical care of a child admitted
to an in-patient unit, or in the paediatric specialist clinic.
b. When a patient attends to the Hospital for a test or procedure that

involves material risk with or without sedation, there shall be a clearly
identified responsible specialist during the peri-procedure period.
Thus, any physician, surgeon, radiologist, anaesthesiologist, etc.,
who undertakes a procedure involving material risk, becomes the
responsible specialist and will remain so during the perioperative
period. This perioperative time includes the time when the patient
enters the treatment area until he/she leaves the recovery area.
c. If the patient is referred for a procedure to a different hospital, a

formal transfer procedure must take place to a new responsible
specialist. The receiving responsible specialist (or delegate) must
be willing to deal with issues of assessment, follow up and post
procedure complications. This responsible specialist must also
facilitate admission to hospital should this be necessary.
d. Patients 16 -18 years of age who require continuing medical care

shall be prepared for transfer of care to adult services. A transition
clinic shall be operational and shall be staffed jointly by an
adolescent physician or paediatrician and adult physician.
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2.3 DISCHARGE, REFERRAL AND FOLLOW-UP
a. The patient’s discharge criteria shall be based on the patient’s

health status and the social aspects of the family.
b. Decision for discharge shall be made by the medical officer/

specialist.
c. Decision for discharge shall be made early so that arrangements

for transport and the continuing health needs of the patient can
be made.
d. A discharge summary shall be written containing the following

particulars:
• reason for admission,
• significant physical findings,
• diagnoses (according to ICD10) and co-morbidities,
• diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,
• medications given during ward stay,
• patient’s condition at time of discharge,
• discharge medications and
• follow-up instructions.
e. Copies of the discharge summary shall be :-

• kept in the patient’s case notes,
• given to the referring practitioner and
• given to the practitioner responsible for the continuing
care of the patient.
f. Discharge care plan

• Ensure that intravenous lines are removed before discharge
• Ensure prescription for medication is ready and answer
queries regarding medication
• Instructions as to the need for follow-up care, the date, time
and location of the follow-up and where urgent care can
be obtained shall be given
• Patients who have not received or updated their
immunisation shall receive the relevant immunisation prior
to discharge
16
• The discharge forms shall be duly signed by parents and

the discharge slip given to them. The identity of parent/
guardian claiming the child on discharge shall be
checked and recorded
g. The parent/guardian wishing to take their child/ward out of

the hospital despite medical contraindication may do so after
adequate counseling by medical personnel. This is not applicable
to medico-legal cases. This shall be documented in the patient’s
case notes including the signature of the parents/guardian.
h. The parents/guardian shall be informed immediately of a patient’s

death by the medical officer/specialist. If the parents/guardian
are not within the hospital and are not contactable by telephone,
the police shall be enlisted in locating them.
i. The deceased shall be sent to the mortuary at the end of an hour
in designated trolleys or bassinets by the mortuary staff.
j. The police shall be informed of any patients found missing, after

all efforts to trace the patient in the ward and the hospital grounds
has failed. The patient shall be considered to have absconded if
he/she has not returned to the ward within 24 hours.
k. Referral To Other Departments/ Hospitals

All referrals shall be in accordance with existing guideline in each
hospital.
• In hospitals with specialists, the decision to refer to another
department or institution/hospital shall be made by the
specialist in charge.
• Agreement of the patient/guardian to transfer shall be
documented.
• Prior consultation with the receiving responsible doctor
shall be made.
• The receiving responsible doctor must agree to accept the
patient before the patient is transferred.
• The referral letter shall contain the reason for admission,
significant physical findings, diagnoses (according to
ICD10) and co-morbidities, diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures, medications, and patient’s condition at time
of transfer.
17
• All relevant diagnostic images shall be made available to

the receiving hospital.
• The patient may be referred back to the referring doctor for
follow-up. A reply to the referring doctor shall be provided,
with the necessary information and management plan to
enable the doctor to continue subsequent management
of the patient.
l. Transportation
• The responsible referring specialist shall determine the
mode of transportation of the patient.
• The responsible referring specialist shall determine

the appropriate qualification of the staff member and
equipment during transfer according to the condition
and status of the patient.
• The following shall be documented in the patients

records :-
(i) names of the referring and accepting doctor
(ii) reason for transfer
(iii) patient’s condition during transfer and arrival
including resuscitation and medication given
(iv) vital signs during transport shall be duly recorded
in the relevant form.
3.0 PATIENT AND FAMILY RIGHTS

3.1 Parents/guardian and patients shall be given appropriate information
to encourage and permit them to perticipate in the care given. They
shall receive updates regularly and whenever the condition of their
child changes. All information shall be given in a language they can
understand in as simple a manner as possible.
3.2 The Baby Friendly and Child Friendly Policy shall be in pactice. The
mothers shall be encouraged to room in.
3.3 A carer shall be allowed to be with the child at all times. However, it is
preferable that female carers be with the child after 10 pm. Beds shall be
provided for their night stay.
18
3.4 Home leave is not allowed under Ministry of Health’s policy. Should the
parents request to take the child home, the child shall be discharged and
readmitted later if the need arise.
3.5 Patients requiring isolation shall be nursed in isolation rooms.
3.6 The institution shall be respectful of the patient/carer’s personal values

and beliefs.
3.7 Patient’s need for privacy shall be respected during clinical interviews,
examinations, procedures/treatments, and transport.
3.8 Parents shall be requested to send their non-essential valuables home.
The hospital shall provide a secure area for storage of essential valuables.
3.9 Patients shall receive appropriate protection while in the hospital Refer
to policy on Infant Safety (Pekeliling KPK Bil 1/2007-Garispanduan Sistem
Kawalan Keselamatan Bayi di Hospital-hospital KKM).
3.10 Visitors under 12 years are not allowed to visit patients in the Special
Care Nursery, Intensive care areas, High dependency ward and patients
suffering from infectious diseases.
3.11 Consent
Standard: Patient informed consent is obtained through a process defined
by the organization and carried out by trained staff.
a. As a general guide, the following types of procedures shall require

a signed consent form:
• surgical procedure
• general anesthesia
• satellite anesthesia
• invasive radiology procedures
• blood transfusion
• other high risk and/or invasive treatments
• for other treatments the consent discussion may be documented
in the patient’s case notes.
b. The consent shall be taken by the responsible specialist or his

assistant carrying out the procedure. The information provided
19
includes:
• Patient’s condition
• Proposed treatment
• Potential benefits and risks
• Possible alternatives
• Likelihood of success
• Possible problems related to recovery
• Possible results of non-treatment
c. Consent shall be obtained from the patient if he/she is at least

18 years of age or from the legal guardian for those less than 18
years.
d. In a live-threatening emergency, where consent cannot be

obtained, medical treatment immediately necessary to save life
or avoid significant deterioration in the patient’s health shall still
be provided. Patient’s family shall be informed what has been
done, and why as soon as possible.
e. In other emergencies and after all efforts to trace relatives and

next of kin have failed, the Hospital Director and/or the Head of
Department shall authorise for the procedure to be carried out.
The health care professional shall document the efforts made to
obtain consent from the patient’s legal guardian.
f. Consent shall only be obtained over the telephone as a last resort.

If the guardian is unable to come to the hospital or in the case
of procedures that do not require a signed consent, consent can
be obtained over the telephone. Another health practitioner shall
witness the verbal telephone consent. The person giving consent
shall be told that another health practitioner, including their name
and position, is on the phone to witness the consent. The health
practitioner who obtains the consent must document the process
in the progress note, including the date and time the consent was
given and the name and signature of the witness.
3.12 Research
Refer to circular on research - NIH Guidelines for Conducting Research in
the MOH Institutions & Facilities 5 Sept 2007
20
3.13 Organ Donation

Refer to National Organ, Tissue and Cell Transplantation Policy MOH/P/
PAK/131.07(BP) published in June 2007 by Medical Development Division
4.0 ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS

4.1 All patients cared for by the organisation shall be categorised into
emergency, semi-emergency and elective cases.
a. Emergency cases admitted to the ward shall be assessed by the
Medical Officer immediately.
b. Semi-emergency cases admitted shall be assessed by the house
officer and/or medical officer within one hour of admission to the
ward.
c. Elective cases admitted shall be seen within 2 hours of admission
to the ward.
4.2 The assessment of patients shall be documented in the designated clerking

forms comprising of a full medical history including developmental history
and immunization status; physical examination and evaluation of growth,
nutritional, psychological, socio-economic and emotional status.
4.3 All patients admitted shall be seen by the specialist within 24 hours of their
hospitalization in a facility with at least 2 paediatricians.
4.4 After assessment of the patient, the responsible medical officer/specialist

shall decide on the most appropriate setting/level of care of the patient.
4.5 Victims of abuse and neglect shall be managed according to the standard
operating procedure for SCAN (Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect)
4.6 Nursing assessment shall be documented in the patient’s case notes.
4.7 In-patients shall be reviewed at least once a day. Ill patients shall be
reviewed as required by the severity of the condition.
4.8 All monitoring of patients, re-assessment, management and progress of

patients shall be recorded in the patient’s case notes.
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5.0 CARE OF PATIENTS

5.1 All paediatric patients shall have access to appropriate care regardless of
ability to pay.
5.2 All paediatric patients shall have access to appropriate care regardless of
time of the day or day of the week.
5.3 There shall be provision of 24-hour in-patient care by medical officer on-site
and 24 hour specialist cover.
5.4 There shall be provision of 24-hour in-patient nursing care on shift basis.
5.5 Emergency care for paediatric outpatients shall be provided by the

Emergency department.
5.6 There shall be a process to integrate and coordinate care.

a. There shall be a responsible specialist for each patient who will plan,
coordinate, and integrate the care of the patient.
b. All plans, discussion, results and conclusions with other depart
ments relating to the care of the patient shall be documented in the
ptient’s case-notes.
c. There shall be a single integrated medical record for each patient.
5.7 Patients and parents/guardian shall be informed about the patient’s

ongoing status, care plans and outcome of treatment including
unanticipated outcome and this shall be documented in the patient’s
notes. All information shall be given in a language they can understand in
as simple a manner as possible
5.8 On medical records :-

a. The following health care personnel who have direct care of the
patient shall document in writing in the patient’s case-notes:
• medical practitioners
• nurses
• allied health staff
• medical social worker
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b. The notes shall be organised as per hospital policy and shall in

clude:
• Patient identification data
• Date and time
• Clinical history and examination
• Investigations and results
• Treatment given
• Procedures undertaken and indications
• Follow-up notes and consultation
• Communication with the patient, his relatives, other doctors,
other authorities, etc.
• Signature and full name in block letters or rubber stamp.

c. Case summaries shall be completed and case notes dispatched
to the Medical Records Department within 3 working days from
the day of discharge.
d. Patients’ medical records and prior investigation results shall be

made available at the time of consultation in the paediatric
specialist clinic and during re-admission.
e. Medical reports shall be prepared and dispatched to the Medical

Records Department within 14 days. For cases where the primary
medical officer is not available, another medical officer in the
department shall be assigned to prepare the report.
f. For other policies please refer to policy on medical records –

Pekeliling KPK Bil. 3/2005 Garispanduan Rekod Perubatan Bagi
Hospital-Hospital Kementerian Kesihatan 2 Mac 2005)
5.9 Care of high-risk patients and provision of high-risk services.

Refer to:
a. Guidelines for the Rational Use of Blood and Blood Products 2007,
National Blood Centre, MOH
b. Standard Operating Procedure For Potential Infectious Disease,
1 st Edition, 2004, MOH/K/EPI/41.04(HB), ISBN 983-41870-0-9,
published by Communicable Disease Surveillance Section,
Disease Control Division MOH
23
c. Guidelines For The Hospital Management of Child Abuse and

Neglect MOH/P/PAK/130.07(GU) published in June 2009 by
Medical Development Division.
5.10 Food And Nutrition
a. All patients shall be supplied with at least four meals a day. Dietary
guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health shall be complied with.
b. Specific attention shall be paid to the quality of food provided for

children, with special emphasis on the nutritional value, and cultural,
religious and individual preferences.
c. Code of ethics for milk formula of the MOH shall be adhered to.
d. For infants who are not breast fed, ready-to-feed formula is recommended.
Alternatively formula milk can be prepared and supplied from a
dedicated milk kitchen in glass bottles.
e. Food shall be supplied for the mother/carer accompanying the child.
f. Patients with special nutritional requirements shall be co-managed

with the dietician for planning, delivery and monitoring of the
nutritional therapy.
5.11 Management of Pain and End-of-life Care

Reference shall be made to the document on :-
a. Pain Management prepared by the Malaysian Society of
Anaesthesiologist and Malaysian Association for the Study of Pain
2004.
b. End Of Life Issues And Management In Perinatal Care Manual.
c. Clinical Practice Guidelines on Withholding and Withdrawing of
Life Support in Children 2005.
d. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 9 Tahun 2008, Pelaksanaan Tahap Kesakitan
Sebagai Tanda Vital Kelima (Pain As Fifth Vital Sign) di Hospital-
hospital KKM
24
6.0 SEDATION
The Healthcare facility shall take steps to minimise physical and emotional pain,
trauma and distress to children undergoing procedures.
6.1 Pain control plans shall be individualised to the child and to his/her family
and prepared in collaboration with them. Cultural issues with respect to
the meaning and treatment of pain shall be known and respected. Non-
pharmacological strategies for pain control shall supplement the use of
analgesic and sedative drugs.
6.2 Invasive procedures shall be undertaken only when clinically necessary in

the best interest of the child, and, except in an emergency, only with prior
consent of the parent or guardian. Every effort shall be made to ensure that
children are accompanied and supported by a parent.
7.0 MEDICATION MANAGEMENT AND USE

7.1 Drugs prescribed shall be in accordance to approved list of drugs of
Ministry of Health. Drugs outside this list require prior approval of the
Director General of Health.
7.2 All prescriptions shall be written by medical practitioners in their generic

names and in block letters. The prescription shall contain the name,
registration number/IC, age/weight and diagnosis of the patient; the
dose, route and frequency of the medication and the signature, date
and name of the prescriber with the official rubber stamp.
7.3 All medications ordered shall be recorded by the medical practitioner

in the treatment chart and the patient’s case-notes. There shall be no
transcription of any prescription.
7.4 Right medications shall be administered by qualified individuals in the

right dose to the right patient at the right time by the right route.
7.5 Only medical practitioners, medical assistants and state registered

nurses shall administer medications.
25
7.6 The right patient shall be identified by 2 identifiers – name and

registration number or IC in compliance with the Pekeliling KPK Bil.
3/2005 Garispanduan Rekod Perubatan Bagi Hospital-hospital KKM.
7.7 All medications served shall be signed in the medication chart after
serving by the staff concerned.
7.8 Dangerous drugs prescribed and administered shall be in accordance

to the Dangerous Drugs Act 1969. These drugs shall be checked by two
qualified staff before serving to patients. The balance of any unused
dangerous drugs shall be labeled and returned to the pharmacist.
7.9 The patient shall be monitored for response and adverse events. Adverse
events (ADR) and lack of expected response shall be documented
and reported to the National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (Biro
Pengawalan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan).
7.10 Allergies to medications shall be documented clearly in the space

provided in the patient’s records. Allergy cards shall be provided to the
patients.
7.11 Medication errors shall be reported using the critical incident monitoring
form within 24 hours and an analysis of the error and remedial measures
taken as soon as possible.
7.12 Medications brought into the hospital by the patient shall be made
known to the medical staff and the medication, time, route and dose
taken documented in the patient’s records. These medications shall be
served by the nursing staff during the patient’s stay in the ward.
7.13 Medications stored in the emergency trolley shall be:-

a. Standardised throughout the paediatric units of MOH hospitals for
the neonatal and paediatric wards.
b. Checked at least once daily and replenished after use by the
staff nurse in charge. Expired or damaged medications shall be
replaced.
7.14 All medication samples shall be kept in the pharmacy and a list of these
medications informed to the department. Use of these medications
26
shall follow the indication and category as stipulated in the MOH drug
formulary. Use of medication samples not within the MOH drug formulary
requires approval from the Director General of Health Malaysia.
7.15 Total parenteral nutrition shall be available regardless of the day of the
week or public holidays.
7.16 For other policies on medication management including purchasing,

storage, thefts and losses, etc, refer to policies set by pharmacy services.
8.0 PATIENT AND FAMILY EDUCATION

8.1 The educational needs of the patient and family shall be assessed in
accordance with the primary and co-morbid condition.
8.2 Information on common specific conditions shall be made available to

patients and family in the form of written materials, audiovisual aids and
patient/parent support group by staff with the relevant knowledge and
communication skills.
8.3 Patient and family shall be educated by the pharmacist, medical

practitioner and nursing staff on the correct use of medications including
the dilution and administration of drugs, potential interactions with other
drugs and food, and side effects.
8.4 Patient and family shall be educated by the pharmacist, medical

practitioner and nursing staff on the correct use, maintenance, trouble
shooting of the medical device.
8.5 Patient and family shall be educated by the medical practitioner,

dietician and nursing staff on the nutritional needs of the patient.
8.6 The family of patients who need rehabilitation shall be educated

on the availability of both institution-based and community based
rehabilitation, as well as rehabilitation techniques that can be carried
out at home.
27
9.0 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND PATIENT SAFETY

9.1 There shall be a coordinator or committee formed to look into quality
improvement and patient safety.
9.2 A Quality Assurance (QA) secretariat shall be formed at each hospital

to provide technological and other support.
9.3 The Quality Improvement (QI) activities for the department are as
provided by the manual on QI activities of the MOH at national, hospital
and department level.
9.4 QI and patient safety information e.g. critical incidents that have
happened shall be communicated to all relevant staff on regular basis.
9.5 Training in QI activities shall be conducted at least once a year :-
a. The organization shall analyse all the QI activities and implement

changes accordingly to improve patient safety and delivery of
care.
b. Clinical practice guidelines and clinical pathways shall be

developed and applied so that standardization of care is provided.
For those conditions without clinical practice guidelines, the latest
edition of the Paediatric Protocols for Malaysian Hospitals, Ministry
of Health shall be used.
c. The ward shall maintain a record of critical incidents and sentinel

events. These incidents/events shall be notified to the Head of
Department and the QI coordinator within 24 hours. Root cause
analysis shall be carried out and remedial action shall be taken
to prevent or reduce the risk of such events occurring including
re-designing the processes of the organization.
28
10.0 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIONS

10.1 There shall be an infection control sub-committee in paediatric
departments with ICUs.
10.2 The hospital director shall ensure that the infection control unit has
adequate staffing, IT equipment and other resources needed to support
the infection control activities.
10.3 The hospital infection control committee coordinates the infection

control activities involving training, surveillance and reporting.
a. Staff shall be orientated to the policies, procedures and practices
of the infection, prevention and control program including new
policies and procedures from time to time.
b. Staff shall be trained in the management of patients with infectious
disease including barrier nursing, wearing and removal of
personal protective equipment and hand hygiene.
c. The infection control unit shall track the prevalence of multi-resistant

organisms (refer to Consensus Guidelines For The Management Of
Infections By ESBL-Producing Bacteria, 2001).
10.4 Patients with suspected contagious disease shall be isolated in

accordance to Policy And Procedure Of Infection And Antibiotic Control,
MOH 2002 including the use of negative pressure room with hepafilter.
10.5 All notifiable diseases shall be notified to the Health Office through the
Medical Records Department. Urgent notification for certain notifiable
diseases shall be notified by telephone to the Health Office.
10.6 Immunisation shall be offered to paediatric staff not immune to

chickenpox, hepatitis B and rubella.
10.7 Needle stick injuries shall be reported and managed according to MOH
guidelines. Use of needle free devices shall be encouraged (refer to
Pekeliling KPK Bil. 3/2007 Pelaksanaan Program Survelan Kecederaan
Oleh Alatan Tajam).
10.8 The infection control programme shall be carried in accordance with

the following guidelines and policies. These programmes aim to reduce
29
the risk of health care associated infections in patients, staff and other
workers and visitors in all areas in the paediatric department.
a. Policy And Procedure Of Infection And Antibiotic Control,
MOH 2002
b. Disinfection And Sterilization Policy And Practice, MOH. 4th
Edition 2002
c. Hand Hygiene Handbook, MOH 2006
d. Critical Care Medicine Section Statement on Infection Control
Measure In The ICU, 2004.
e. Pocket Guidelines For Standard Precautions, MOH 2nd Edition,
2005, ISBN 983-42556-2-4
f. Management of clinical and related wastes in hospital and
healthcare establishments, MOH July 1993
g. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 1/2006 Keperluan Melaporkan Kejadian Wabak
Penyakit Berjangkit
11.0 FACILITY MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY

11.1 All facilities catering to the needs of paediatric patients shall have the
following features:
a. A play area with toys and educational material appropriate to
various age groups.
b. A suitable area for children with special needs.
c. A separate waiting area for adolescents in the paediatric specialist
clinic.
d. The Baby Friendly Policy shall be in practice. Breast feeding
facilities shall be made available for mothers
e. A nappy change room, and toilets with child toilet adaptor seats
and high and low sited sinks shall be provided.
f. Hot water will not be supplied to mothers to prepare at the bedside
to avoid accidents. A pantry shall be provided for parents/carers
to prepare milk and other hot drinks.
g. Disabled friendly.
11.2 All staff shall be trained about their role in the security and fire safety.
30
11.3 Medical equipment

a. Planned preventive maintenance of all equipment shall be
carried out as planned by the concessionaires.
b. The staff is trained to operate medical equipment and utility
systems.
12.0 STAFF QUALIFICATIONS AND EDUCATION

12.1 The MOH shall define the desired education, skills, knowledge and other
requirements of all staff members.
a. Each staff member’s responsibilities are defined in a current job

description.
a. The knowledge and skills of each staff member shall be consistent

with patient needs.
c. Each category of staff shall present his/her credentials on joining

the department.
d. The hospital/department shall then privilege the staff to practice
appropriate to his credentials and the available facilities.
e. Annual evaluation of the individual staff skills, knowledge and

attitude shall be carried out in accordance with the evaluation
exercise established by the Public Services Department.
f. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) activities is

compulsory in all categories of staff. Each staff shall keep a record
of his/her CPD activities for the year.

g. Personnel information shall be kept for each staff member.
This shall include:
• personal details
• copies of their qualifications
• annual practicing certificates for doctors and nursing and
allied health staff.
• work experience
• Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities
• Results of Evaluations (Sasaran Kerja Tahunan)
31
h. The staffing plan for the department shall be reviewed and

updated based on workload, areas of need and new medical
advances and technology.
i. All clinical and non-clinical staff is oriented to the organization,

department and unit to which they are assigned and to specific
job responsibilities.
• A general orientation shall be provided to the staff at the
hospital level.
• A specific orientation as to the job responsibility of his/her
position shall be provided at the department/unit level.
• Students and Volunteers shall be oriented to the organization
particularly in terms of patient safety and infection prevention
and control.
• Documentation of this orientation exercise shall be kept.
j. Doctors, nurses and other paramedics involved in providing

patient care are trained in resuscitation techniques – Paediatric
Advanced Life Support (PALS) or Advanced Paediatric Life Suppot
and Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP).
k. Staff health and safety shall be under of Occupational Staff
Health and Safety. Refer to Guide to Notification of Occupational
Accidents Among Health Workers and Occupational Diseases
Including Poisonings, published by Occupatinal Health Unit, MOH
2001
12.2 Medical Staff

a. Each doctor shall present his/her credentials on joining the
department. This shall include:
• Personal details, including photograph
• Certified copies of their qualifications
• Full Malaysian Medical Council registration (except house
officers)
• Latest Annual Practicing Certificate (except house officers)
• Work experience
b. The clinical privileges given to each specialist by the hospital

privileging committee to practice independently shall be
consistent with the credentials, training and experience and
performance of the specialist and facilities available in the
hospital.
32
c. Clinical privileges given to medical officers shall depend on

previous training, experience and performance in paediatrics
and this shall be spelt out in the job description.
• All medical officers shall undergo a probationary period during
which they shall receive the required level of supervision and
evaluation of necessary skills, knowledge and desired work
behaviours.
• A log book shall be maintained of the Medical officers
training, and experience and the performance evaluated by
the supervisor.
• The log book shall be used as a guide for granting further
clinical privileges.
12.3 Nursing Staff

a. Each nurse shall present her credentials on joining the department.
This shall include:
• Personal details, including photograph
• Certified copies of their qualifications
• Full nursing board registration
• Latest Annual Practicing Certificate
• Work experience
b. The clinical privileges given to each nurse by the hospital privileging

committee shall be consistent with the credentials, training and
experience and performance of the nurse and facilities available
in the hospital.
c. The nursing staff of the paediatric and neonatal wards shall have
post-basic paediatric or neonatal nursing qualifications. Clinical
privileges shall be given to nurses with post basic qualification
after 6 months of completion of post basic training
d. For those without post-basic qualification, they shall be supervised

for 2 years under a mentor-mentee programme and their
performance logged in. Clinical privileges shall then be given to
them on satisfactory completion of training.
e. All nurses shall obtain at least 30 credit points for renewal of their
Annual Practicing Certificate.
33
f. All nurses posted to paediatric or neonatal wards shall undergo in-

patient training for serving of medications and intravenous fluids.
13.0 MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND

INFORMATION
13.1 Communication between staff members in the department shall be
effective and timely by means of regular meetings, emails, memos and
personal telephone calls or contact.
13.2 Confidentiality shall be maintained at all times when communicating

about patients and their families.
13.3 For other policies, please refer to hospital general policies.
34
OPERATIONAL
POLICIES
SPECIFIC TO
SUB-SPECIALTIES
PAEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY UNIT POLICIES
1. OBJECTIVES
To provide preventive, diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services
that are appropriate, effective, and efficient to all children and
adolescents with kidney diseases.
2. SCOPE OF SERVICES
The paediatric nephrology unit shall provide the following:
2.1 Tertiary care for all children and adolescents up to 18 years
of age with kidney and related diseases which consist of the
following:
a. In-patient care
b. Ambulatory and Out-patient Care
c. Renal transplantation
d. Acute dialysis
e. Chronic dialysis – haemodialysis and chronic peritoneal
dialysis
f. Consultations by telephones, fax etc.
2.2 Advocacy role for issues related to kidney health and kidney
disease in children.
2.3 Training of medical officers and nurses/ paramedics in basic

aspects of paediatric nephrology.
2.4 Training of paediatric nephrologists.
2.5 Research
3. COMPONENTS
The service components in paediatric nephrology comprise the
following :-
3.1 Clinics
3.2 In-patient wards
3.3 Peritoneal dialysis unit
37
3.4 Hemodialysis unit
3.5 Transplant unit
4. ORGANISATION
4.1 The unit shall be headed by a unit head.
4.2 The number of consultant paediatric nephrologists will depend

on need and availability of personnel. Ideally a unit should have
at least 3 consultants.
4.3 The medical officers in the unit will be from the common pool
in the paediatric department with some posted from various
institutions for further paediatric nephrology training. The number
of medical officers in the unit will depend on the availability of
medical officers as well as the norm set by the Ministry of Health
on specialist to medical officer ratio.
4.4 The unit will be organized into various sections: general nephrology,
dialysis and transplant each headed by its own consultant
paediatric nephrologist in units with multiple nephrologists
38
4.5 The organizational chart is as follows:
Head of Paediatric Department
Paediatric Nephrology Unit Head
Nephrologist Nephrologist Nephrologist

i/c General Sister/s
i/c dialysis i/c transplantion
nephrology In-Charge
units
Paediatric Nephrology Ward

and General Dialysia Unit Nurses
Paediatric Nephrology trainees
Medical Officers
39
5. OPERATIONAL POLICIES
5.1 Admission and discharge policies
a. Admission to paediatric nephrology unit can be:
• Direct referrals from other hospitals
• Transfer in from other wards
• Admission by paediatric nephrology staff from the
paediatric specialist clinic
• Accident and emergency department after consultation
with paediatric nephrologist
b. Registration of admissions – refer to department policies.
c. Discharge - For general nephrology patients, refer to
department general care plan.
5.2 Clinics
a. Medical officers shall assist in seeing patients in the general
nephrology clinics. They are encouraged to discuss all cases
seen with the specialist.
b. HD, PD and transplant patients shall be seen by the specialists.
A medical officer may see these patients under the direct
supervision of the specialist.
c. All investigation results shall be reviewed within a week after
receipt of the results and action taken if necessary. This may
include recall of the patients for clinical review or repeat
of laboratory tests. All results should be reviewed and duly
signed and dated before they are entered into the patient
folder.
d. Observations and changes in care plan and medications
should be penned into the small booklet kept by the patient
at each clinical encounter.
e. Ensure that appointments are given before the patient goes
home.
5.2.1 For children on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (PD):

a. First PD clinic appointment - one to two week
following completion of training on PD.
b. At one month - test for PET/Kt/V and creatinine
clearance.
c. Subsequent clinic visits 4 – 8 weekly depending on
patient’s condition.
40
d. Problems in between – walk-in to PD room staffed by a

PD nurse from 7 am to 9 pm.
e. Indenting of consumables – as per unit/pharmacy
policy.
f. Erythropoietin – collected during clinic visits to be
transported at 4oC i.e. placed in container with ice.
g. The PD clinic shall be assisted by a PD nurse.
5.2.2 Hemodialysis (HD) patients

a. These patients may be seen during their HD sessions or
in a separate dialysis clinics.
5.2.3 Transplant patients

a. New transplant patients shall be seen at least three
times per week in the outpatient clinic for first 6 weeks,
biweekly for next 6 weeks, weekly clinic visit from month
4-6 post transplant, fortnightly clinic visit from month 7-9
post transplant, 3-4 weekly clinic visit from month 10-12
post transplant, then 1-3 monthly thereafter.
b. Efforts shall be made to review patients within the same
day or the next day of the blood tests being carried out.
c. Transplant recipients who develop acute medical
problems shall be advised to contact the transplant
clinic staff to arrange for review by the transplant/
nephrology team.
5.3 Referrals
a. Referrals to paediatric nephrology unit
• Outpatient elective referral – only with referral letter from
medical practitioners and depending on the case mix,
the clinics are as follows:
(i) General Nephrology Clinic
(ii) Urology-Nephrology Combined Clinics
(iii) Transplant Clinic
(iv) Dialysis C linics
• All new cases shall be seen within 6 weeks of referral.
• Elective in-patient referral – to be seen within one
working day
• Emergency referrals from within the hospital area ccepted
41
and seen as soon as possible by paediatric nephrology

Medical Officer On-Call who will then consult the paediatric
nephrology specialist on call
b. Referrals to other units/hospitals Refer to department
policies and procedures.
c. Transition of care to adult nephrology units
• To ease transition of care from the paediatric unit to the
adult unit, ideally the patient should be introduced
to the adult nephrologist before he/she is formally
transferred to the adult unit if possible.
• The patient should be stable at the time of transfer.
• A letter of referral is to be given together with relevant
copies of laboratory results and X-rays.
5.4 Peritoneal dialysis (PD) unit

The PD unit should serve the following functions:-
a. Training of new PD patients and/or their assistants on PD treatment
b. Facilitate long term treatment requirements including regular
issuance of PD prescription and changing of transfer sets.
c. Provide facilities for outpatients or inpatients to carry out their
regular PD exchanges when they require services in the unit e.g.
attending outpatient clinic follow up or undergoing investigations/
treatment in nephrology or other departments in the hospital.
d. Obtain results/particulars and maintain records on matters and
activities related to PD e.g. culture & sensitivity results from exit site
and PD fluids, peritoneal equilibration test (PET), daily PD treatment
records, complications (peritonitis, exit site infection, catheter
malfunction, catheter leaks etc) and treatment outcome records
related to PD patients
e. Provide counseling service and retraining to prospective, new or
regular patients
f. Assist the ward staff in the management of PD patients admitted
to the ward. It is preferred that a PD patient requiring admission
to be warded in the nephrology wards to facilitate PD exchange
procedures.
g. Provide relevant data of PD related activities to the National
Transplant And Dialysis Registry
42
5.5 Hemodialysis unit

This unit shall provide long term dialysis treatment to patients with end
stage renal failure as well as short term dialysis treatment to children
with acute renal failure. Ideally children should be dialysed in paediatric
hemodialysis units. However, in many paediatric nephrology units, the
very small number of children on hemodialysis is unable to sustain a
separate paediatric hemodialysis unit. These children should be cared
for by staff in an adult hemodialysis unit familiar with the special needs of
children.
a. All patients should be screened for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and

HIV infection on admission in the haemodialysis unit and at least
every 6 months.
b. The haemodialysis unit should follow the policies and practices

which include:
• Haemodialysis staff should wear disposable gloves when
caring for patient or touching the patient’s equipment at the
dialysis station
• Items taken into the dialysis station should either be disposed
of, dedicated for use only on a single patient or disinfected
before taken to a common clean area or use on another
patient
• Common medication carts to deliver medications should not
be used in the unit
• Clean area should be clearly designated for preparation,
handling and storage of medications and unused supplies
and equipment
• External venous and arterial pressure transducer filter
protectors should be used for each patient
• Dialysis stations should be cleaned and disinfected between
patients
c. Patients with positive Hepatitis BsAg should be dialysed

separately with separate reuse facilities.
d. Patients with positive Hepatitis C Antibody should be dialysed

separately with separate reuse facilities.
43
e. The water used for haemodialysis should be treated to achieve

standards set by AAMI or equivalent. Regular tests of the quality of
water should be carried out.
f. Should dialysers be re-used, a separate area for the re-processing

of dialysers shall be provided with automated re-processors with
pressure check and total cell volume measurement.
5.6 Renal Transplantation - Policy on Donor And Recipient

Renal transplantation should be carried out using a kidney from a
suitable deceased donor or a live kidney donor. The practice and ethics
of transplantation shall be guided by the the latest national policies on
organ, tissue and cell transplantation.
a. Deceased donor kidney transplantation.

In line with general consensus and published criteria, kidneys from
deceased donors younger than 18 years will be given to patients
who are less than 18 years of age at the time of the availability of
the deceased donor kidney. Hence a separate paediatric waiting
list will be maintained and will include all dialysis patients who are
less than 18 years of age at the time the waiting list is updated.
Each centre shall be responsible for maintaining its own transplant
waiting list.
b. Definition of a Live Related Kidney Donor

A live related potential kidney donor can be one of the following:
• Live Genetically Related Donor

Live related donor implies a blood (genetically) related living
family member that donates an organ. This means either a
mother, father, sister, brother, half brother, half sister, uncle, aunt,
niece, nephew and first cousin of the patient (organ recipient).
Other related donors should receive prior approval from the
Unrelated Transplant Approval Committee (UTAC).
• Live Emotionally Related Donor
The emotional relationship is only meant to involve a legally
registered spouse donating a kidney to the partner, or legally
adopted parents, or siblings.
44
• Live Unrelated Donor

Potential Donors who are not genetically nor emotionally
related to the potential recipient. There is as yet no general
acceptance of this type of donor for kidney transplantation in
Malaysia.
c. The work-up of potential live donors, and recipients shall follow
the guidelines as published in the latest Renal Replacement
Guidelines of the Ministry of Health.
5.7 Documentation of clinical notes.

Refer to department policies and procedures.
Data on new patients and any outcome and annual returns to be
submitted for all dialysis and transplant patients to National Renal Registry.
Ensure dialysis patients are counseled and placed on transplant waiting
list.
5.8 Training and Continuing Medical Education

a. Paediatric nephrology training
Please refer to document on training of paediatric nephrologist
b. Medical officers
This will be in the form of active clinical work in all areas of
paediatric nephrology and case discussions, weekly tutorials
and teaching rounds. At the end of the 3-4 month rotation, the MO
should be able to manage general nephrology problems and
advise patients and parents on options in renal transplantation.
c. Nurses
This will be on-the-job training. Ideally all nurses in paediatric
nephrology unit should have undergone post-basic paediatric
and renal nursing course.
Continued nursing education is encouraged.
5.9 Call duties

The Paediatric nephrology unit may have a medical officer and specialist
on call every day to care for all paediatric nephrology in-patients as well
as referrals. In smaller units without a separate paediatric nephrology
medical officer on-call, the medical officer on-call for general paediatrics
is also responsible for the care of paediatric nephrology patients during
on-call hours.
45
a. Duties of paediatric nephrology medical officer on call

• To be available and contactable throughout the whole
duration that she/he is on-call.
• Evening rounds on working weekdays, morning and evening
rounds on Sundays and public holidays.
• To carry out urgent investigations as required.
• To see all urgent referrals and new admissions.
• To accept referrals from other hospitals after discussion with
the nephrology specialist on call.
b. Duties of the paediatric nephrology specialist on call

• To be contactable at all times for consultation by the medical
officer on call.
• To accept consultations or referrals from other hospitals.
• To be ever ready to accept deceased donor kidneys at
any time.
46
PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVES
General Objective:-
To provide a holistic and optimum care for children with neurological
disorders including neuro-rehabilitation services through a team of
dedicated personnel with appropriate equipments, adequate treatment
facilities, and an excellent organization system and network.
Specific Objective:-
1.1 To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services that are
appropriate, effective, efficient and in a timely manner to children
with neurological disorders.
1.2 To provide adequate and continuous training, and continuous

motivation for its personnel.
1.3 To promote good rapport among personnel, patients, family and

the community.
1.4 To cultivate and strengthen the positive attitudes towards learning

and knowledge, quality assurance and community participation.
1.5 To conduct good quality research in paediatric neurology.
The Paediatric Neurology unit shall provide the following services:
2.1 Secondary and tertiary outpatient and inpatient care for
children with neurological disorders.
2.2 A full range of paediatric neurophysiological services such as

routine and video EEG, EMG, nerve conduction study, VEP, BAER,
and SSEP.
2.3 Day care treatment for patients who do not warrant admission
for skin biopsy, muscle biopsy and intramuscular botulinum toxin
injection.
2.4 Counselling on paediatric neurology cases.
47
2.5 Training of doctors, nursing staff and other allied health

professionals in paediatric neurology and neurorehabilitation.
2.6 To play an advocacy role for issues related to paediatric

neurology and neurodisabilities.
2.7 To provide professional input or participate in support groups for

chronic paediatric neurological diseases such as the Malaysian
Epilepsy Society, Malaysian Dyslexia Society, Autistic and
Association for Spastic Children, Muscular Dystrophy Association
and etc.
2.8 To conduct research in paediatric neurology.
3. COMPONENTS
The following are the components of Paediatric Neurology services.
3.1 Ward
The Paediatric Neurology in-patient services may be provided in
a dedicated paediatric neurology ward or within a designated
general paediatric ward or part of a paediatric neuroscience
ward together with other related discipline such as paediatric
neurosurgery.
3.2 Clinics
The Paediatric Neurology outpatient services are conducted
at the general paediatric specialist clinic complex. Some of
the combined clinic sessions such as combined Neuro-Nephro
clinic, combined cerebral palsy multidisciplinary clinic may be
conducted elsewhere in the hospital.
3.3 Day Care Centre

Some day care treatment or procedure may be conducted at the
day care centre.
3.4 Paediatric Neurophysiology Laboratory

This facility provide a full range of paediatric neurophysiological
services such as routine and video EEG, EMG, nerve conduction
study, VEP, BAER and SSEP.
48
4. ORGANIZATION
The unit shall be headed by a consultant paediatric neurologist appointed
by the Ministry Of Health.
Organization Chart of Paediatric Neurology Unit
Head of Paediatric Department
Matron Assistant Medical

Head of Paediatric Neurology Unit
Officer in-Charge
Nursing Sister
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist Assistant Medical
Officers
(Neurophysiology)
Paediatric Neurology Clinical Fellow
Staff Nurses
Medical Officers
(in rotation)
All the services will be provided during office hours. In-patient after office
hour services will be provided by the on-call team of medical officers
and specialist. Tele-consultation services is provided by the consultant
paediatric neurologist (or on a rotation basis if there are more than one
consultant paediatric neurologist) as and when required.
a. General – As for General Paediatric Services
b. Specific: Paediatric Neurology
Component 1 : Ward
5.1 Admission Policies
Admission to the Paediatric Neurology ward can be from:-
a. The general paediatric outpatient clinic at the hospital.
b. The paediatric neurology clinic.
c. The accident and emergency department
d. Direct referrals from other hospitals or wards.
49
The Paediatric Neurology ward shall receive admission everyday

during the office hours. If after office hours, admission will be to the
designated general paediatric ward.
5.2 Referrals
Referral to the Paediatric Neurology unit
a. In general, referrals can come from any medical
practitioners.
b. The unit specialist and doctors will arrange to see the
patients in the Paediatric Neurology clinic on a scheduled
appointment.
c. Emergency cases shall be seen at the Emergency
Department and admitted to the paediatric ward if
necessary.
d. Direct admission shall be arranged directly with the unit
specialist.
e. The patient, after treatment either as an outpatient
or inpatient, may be referred back to the referring
doctor for follow-up. A reply letter and / or a small note
book (to be kept by the parents) to the referring doctor
should be provided, with the necessary information and
management plan to enable the referring doctors to
continue subsequent management of the patient.
f. For children with epilepsy, an epilepsy diary should be
given to the parent.
5.3 Documentation of clinical notes

a. The Paediatric Neurology unit’s specialist should ensure
that all doctors in the unit make accurate, comprehensive
and legible documentation of clinical notes.
Documentation shall include:

• Treatment given
• Procedures undertaken and reasons

50
b. Communication with the patient, his relatives, other

doctors, other authorities, etc should also be properly
documented.
c. Case summaries shall be completed and case notes

despatched to the Medical Records Department within 3
working days from the day of discharge.
d. Medical reports shall be prepared and despatched to the

Medical Records Department within 30 days from the date
of request. For cases where the medical officer treating
the patient is not available, another medical officer in the
Component 2 and 3 : Clinics and Day Care Treatment

Upon receiving referrals from private clinics / hospital, health care centre or other
hospitals, an appointment at the Paediatric Neurology clinic will be scheduled.
On the day of appointment, patients will be advised to register themselves at the
registration counter of the Paediatric Specialist Clinic. An out-patient card will be
given and a waiting number to the appropriate room will be provided.
51
Component 4: Paediatric Neurophysiology Services

The operational policy of the services.
Flow Chart of Neurophysiology Work Process
Receive neurophysiology test

request form Neurofisiologi
Give appointment, explain

and advise on necessary
patient’s preparation for
the test / procedure
Patient arrive on
appointment date
Explain the test procedure

to the patient / parents
Prepare patient for the test
Test ?
EEG/ Video EEG NCV

BAEP / VEP EMG
Test completed
Test analyzed and reported by the doctor
Test result recorded and archived
Test report despatched
6. WHOLE HOSPITAL & DEPARTMENTAL POLICY

Relevant aspects of the Paediatric Department Policy and Whole Hospital
Policies shall be complied with.
52
PAEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY UNIT POLICIES

1. Objectives
Same as the Paediatric Department

The Paediatric Cardiology Unit shall provide the following:
2.1 In-patient care
2.2 Out-patient care
2.3 Non-invasive cardiac investigations such as transthoracic &

transesophageal echocardiography, Holter test, ambulatory BP
monitoring and stress ECG
2.4 Invasive cardiac procedures such as diagnostic cardiac

catheterization, interventional procedures (balloon atrial
septostomy, device closure, vessels stenting, valvuloplasty,
angioplasty, coil embolization) and transvenous temporary
pacemaker implantation, pericardiocentesis
2.5 Counseling on cardiovascular disease
2.6 Pre and post- operative cardiac assessment for closed and open
heart surgery for simple congenital heart diseases (PDA ligation,
coarctation repair, BT shunt, ASD and VSD closure, TOF repair,
bidirectional Glenn shunt)
2.7 Advocacy role for issues related to congenital and acquired heart
disease
2.8 Training of doctors and nurses on general paediatric cardiology
2.9 Research
3. COMPONENTS / LOCATION
3.1 Paediatric Cardiology Ward and Adult / Cardiothoracic Ward for
adults with congenital heart problems for inpatient care
53
3.2 Paediatric ICU for paediatric cardiac patients who require

intensive care
3.3 Cardiothoracic ICU (CICU) for care of post-cardiac surgery

patients
3.4 Neonatal ICU (NICU) and Special Care Nursery (SCN) for neonates
born with heart problems
3.5 Non-invasive Cardiac Laboratory (NICL) at Cardiac Unit for non-

invasive cardiac investigations
3.6 Invasive Cardiac Laboratory (ICL) at OT Complexes for invasive

cardiac procedures
3.7 Paediatric Cardiac Clinic at Cardiac Unit for outpatient service
4. ORGANISATION
The unit is headed by a consultant paediatric cardiologist, with one or
two other cardiologists and supported by 1-2 Medical Officers and 2
cardiac technicians.
a. Admission to the Paediatric Cardiology Ward can be from:
• Active paediatric clinic
• Paediatric Cardiology Clinic
• Paediatric ECHO Clinic
• Transfer-in from other wards
• Direct referrals from other hospitals
b. Receive admission everyday
c. Registration of admission - please refer Department Policies
d. Discharge - please refer to the Department General Care

Plan
e. Follow-up: Upon discharge, patient shall be given

cardiac or ECHO clinic appointment date
54
5.2 Referrals
Referrals to the Paediatric Cardiology Unit :-
a. Outpatient elective referrals shall be with referral letter

from medical practitioners. The clinic schedules will vary
in different hospitals.
b. In-patient referrals shall be direct consultation with the

Paediatric Cardiology Specialist / trainee, Medical Officer,
or cardiac nurse for appointment.
c. Emergency referrals from within hospital shall be direct

consultation with Paediatric Cardiology Specialist/ trainee
and be seen as soon as possible or within 24 hours.
d. Emergency referrals from outside hospital shall be direct

consultation with the Paediatric Cardiology Specialist /
trainee.
e. Referrals to other units/hospitals: Refer to department

policies and procedures.
f. Referrals to National Heart Institute or other cardiac centres:

For patients who need further cardiac catheterization or
cardiac surgery, a referral letter shall be given together
with relevant copies of ECG and CXR.
5.3 Out-patient care policies

a. Receive referrals from active general paediatric clinic,
other subspecialty clinics, day-care, in-patients, health
care centres, school health clinics, private clinics and
other hospitals.
b. Patients for ECHO examination shall be registered and

admitted to the Day Care Unit for sedation when required.
c. Staggered-time appointment system for outpatient

clinics.
55
5.4 Documentation of medical records

a. Refer to department policies and procedures.
b. All ECHO reports, cardiac catheterisation angiograms

and reports shall be systematically documented, filed or
archived.
5.5 Training
a. Paediatric Cardiology Training
b. Department CME activities
6. WHOLE HOSPITAL & DEPARTMENTAL POLICIES

Relevant aspects of the Paediatric Department Policies and Whole
Hospital Policies shall be complied with.
56
PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVE
To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services that is
appropriate, effective and comfortable to children with malignancies
and serious blood disorders.
2. SCOPE OF SERVICE
2.1 Provision of facilities for the assessment, diagnosis, treatment,
nursing and rehabilitation of children with malignancies and
serious blood disorders.
2.2 Provision of counseling and health education to children, parents

and guardians in an atmosphere which is child and family-
friendly.
2.3 Provision of facilities for practical training of paramedics, medical

students and post-graduates as well as in-service training for staff.
2.4 Provision of 24 hours service.
3. ORGANISATION
A Consultant Paediatric Haematologist-Oncologist shall be in charge of
the unit at any one time and shall be assisted by the other Paediatric
Haematologist-Oncologists, Specialists, Medical Officers, the ward Sister
and staff nurses. The ward Sister in charge shall be responsible for the day-
to-day management of the ward.
4. POLICY DESCRIPTION
4.1 For ordinary admissions, patients shall be registered through the
admission room. In-patients from other wards may be transferred
to the oncology ward upon discussion and approval from the
Paediatric oncologist. Elective admissions are planned by the
consultant in charge taking into consideration the specific
chemotherapeutic schedule and ward capacity.
4.2 All ill patients from the Emergency Department or other hospitals
may be directly admitted to the ward and registration done later.
In such cases the Emergency Department and referring hospital
57
must inform the ward consultants to discuss the case and the ward
staff informed of the approximate time of arrival so that appropriate
preparation to receive the patient could be arranged.
4.3 Arrival of patient in the ward. Patients shall be assessed by the staff
nurse on arrival in the ward and reviewed by the doctor as soon as
possible. Ill cases must be attended to immediately on arrival and
placed in the acute bay. Stable patients and their accompanying
parents should be seated while a bed is being identified for
them. Patient particulars are entered into the admission book
by the ward clerk/nurse and a file opened for clerking. All stable
new patients shall be seen by a medical officer within one hour
of admission and by the specialist within 24 hours of admission.
Decision for discharge shall only be made by the specialist.
4.4 Assessment and Patient Care. On arrival, the staff nurse shall
proceed with the initial assessment by taking the temperature,
blood pressure, height and body weight. All of this information
must be recorded in the temperature chart by the bedside. The
medical officer shall then interview the patient accompanied
by their parent before proceeding to perform the physical
examination. Blood and other investigations are then ordered
and samples dispatched as soon as possible. Drug prescriptions
are entered into the inpatient prescription order sheet and STAT
doses informed immediately to the staff nurse. The staff nurse will
indent the required drugs from the pharmacy. The necessary
health information at this point will be relayed to the patients and
caregivers.
4.5 The patient and legal custodian shall be orientated on the facilities
available in the ward e.g. toilet facilities, washing machine, drier
etc. They shall be made aware of the rules and regulations of the
hospital (e.g. no smoking within the hospital premise, prohibition
of hand phone use, visiting hours, etc.)
4.6 The Child Friendly Policy shall be in practice. The guideline drawn
up by the ‘Persatuan Kesihatan Mesra Kanak-kanak Malaysia
(PKMK)’ shall be referred to whenever possible.
58
4.7 The “Tata Etika Pemasaran Makanan Bayi dan Produk Berkaitan
2008,” shall be in practice. Formula Milk shall only be supplied
upon request in writing and verified by the sister concerned.
4.8 All ill cases shall be placed in the isolation rooms nearest to the
nurse’s station.
4.9 Inter-ward transfer and discharges, including deaths of patients

shall be updated in the computer under the SPPD.
4.10 All treatment ordered for the patient shall be recorded and signed
legibly in the patient’s case notes.
4.11 All procedures shall be carried out in the treatment room as far
as possible. Procedures done elsewhere shall be arranged to
minimize cross infection whilst maintaining privacy.
4.12 Drugs prescribed to hospital patients shall be in accordance

to the approved list of drugs of Ministry of Health. Drugs outside
the Ministry of Health ‘Blue Book Formulary’ shall be used on the
discretion of the Consultant Paediatric Oncologist and approval
sought from the Director General of Health in a timely manner.
4.13 All chemotherapy drugs shall only be prescribed by the

specialist.
4.14 A master chemotherapy schedule record for every individual

patient shall be drawn up in a special A3 yellow chemotherapy
card. This card shall be made available for confirmation of the
chemotherapy plan, dose of drugs to be given and brief summary
of the patient’s initial presentation and progress.
4.15 The legal custodian of dangerously ill patient shall be informed

immediately of the patient’s condition. If they are not around, they
shall be informed by phone (if a telephone number is available)
or via the hospital police counter to enlist the help of the police in
locating them.
4.16 The police shall be informed, through the hospital police counter,
of any patients found missing, after all efforts to trace the patient
in the ward and the Institute grounds has failed.
59
4.17 The legal custodian wishing to take patients against medical

advice may do so in writing.
4.18 The ward shall maintain an incident monitoring record and

notify the Consultant and Head of Department of any untoward
incidents occurring in the ward.
4.19 All notifiable diseases shall be notified to the Health Office through
the Medical Records Department within 24 hours.
4.20 No leave of absence shall be granted to patients except in certain

circumstances. AOR leave may be granted to the patient by the
specialist.
4.21 The ward shall maintain a record of all inpatients.
4.22 A daily midnight census of patients shall be carried out.
4.23 The ward staff shall be responsible for moving patients within the
department as well as to other departments.
4.24 Patients shall be transported on mobile beds (cots, bassinets,

cribs), wheelchairs or trolleys. Ambulant patients may be escorted
on foot.
4.25 Consent shall be obtained from the legal custodian prior to

carrying out operative procedure. In case of an emergency and
after all efforts to trace relatives and next of kin have failed, the
Hospital Director and the Head of Department shall authorize for
the procedure to be carried out.
4.26 An emergency trolley shall be made available at all times. The

contents of the trolley shall be checked every shift and replenished
accordingly.
4.27 Cases requiring surgery in the Operation Theatre shall abide by

the policies of the Operation Theatre.
60
4.28 The ward staff shall be responsible for transferring the patient from
the bed to the trolley and to the operation theatre (OT) and vice
versa to ensure patient’s safety.
4.29 Both patient and one guardian shall be supplied with four main
meals. Dietary guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health shall
be followed.
4.30 Patients’ diet shall be indented “on-line” through the SPPD when
this facility becomes available. Otherwise the staff nurse in-charge
will indent the diet using ‘Ward Diet Form (Med 33)’.
4.31 Patient’s meals shall be brought to the wards in bulk trolleys and
plated at the ward pantry by the nursing staff.
4.32 Discharges should be done on a planned basis as far as possible.

The doctor shall notify the legal custodian of the patient’s
impending discharge a day in advance. Discharges should be
done before noon to enable the patient to reach home as early
as possible.
4.33 All patients shall be discharged to the legal custodian with written
acknowledgement.
4.34 The legal custodian shall be informed of patient’s death in the

ward or via the hospital police counter if necessary. The deceased
shall be sent to the mortuary at the end of an hour for release to
the next of kin or for postmortem.
4.35 Mortuary attendants shall transport any patients who die in the
hospital to the mortuary.
4.36 On discharge, a summary shall be done and patient’s record

returned to the Medical Records Department within 72 hours.
4.37 Patients shall be charged according to Fees (Medical) Order

1982.
61
4.38 One parent or an adult guardian shall be allowed to accompany

children in Paediatric Ward at night. Beds shall be provided for
their night stay. Fathers shall be accommodated in the father’s
room whenever possible.
4.39 Security measures for patients shall be observed at all times

by ward staff.
4.40 All the Quality Assurance Programmes of Ministry of Health shall

be carried out accordingly.
4.41 Relevant aspects of the Whole Hospital Policies and Paediatric

Department Policies shall be complied with.
4.42 The following guidelines and protocols shall be in practice:

a. Manual Kualiti - Arahan Kerja untuk Pentadbiran
Kejururawatan
b. General Policies and Guidelines of The Paediatric
Department
c. ‘Garispanduan Prosedur Wad’
d. “Manual Prosedur Kerja” (MPK)
e. Paediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines
f. Nursing Guideline for Paediatric Oncology and BMT
Ward
g. General Guidelines for the Paediatric Oncology Ward

Relevant aspects of the Paediatric Department General Policies and
Whole Hospital Policies shall be complied with.
62
PAEDIATRIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT

UNIT POLICIES
1. OBJECTIVE
To perform pediatric haemopoietic stem cell transplantation and related
procedures.
2. SCOPE OF SERVICE
nursing and rehabilitation of children requiring bone marrow
transplant.
2.3 Provision of counseling and health education to children, parents

and guardians in an atmosphere which is child and family-friendly.
3. ORGANISATION
A Consultant Paediatric Haematologist-Oncologist trained in Paediatric
Haemopoietic Cell Transplantation shall be in charge of the unit at
any time and shall be assisted by the other Paediatric Haematologist-
Oncologists, Specialists, Medical Officers, the ward Sister and staff
nurses. The ward Sister in charge shall be responsible for the day-to-day
management in the ward.
4.1 Patients shall be admitted directly from home or transferred
out from the Paediatric oncology ward. Elective admissions are
planned by the consultant in charge and priority cases are
discussed with the other Paediatric Haematologist-Oncologists.
4.2 Patients shall be assessed by the staff nurse on arrival in the ward
and reviewed by the doctor as soon as possible. Pre-transplant
assessment in the majority of cases would have been completed
prior to admission to the BMT ward. All new patients shall be seen
by a specialist within 24 hours of admission. Decision for discharge
shall only be made by the specialist.
63
4.3 The patient and legal custodian shall be orientated on the facilities
available in the ward e.g. toilet facilities, washing machine, drier
etc. They shall be made aware of the rules and regulations of the
hospital e.g. no smoking within the hospital premise, no hand
phone, visiting hours etc.
4.4 The Child Friendly Policy shall be in practice. The guideline drawn
up by the ‘Persatuan Kesihatan Mesra Kanak-kanak Malaysia
(PKMK)’ shall be referred to whenever possible.
4.5 Etika Produk Susu Formula Bayi KKM 1995” shall be in practice.
Formula Milk shall only be supplied upon request in writing and
verified by the sister concerned.
4.6 All ill cases shall be placed in the isolation rooms nearest to the
nurse’s station.
4.7 Inter-ward transfer and discharges, including deaths of patients

4.9 All procedures shall be carried out in the isolation room itself as far
as possible. Procedures requiring the patients to leave the rooms
shall be arranged to minimize exposure to other patients and to
minimize cross infection.
4.10 Drugs prescribed to hospital patients shall be in accordance to

the approved list of drugs of Ministry of Health.
4.11 The legal custodian of dangerously ill patient shall be informed

immediately of the patient’s condition. If they are not around, they
shall be informed by phone (if a telephone number is available)
or via the hospital police counter to enlist the help of the police in
locating them.
4.12 The police shall be informed, through the hospital police counter,
of any patients found missing, after all efforts to trace the patient
in the ward and the Institute grounds has failed.
64

advice may do so in writing.
4.14 The ward shall maintain an incident monitoring record and

notify the Consultant and Head of Department of any untoward
incidents occurring in the ward.
the Medical Records Department within 24 hours.
4.16 No leave of absence shall be granted to patients except in certain

circumstances. AOR leave may be granted to the patient by the
specialist.
4.19 The ward staff shall be responsible for moving patients within the
department as well as to other departments.
4.20 Patients shall be transported on mobile beds. (cots, bassinets,

cribs), wheelchairs or trolleys. Ambulant patients may be escorted
on foot.


accordingly.

the policies of the Operation Theatre.
65
4.24 The ward staff shall be responsible for transferring the patient from
the bed to the trolley and to the operation theatre (OT) and vice
versa to ensure patient’s safety.
4.25 Both patient and one guardian shall be supplied with four main
meals. Dietary guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health shall
be followed.
4.26 Patient’s diet shall be indented “on-line” through the SPPD when this
facility becomes available. Otherwise the Staff Nurse In-Charge
will indent the diet using ‘Ward Diet Form (Med 33)’.
4.27 Patient’s meals shall be brought to the wards in bulk trolleys and
plated at the ward pantry by the nursing staff.
4.28 Discharges should be done on a planned basis as far as possible.

The doctor shall notify the legal custodian of the patient’s
impending discharge a day in advance. Discharges should be
done before noon to enable the patient to reach home as early
as possible.
4.29 All patients shall be discharged to the legal custodian with written
acknowledgement.

4.32 On discharge, a summary shall be done and patient’s record

returned to the Medical Records Department within 72 hours.
4.33 Patients shall be charged according to Fees (Medical) Order

1982.
66
4.34 One parent or an adult guardian shall be allowed to accompany

children in paediatric ward at night. Beds shall be provided for
their night stay. Fathers shall be accommodated in the father’s
room whenever possible.
4.35 Security measures for patients shall be observed at all times by

ward staff.
4.36 All the Quality Assurance Programmes of MOH shall be carried out
accordingly.
4.37 Relevant aspects of the Whole Hospital Policies and Paediatric

Department Policies shall be complied with.
4.38 The following guidelines and protocols shall be in practice :-

a. ‘Panduan Tatacara Perawatan Pediatrik’
b. Manual Kualiti - Arahan Kerja untuk Pentadbiran
Kejururawatan.
c. The Paediatric Department, General policies and guidelines.
d. Bone Marrow Transplant Protocol - Guidelines to Medical,
Nursing and Laboratory Staff. 1st Edition July 1994 with
addendums.
e. ‘Garispanduan Prosedur Wad’
f. `Manual Prosedur Kerja” (MPK)
g. Paediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines
h. Nursing Guideline for the Paediatric BMT ward
i. General Guidelines for the Paediatric Oncology Ward

67
PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVES
1.1 To provide a high standard and quality of clinical care based
on evidence-based medicine in keeping with other centres
worldwide.
1.2 To provide an individualised and comprehensive care for patient

and his/her family.
1.3 To become the referral centre for paediatric respiratory cases

requiring evaluation and assessment by key opinion leaders in
paediatric respiratory for all sectors.
1.4 To conduct continuous medical education programmes and

research for professional development in paediatric respiratory
medicine.
1.5 To organise training in paediatric respiratory medicine for medical

officers and paediatricians undergoing sub-specialization.
1.6 To create a conducive environment for children and families

through Child-Friendly Hospital concept.
The scope of services includes:
2.1 In-patient
a. Assessment, diagnosis, treatment, nursing and rehabilitation
of children with respiratory disorders
b. Counseling and health education to children, parents and
guardians in an atmosphere which is child and family-
friendly.
c. Provision of 24 hours service.
2.2 Out-patient
a. Paediatric respiratory clinics
b. Paediatric sleep clinic
68
2.3 Paediatric daycare services
2.4 Procedures
a. Flexible Bronchoscopy
b. Lung Function Testing
c. Polysomnography
d. 24 hours Esophageal pH monitoring
e. 18 hours pulse oxymeter monitoring
f. Six minute walk test
g. NIOX measurements
2.5 Community services

a. Home Oxygen Therapy Programme
b. Home ventilation programme
c. Non-invasive ventilation programme for Obstructive sleep
apnoea.
2.6 Training
a. Provision of facilities for practical training of paramedics,
medical students and post-graduates as well as in-service
training for staff.
b. To introduce new services while consolidating currently
available services and to further expand and develop the
specialty of paediatric respiratory medicine.
c. To ensure the level of knowledge and skill of paediatric
respiratory personnel continue to expand and improve by
setting up the goal of training at unit level.
d. Attendance of all doctors in all CME programs run by the
unit should be more than 80%.
e. Parents/Patients Education :-
• Asthma education
• Tracheostomy care
• Ventilator, oxygen therapy, perfusor feeding
• Basic life support
3. COMPONENTS OF UNIT
3.1 Ward for Respiratory patients
3.2 Specialist Clinics
69
3.3 Daycare for patients
3.4 OT for performing Bronchoscopy
3.5 Laboratory or room for performing complete Lung

Function Test
3.6 Room or laboratory for performing polysomnography
3.7 Space to perform six-minute walk test
4. ORGANISATION
A Consultant Paediatric Respiratory Physician shall be in charge of
the unit at any one time and shall be assisted by the other Paediatric
Respiratory Physician, Clinical Specialists, Paediatrician undergoing
clinical respiratory training, Medical Officers, the ward Sister and staff
nurses. The ward Sister in charge shall be responsible for the day today
management of the ward.
5.1 Respiratory in-patients
Admission to paediatric respiratory unit can be :-
a. Direct referrals from other hospitals after consultation with
the Paediatric Respiratory Physician
b. Transfer in from other wards
c. Admission by Paediatric Respiratory staff from the
Paediatric specialist clinic
d. Accident and emergency department after consultation
with Paediatric Respiratory Physician
e. Walk in patients to respiratory ward for designated cases
such on home oxygen therapy, home ventilation or high
risk cases
f. Old cases requiring acute treatment would be directly
admitted to the ward during normal office hours or to the
active ward after office hours or they may be admitted
from the Accident and Emergency Department
g. On admission all cases shall be seen by the medical officer
on admission within an hour and by the specialist within 24
hours. However for ill cases shall be seen immediately
70
h. Ill but stable patient will be placed in the acute cubicle

for closed observations. However unstable patients will
be managed in High Dependency Unit or to intensive
care if they require ventilation. All treatment ordered for
the patient shall be recorded and signed legibly in the
patient’s case notes
i. All procedures shall be carried out in the treatment room
as far as possible. Procedures done elsewhere shall be
arranged to minimize cross infection whilst maintaining
privacy. All treatment ordered for the patient shall be
recorded and signed legibly in the patient’s case notes
j. Drugs prescribed to hospital patients shall be in
accordance to the approved list of drugs of Ministry of
Health. Drugs outside the Ministry of Health ‘Blue Book”
formulary shall be used on the discretion of the Consultant
Paediatric Respiratory Physician and approval From the
Director General of Health Malaysia
k. Decision of discharge shall be made by the Paediatric
Respiratory Physician or specialist after consultation with
the Paediatric Respiratory Physician
l. All cases for discharge will be given a small book specifying
the diagnosis, treatment given and clinic appointment
m. Parents or Caregivers will be informed of the diagnosis
and plan of management. They would also be taught
early symptoms and signs of the disease and the initial
steps that must be undertaken before bringing them to the
hospital
n. Parents will be taught about care of the patients.
5.2. Respiratory out-patients

a. All clinic cases shall be seen in the respiratory clinic at the
Specialist Clinic according to the appointments given
b. Patients requiring home oxygen therapy or serious cases
or home ventilation requiring follow-up within 2 weeks
of discharge shall be seen at the Day care facility or
designated clinic
c. Patients requiring Home Oxygen Therapy shall be prepared
according to the ‘Home Oxygen Protocol’
71
d. Patients requiring home ventilation shall be prepared

according to the Home Ventilation guidelines.
5.3 Paediatric Respiratory Daycare

a. The paediatric respiratory day care services shall be
provided for cases which do not require admission.
These include cases with home oxygen and ventilation
programme for review, continuous infusion, tracheostomy
and other minor procedures.
b. Appointments will be given in the Daycare appointment
book.
c. The management of the paediatric respiratory day care
patients shall be by the Paediatric Respiratory Physician.
d. The administration of the day care unit shall be under the
responsibility of the sister in-charge supported by day care
staffs.
e. The receptionist in the Daycare shall be responsible to
inform the paediatric respiratory doctor in-charge when
the patient arrived.
f. Paediatric respiratory specialist or trainee shall review and
discharge patient after review. Discharge summary shall
be done prior discharge from day care.
g. If the case is not fit for discharge, the patient shall be
admitted to the ward for further treatment.
5.4 Procedures
a. Bronchoscopy
• Elective cases for bronchoscopy shall be done in the
Paediatric Operation Theatre or Paediatric/Neonatal
Intensive Care Unit. Patients shall be admitted to the
ward the day before. Appointments will be given
through the appointment book on Friday of the
second and fourth week. A list of cases shall be sent
to the OT and the ET department one day prior to the
bronchoscope day. The list shall be prepared and
signed by the Paediatric Respiratory Physician in
charge.
• Consent for bronchoscopy shall be obtained from the
parents by the Specialist and adequate information
regarding the procedure explained.
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• Emergency bronchoscopy shall be done at any time

necessary when the OT is available. The scope will be
preformed by the Paediatric Respiratory Physician.
For care of the upper airway, an ENT surgeon will be
present if a rigid scope is required.
b. Polysomnography
• Sleep study appointment shall be done through
the Paediatric Respiratory Physician in the sleep
appointment book. Patient must be admitted during
office hours and the study done overnight. The patient
may be discharged the next day.
• The sleep study will be reported within three days for
urgent cases and within two weeks for non-urgent
cases after the sleep study.
• A clinic appointment shall be given 4 weeks after
the sleep study. The cases must be discussed with the
Paediatric Respiratory Physician.
c. 18 hours pulse oxymeter monitoring

• All appointments are made after discussion with the
Paediatric Respiratory Physician.
• Patients will be admitted during office hour and will
spend a night in the ward.
• The technician/nurse will connect the probe to the
patient and will be monitored till the next morning. The
data will be unloading and printed. It will be reported
by the Paediatric Respiratory Physician.
• Patient will be discharged after review by the
specialist.
d. Lung function test

• Lung function test is needed for all patients with chronic
lung disease who can perform the test.
• Lung function test can be done by adhoc basis or
by appointment after discussion with the Paediatric
Respiratory Physician during office hour and clinic
day.
• The lung function test will be performed by the
technician/medical assistant.
73
• The result will be reported by the Paediatric Respiratory

Physician within 24 hours.
e. 24 hour pH monitoring
• All patients need to make appointment for the study
with the technician/medical assistant in charge
through the Paediatric Respiratory Physician or
Paediatric Gastroenterologist.
• The patient needs to be admitted in the morning for
the procedure if they are outpatients for 24 hours.
• They may be discharged the next day.
• The monitoring will be uploaded to the computer
after the completion of the study.
• Report will be make available within 24 hours. It will
be reported by a Paediatric Respiratory Physician or
Paediatric Gastroenterologist.
5.5 Community services

a. Home visit will be done by trained personnel to review and
evaluate home suitability prior to starting home oxygen
programme.
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PAEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVES
To provide a holistic and optimum care for children and adolescent with
skin diseases that are appropriate,effective and efficient.
The Paediatric Dermatology Unit shall provide the following :-
1.1 To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services that
are appropriate, effective, efficient and in a timely manner to
children with neurological disorders.
2.2 To provide adequate and continuous training, and continuous

motivation for its personnel.
2.3 To promote good rapport among personnel, patients, family

and the community.
2.4 To cultivate and strengthen the positive attitudes towards

learning and knowledge, quality assurance and community
participation.
2.5 To conduct good quality research in paediatric neurology.
3. COMPONENTS OF THE UNIT

The service components in pediatric dermatology compromise the
following:
3.1 Out-patients / Clinics
3.2 In-patients / wards
3.3 Day care for skin patients
4. ORGANIZATION
4.1 The unit shall be headed by a senior consultant pediatric
dermatologist
4.2 The number of consultant pediatric dermatologist will depend

on the need and availability of personnel with minimum of 2
consultants.
75
4.3 The medical officers in the unit will be from the general
pediatric department who comes on scheduled rotation.
The number of medical officers depend on the availability of
medical officer with minimum of one at any one time.
4.4 The unit will be organized into various subspecilality subunit:

general dermatology, genodermatoses, allergy, laser therapy
and each unit headed by own pediatric dermatology in the
unit.
4.5 The organizational chart is as follow:
Head of Pediatric department
Pediatric Dermatologist Unit head
Dermatologist Dermatologist
General/others Dermatosurgery
Pediatric Dermatologist traineers
Pediatric Dermatology ward
Medical officers
Pediatric dermatology nurses
a. Admission to the pediatric dermatology unit can be
from::-
• the paediatric dermatology clinic
• direct referrals from other hospitals or wards
• General Pediatric Clinics
• The Accident and Emergency department
b. For policies on admadmissions and discharge - refer

to departmental operational policies.
76
5.2 Outpatients
a. All pediatric dermatology patients shall be seen by the
specialist with an assisting medical officer.
b. All patients with atopic dermatitis shall have a skin care
plan written clearly before leaving the clinic.
c. All patients with atopic dermatitis should have an
appointment for counseling clinic within minimum 2-4
weeks of first consultation.
d. The specialist and a pediatric dermatology nurse shall see
patients at counseling clinic.
e. Pediatric dermatology patients on immunosuppressive
agents should have blood investigations as ordered by
specialist before appointment.
f. All investigations results should be reviewed before the
clinic appointment and any abnormalities should be
addressed. This may include recalling the patients earlier
for review or for repeat blood tests.
5.3 Referrals
a. Referrals to the Paediatric Dermatology Unit, The specialist
or one of the medical officers will arrange to see the patient
in the dermatology clinic on a scheduled appointment
only with referral letters.
b. All new case shall been seen within 6 weeks of refferrals
c. In- patients referrals to be seen within 24 hours of
referrals
d. Emergency cases shall be seen by the Emergency
Department and admitted to the Paediatric Ward if
necessary
e. Direct admission shall be arranged directly with the
specialist
f. The patient, after treatment either as an outpatient or in-
patient, may be referred back to the referring doctor for
follow-up. A reply to the referring doctor should be provided,
with the necessary information and management plan
to enable the referring doctors to continue subsequent
management of the patient
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5.4 Outpatient care policies

Upon receiving referrals from private clinics, health care centers,
or other hospitals, the patient should register themselves at the
Registration counter (Klinik Pakar Pediatrik) and will be given
a call number and informed of the room number to wait.
5.5 Documentation of clinical notes

a. The specialist should ensure that all doctors in the unit make
accurate, comprehensive and legible documentation of
clinical notes.
b. Documentation shall include:

• Treatment given
• Procedures undertaken and reasons
• Communication with the patient, his relatives, other
doctors, other authorities, etc.
c. Case summaries shall be completed and case notes

dispatched to the Medical Records Department within 3
working days from the day of discharge.
d. Medical reports shall be prepared and dispatched to the

Medical Records Department within 30 days from the date
of request. For cases where the medical officer treating
the patient is not available, another medical officer in the
6. TRAINING
6.1 The unit shall conduct regular CME activities for all medical
personnel to continually improve clinical skills and knowledge.
6.2 Department CME activities which includes journal read, topic

discussion, and dermatology-histopathological conference.
78
6.3 Training for pediatric dermatologist for duration of 3 years in

accordance with the guidelines adopted by the Bahagian
Perkembangan Perubatan KKM.
6.4 Training for the medical officers on a 3 monthly rotation basis and
by attending conferences and courses.
6.5 Training for the nurses by sending them for courses, conferences,
and also through clinical supervision at work.
7. UNIT MEETING
7.1 Unit meeting shall be held regularly, once a week to discuss
problems and ways to overcome the problems.
7.2 Problems that cannot be solved at the unit level, shall be brought
up to the department level.

79
PAEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVE
1.1 To provide diagnostic, curative and preventive services that are
appropriate, effective, adequate and comfortable to children
requiring hospital care so as to ensure proper development and
general well being of the patient.
1.2 To provide continuous medical education (CME) activities at all

levels of medical care (allied health or postgraduate) to ensure
adequate professional attainment at preventive, curative and
research aspects or purposes
2. SCOPE OF SERVICE
nursing and rehabilitation of children requiring inpatient medical
care as well as outpatient
2.2 Provision of counseling (including HIV/AIDS, ID and travel medicine)

and health education to children, parents and guardians.
2.3 Provision of immunization services for patients with incomplete

immunization (missed opportunities).
2.4 Provision of facilities for practical training of paramedics, medical

students, and post graduates as well as in-service training for staff.
3. ORGANISATION
A Consultant Paediatrician shall be in charge of the ward and shall be
assisted by the other Consultants, Clinical Specialists, Medical Officers,
Ward Sister and nursing personnel. The ward Sister in charge shall be
responsible for the day to day management of the ward.
4.1 Patients shall be admitted through the admission registration
counter whenever possible.
4.2 All newborns of HIV positive or ‘high risk’ mothers will be admitted
80
to Special Care Nursery (SCN) for initiation of prophylaxis

antiretroviral therapy for a total of six weeks. They will not be
breast-fed (substituted with bottle feeding). After discharge they
will be followed up in the HIV clinic for a review of their well-being
and their bloods taken for HIV testing (HIV antibody and PCR)
4.3 Critically ill patients from the Emergency Department or other

hospitals may be transferred directly to the ward, and the admission
formalities attended to subsequently. In such circumstances, the
Emergency Department and the other hospitals shall inform the
ward staff and the Medical Officer/Specialist respectively, prior to
sending the case.
4.4 Patients requiring isolation, shall be nursed in single rooms

wherever possible. HIV patients with desirable CD4 counts will be
placed in general ward pool.
4.5 Advanced HIV/AIDS patients will be nursed in isolation rooms for

reverse barrier nursing procedures
4.6 All ill cases shall be placed near the nurse station.
4.7 Inter-ward transfers and discharges including deaths of patients

4.8 Security measures for babies shall be observed at all times

by ward staff.
4.9 All the Quality Assurance Programmes of MOH shall be carried out
accordingly.
4.10 Relevant aspects of the Paediatric Department Policy and Whole

Hospital Policies shall be complied with.
4.11 The following guidelines, consensus and protocols shall be

put in practice :-
a. Garispanduan Prosedur Wad
b. The “Manual Prosedur Kerja” (MPK)
c. Paediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines
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d. Paediatric HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral Therapy Consensus 2nd

Edition (2001)
e. Infection Control Manual by MOH
5. WHOLE HOSPITAL & DEPARTMENTAL POLICY.

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ADOLESCENT MEDICINE UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVES
1.1 To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services that are
appropriate, effective, adequate and comfortable to adolescents
requiring care so as to ensure proper development and general
well being of the patients.
1.2 To provide Continuous Medical Education (CME) at all levels of

medical care, to ensure adequate professional attainment at
preventive, curative and research aspects or purposes.

nursing and rehabilitation of adolescents requiring medical care.
1.4 Provision of counselling and health education to adolescents,

parents and guardians.
1.5 Provision of facilities for practical training of paramedics,

medical students and post graduates as well as in service training
for staff.
2. ORGANIZATION
A consultant Paediatrician trained in Adolescent Medicine shall be
in charge of the ward and shall be assisted by other consultants from
the various disciplines, Clinical Specialists, Medical Officers, ward sister
and nursing staff.The ward sister shall be in charge for the day to day
management of the ward.
83
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Hospital Director
HOD of Peadiatrics
House Officres
Adolescent Consultant & Consultant of the various dicipline
Clinical Specialist / Trainees / Fellows
Support staff
Matron Counselors /
Clinical Specialist / Trainees / Fellows Social worker
Ward Sister
Supervisor
Medical Officers
Registered
Nurses
Medical Assistants
Nursing Ward
Assistants Clerks
Ward Attendants
3.1 Patients shall be admitted through the admission registration
counter from the A&E Department, OSCC or the Adolescent Clinic.
3.2 The general age for admission ranges from 12 yrs to 18 yrs.
3.3 The patient has to have adequate mental, physical and emotional
capacity to communicate effectively with other adolescents in
the ward.
3.4 All the various disciplines in the Hospital may admit their adolescent
patients in the adolescent Wards. The consultants of the various
disciplines are the primary consultants of their patients and the
Adolescent Specialist will be in charge of the management of the
other psychosocial aspects of the patients.
84
3.5 Male and female patients will be segregated by common

recreation and dining areas and all patient interactions will be
supervised by trained staff.
3.6 Staff members of adolescent wards need to be sensitive and non

judgemental.
3.7 Critically ill patients from the Emergency Department or other

hospitals may be transferred directly to the ward, and the admission
formalities attended to subsequently. In such circumstances, the
Emergency Department and the other hospitals shall inform the
ward staff and the medical officer/specialist of the admitting
ward, prior to sending the case.
3.8 Patients shall be seen by the house officer or Medical officer

as soon as possible. All patients shall be seen by the attending
Specialist and Adolescent specialist at least once daily during
their hospitalisation.
3.9 The legal custodian of the patient shall be orientated on the

facilities available in the ward eg toilet facilities etc. They shall
be made aware of the rules and regulations of the hospital eg
no smoking within the hospital premise, no hand phone, visiting
hours etc.
3.10 Patients requiring isolation shall be nursed in single rooms

whenever possible.
3.11 All ill cases shall be placed near the nurses station.
3.12 Interward transfer and discharges including deaths of patients

3.14 All procedures shall be carried out in the ward as far as possible.
Adequate privacy shall be ensured.
85
3.15 The police shall be informed through the hospital police counter
of any patient found missing after all efforts to trace the patient
have failed.

advice may do so writing using the appropriate form.
3.17 The ward shall maintain an incident monitoring record and notify
the Hospital Director and consultant of any untoward incidence
occurring in the ward.
the medical records department within 24 hours. Cases eg
dengue, food poisoning etc shall be notified immediately via
phone.
3.21 All referral shall be in accordance with existing guideline.
3.22 The ward staff shall be responsible for moving patients into the
Paediatric ICU or anywhere within the hospital.


accordingly.

the policies of the Operation Theatre. The ward staff shall be
responsible for transferring the patient from the bed to the trolley
(OT) and vice versa to ensure patient’s safety.
86
3.26 All patients shall be supplied with four main meals if not fasting.
Dietary guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health shall be
followed.

3.29 Patients shall be charged according to Fees (medical) Order

1982.
3.30 The following guidelines and protocols shall be in practice:

a. Garispanduan Ward Prosedur
b. The `Manual Prosedur Kerja’ (MPK)
c. Paediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines
d. The duties of medical officers
e. Discharge policies
3.31 Patients will be evaluated before discharge and follow up to the

Adolescent Clinic given.
87
NEONATOLOGY UNIT POLICIES

1. OBJECTIVES
1.1 To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services for
newborn infants.
1.2 To optimize outcome of the newborns of high risk pregnancies.
1.3 To work with parents as partners in the health care of their

infants.
1.4 Promote audit, research in neonatal care and continuous

professional development of staff members.
2.1 Combined antenatal management of high risk pregnancies with

obstetric team in the management of antenatal mothers with at-
risk pregnancies.
2.2 Provision of care for babies up to 44 weeks post-conceptional

age.
2.3 Combined management of neonatal patients requiring surgical

intervention or other subspecialty care.
2.4 Screening and review of referred newborn infants from postnatal

wards for common neonatal conditions.
2.5 Outpatient follow-up of neonatal unit ‘graduates’ and referral

cases.
2.6 Promotion of breast feeding for inpatients in keeping with baby-

friendly hospital status.
2.7 Training of medical and nursing personnel in neonatal resuscitation

and neonatal care.
88
3. ORGANISATION
3.1 The neonatal unit is headed by a neonatologist working together
with other neonatalogy consultants, clinical specialists and the
ward sisters. Units without neonatologists will be headed by a
paediatrician.
3.2 The consultants and clinical specialists are responsible for the
medical management of patients and all education, training
and continuous professional development activities within the
neonatal unit.
3.3 The ward sisters are responsible for the day-to-day management
of the ward such as nursing care, census, purchase of consumable
items, adherence to protocols, and infection control.
3.4 Specific nurses responsible for in-house neonatal nursing training,

lactation and infection control policies would be assigned.
3.5 Medical assistants are responsible for the maintenance and

assistance in the setting up equipment to the patient
4.1 Admissions
Admission to NICU or special care nursery (SCN) can be from:
a. labour room, maternity operation theatres or postnatal
wards
b. the Accident and Emergency Department
c. the paediatric clinic
d. other hospitals directly
Some beds will cater for rooming in with mothers or for isolation.
a. Direct admission of newborns from LR/OT to

neonatal wards
• Birth weight <1.8kg or < 35 weeks gestational age*
Infants of gestation above 35 weeks and >1.8kg
need monitoring in postnatal wards, to establish
feeding and temperature control
• Birth weight >4.5kg
89
• Infant of diabetic mother on insulin (Other infants of

diabetic mothers can be monitored in the postnatal
wards or in special care nursery)
• Infant of drug dependent/ other substance abuse
mother
• Risk of sepsis
• Low Apgar scores < 6 at 5 minutes
• Respiratory distress*
• Major congenital anomalies*
• Jaundice noted at birth*
• All babies of mothers with significant medical illness (if
in doubt consult neonatologist/ paediatrician).
• Babies with known metabolic disease in their sibling
• Birth trauma
• Meconium aspiration*
* All such deliveries must be attended to by a doctor
trained in neonatal resuscitation
b. Guidelines For Direct Neonatal Admission From Other

HealthCare Facilities
• Booked admissions should be directly admitted to the
ward (rather than admission through A&E) .
• Babies requiring ventilation beds or potentially
requiring ventilation will only be accepted if ventilator
beds are available. District hospitals can arrange
transfer to its regional hospital for stabilization and
subsequent transfer to another hospital with available
ventilator bed
• Babies already receiving ventilatory support in other
hospitals should be transferred over to NICUs electively
pending bed availability.
• Booking of ventilation beds, including those for elective
neonatal operations, should be done through the
medical officer. The ward should also be informed of
transfer of ill patients from other wards/departments in
the hospital.
• Neonates referred for subspecialty care should be
made known to the neonatal medical officer in
addition to the surgeon or subspecialist.
90
• Patients should be adequately stabilized prior to

transfer to NICU and to consult the neonatologist/
paediatrician in-charge should the stabilization be
difficult.
• Referring hospital staff will accompany the parent to
register the patient at the hospital admission areas.
• Babies that are brought in dead will be brought back
to the referring clinic/ hospital by their own staff.
4.2 Referrals
a. Referrals from obstetric or postnatal wards
• G6PD deficiency/ Rh negative mother ( with Rh positive
partner)
• Infant of diabetic mother –not initially admitted to SCN at
birth.
• Minor congenital anomalies.
• Neonatal jaundice.
• Problems with feeding or respiratory difficulties, passage
of urine/ stool.
• Mothers with potential vertically transmitted diseases eg.
those who are VDRL/TPHA +ve, Hbs Ag +ve, HIV +ve.
b. Standby for Neonatal Resuscitation

A doctor trained in neonatal resuscitation should be
present at all high risk deliveries. It is recommended
that the following situations warrant a paediatric doctor
standby for resuscitation :-
• Preterm infants < 35 weeks
• Moderate or thick meconium stained liquor
• Abnormal CTG or scalp pH < 7.20 or other indications of
foetal distress
• Cord prolapse
• Antepartum haemorrhage
• Multiple births
• Instrumental delivery (not for uncomplicated low forceps
or vacuum lift-out)
• Emergency caesarian section
• Infants with significant congenital malformations
diagnosed antenatally
91
• Bad obstetric history

The O&G registrar/medical officer must inform his paedi-
atric counterpart when standby is required and give an
appropriate time for the paediatric doctor to arrive for
standby before delivery.
4.3 Infant feeding

a. Breastfeeding and breastmilk is encouraged for all infants in
the ward
b. Under special circumstances, supplementation with infant
formula milk products shall be allowed in the ward for
preterm infants where mother’s expressed breast milk is
insufficient and for infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or in
circumstances where breastmilk is contraindicated.
c. Special infant formula will be given for babies of inborn
errors of metabolism
d. Ready-to-feed formula shall be provided if there is no milk
kitchen
4.4 Neonatal screening

a. All newborn in MOH hospitals are screened for congenital
hypothyroidism, G6PD deficiency. Physical examination
check for common congenital abnormalities is also done
for all newborn infants within the first 24 hours of life.
b. Screening for retinopathy of prematurity is done for all
preterm infants < 32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 grams
c. Hearing screening is done for all NICU graduates and
newborn with known risk factors for hearing loss
4.5 Data and audit
The Neonatal registry form (NNR) will be completed and submitted

for babies who fit the selected inclusion criteria Discussions on
antenatal counseling, management of high risk pregnancies and
perinatal mortality and morbidity will be held with the obstetric
colleagues.
4.6 Discharge policy
a. Preterm infants can be discharged after showing weight

gain to 1.8 kg and a corrected gestational age of at least
35 weeks.
92
b. Discharges at lower weight is at the specialist’s discretion.

c. In general, infants are discharged upon establishing
adequate feeding pattern, temperature control and not in
respiratory distress. Exceptions to this would be dependent
on the neonatologist in-charge (ie severe HIE, infants on
home oxygen therapy or an infant with special needs).
d. Infants at risk of long term neurodevelopmental and other
problems will be followed up in the paediatric clinic.
e. Appropriate immunization to be given before dis-
charge.
4.7 Other related operational policies

a. MOH Breast feeding policy (Tata Etika Pemasaran
Makanan Bayi dan Produk Berkaitan 2008)
b. Hospital ICU infection control policy
c. Babies born to HIV positive mothers
d. Immunization policy
e. Security policy for neonatal wards
93
PAEDIATRIC SPECIALIST CLINIC POLICIES

1. VISION
Same as the Paediatric Department.
2. MISSION
To provide an excellent and high quality out-patient paediatric clinic
services by a team of dedicated and professionally trained personnel
who are committed, compassionate and disciplined.
3. OBJECTIVES
3.1 To provide an effective Paediatric Out-patient Sub-Specialty Clinic
and General Paediatric Clinic for childhood and adolescent
problems.
3.2 To provide basic emergency facility to cater for ambulatory out-

patient attendances.
3.3 To provide relevant health education to parents and care givers

on issues of child health.
3.4 To provide basic childhood immunisation services.
3.5 Quality objective in which 90% of patients are to be served by the

clinic personnel within half an hour after registration.
3.6 Quality objective in which 90% of the patient’s medical records to

be traced before the appointment date.
3.7 The Paediatrics Specialist Clinic would operate daily in a punctual

manner.
4.1 The Paediatric Outpatient Clinic operates during office hours
according to the clinic schedule.
4.2 Referral and follow-up Paediatric cases are to be seen on an

appointment basis.
4.3 To provide immunisation services to children according to the

standard immunisation schedule.
94
4.4 To provide ‘blood-taking’ facilities for investigation and also minor

procedures (wound dressing, toilet & suture, etc.)
5. ORGANISATION
5.1 The Paediatrics Specialist Clinic is headed by a Consultant
Paediatrician from the Paediatrics Department.
5.2 The day-to-day management of the Paediatric Specialist Clinic

shall be the responsibility of the nursing sister assisted by staff
nurses, assistant nurses and ‘Atenden Kesihatan’.
5.3 The clinic is made up of the various paediatric subspecialties

and each team is headed by the unit head.
6.1 Patient shall be seen at Paediatrics Specialist Clinic only on an
appointment basis and patients without an appointment shall be
seen only if necessary according to the discretion of the specialist
or individual sub-specialty.
6.2 Patients medical records are to be traced a week before the

appointment date and are kept confidential.
6.3 Patients for admission to the wards are accompanied by a nurse

or attendant.
6.4 Patients’ weight and height are taken before consultation. Blood
pressure is taken for all nephrology patients and other relevant
groups of patients.
6.5 Examination of female patients by male doctors shall be

chaperoned by female staff.
6.6 Injections, dressing and ECG are carried out in the procedure
rooms.
6.7 Immunizations are given in the treatment room by the staff nurse.
6.8 Blood specimens are taken in the treatment room by staff nurse.
6.9 The Baby Friendly Policy shall be in practice. Breast feeding

facilities shall be made available for mothers.
95
6.10 The staff nurse or sister shall keep an updated inventory of all
equipment and ensure that they are maintained regularly and
kept in good functional condition.

contents are checked daily and replenished accordingly.
6.12 CSSD sets and Dangerous Drugs are daily checked and recorded.
6.13 Clinic census or statistics are maintained and submitted to

medical records monthly.
6.14 Any untoward incident in the clinic is recorded and notified to the
Consultant, Head Of Department and Hospital Director.
6.15 Cleaning and housekeeping of premises including supply of

clean linen shall be done by the concession holders which are
appointed by Ministry Of Health Malaysia according to schedule
drawn up and agreed upon by Hospital and concession holders
7. TRAINING
7.1 Regular teaching activities will be carried out for staff to improve
knowledge and skill.
7.2 Nurses are sent regularly for courses, conferences and in-house
training is done through clinic supervision during working hours.
7.3 Health education is given to patients by nurses and doctors as

and when the need arises
8. UNIT MEETINGS
8.1 Staff meeting shall be held once a month to discuss problems and
its solution.
8.2 Problems that cannot be solved during the meetings will be

brought up to the matron or to the department meeting.

96
PAEDIATRIC DAY CARE UNIT POLICIES
INTRODUCTION
Paediatric day care centers shall be appropriately designed, staffed and

equipped for the treatment of children. If there is no paediatric surgical daycare
services, the daycare will be used mainly for the medical daycare.
1. VISION
Same as the Paediatric Department’s vision.
2. MISSION
2.1 To reduce the number of ward admission for patients who require
simple procedures, investigations or treatment that can be done
within the day, thus reducing the cost of medical treatment,
nosocomial infection as well as being more friendly to the patient
and family.
2.2 To provide diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services that is

appropriate, effective, adequate and comfortable to children as
an outpatient on a day to day basis.
3. SCOPE OF SERVICE
3.1 The Day Care Unit (DCU) receives patients who are referred from
the wards or the Paediatric Outpatient Clinics.
3.2 The DCU provides services on working days and is closed on

Public Holidays.
3.3 Official working hours are: 7.00 a.m. till 9.00 p.m. on Mondays till
Fridays
3.4 The DCU caters for a wide variety of patients from multiple
disciplines:-
a. Haematology
• Blood and blood product transfusions for thalassaemia
and aplastic anaemia patients scheduled from the
clinics/wards.
b. Oncology
• Blood taking and review
• Central venous line flushing
• Bone marrow aspiration & trephine biopsy
97
• Diagnostic lumbar puncture and intrathecal

chemotherapy administration
• Intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous
chemotherapy administration
• Transfusion of blood and blood products
c. Gastroenterology
• Patients for Oesophagogastroduodenoscope
under GA
• Patients for pH study
• Changing of nasogastric tubes
d. Dermatology
• Patients for skin biopsy, local treatments and review
e. Cardiology
• Patients for echocardiogram
f. Respiratory
• Administration of nebulisers for patients from the
outpatient clinic
• Review of patients with chronic lung problems
g. Genetic and Metabolic
• Blood taking and review of new & follow-up cases
whenever necessary
• Skin biopsies
h. Surgery
• Minor surgical procedure under GA e.g. herniotomy,
circumcision, and orchidopexy
• Minor procedure under sedation e.g. desloughing
and dressings
i. Diagnostic Imaging
• Patients coming in for diagnostic imaging procedures
either with or without sedation e.g. CT scan, IVU, MRI,
MCU, ultrasound, barium meal / swallow, genitogram
/ loopogram
j. Nuclear Imaging
• Patients requiring nuclear imaging studies with or
without sedation e.g. DMSA, DTPA, Bone scan and HIDA
scan
k. Endocrine
• Various laboratory diagnostic lab procedures/test for
endocrine disorder e.g Insulin tolerance test etc
l. Dental
• Minor dental surgery
• Dental clearance
98
m. ENT /audiology
• ABR (audiology brain response) under sedation
n. Others
• Suprapubic aspiration of urine, Ryle’s tube change,
catheterization, intravenous immunoglobulin
4. DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Design Characteristic

a. A well-defined dedicated facility should be
provided for the children, separate from the adults
and from the inpatients.
b. The center should be multidisciplinary but dedicated
to children only. The physical environment should
provide for the various and special needs of children
and adolescents and in particular the special
emotional needs of children must be recognized.
c. This area should be furnished and decorated in a
manner that is comfortable and reassuring for both
patients and their parents.
d. The children’s area must be easily observed at all
times by trained and registered nursing staff familiar
with the care of children.
e. Suitable play areas and play facilities should be
provided in the waiting area.
f. The design of consulting and treatment areas must
permit parents to remain with their child.
g. The treatment and procedure rooms must be fully
equipped to manage paediatric emergencies if
required.
h. All the daycare centers should have a nappy
change room and a separate breastfeeding room
i. A dedicated direct telephone line in and out of the
center is essential.
j. There should be internet access available.
4.2 Special areas

a. Common areas
b. Lounge/TV area
c. Play area for the younger children
d. Reading/ quiet area for the older children/
adolescents
99
e. Kitchenette/Pantry with controlled access to parents

f. Toilets with showers for the patients, attached to the
cubicles
g. Public toilets in the common area
5. ORGANISATION
The daily functioning of the unit is under the care of a nursing sister and her
team of nursing staff and health attendants. As patients are from various
units and disciplines, each patient will also be under a joint management
of doctors from the various units and disciplines. At least one medical
officer is appointed on a rotational basis to carry out the procedures and
administer the sedations. He/she is also required to run the thalassaemia
clinic with the specialist whenever possible.
6.1 Admission and Discharge
a. Patients referred for investigations, treatment or a procedure
referred from the various wards and outpatient clinic must
be given an appointment and the appointment book is
kept at the nursing counter. Patients have to be admitted
to the unit on the appointment date given.
b. On the appointment day patients are registered at the
registration counter before being admitted to the DCU.
Children have to be accompanied by at least one parent
or guardian.
c. Patient’s particulars will be recorded in the admission
book.
d. The nurse on duty will record the vital signs taken on
admission. The weight and height of the patient will be
chartered on the monitoring chart.
e. The doctor in charge will discharge the patient after review.
f. Patients will be given an appointment back to the Day
Care Unit, the Clinic or admission appointment to the ward
depending on the plans decided by the team looking
after the child.
g. Patients who cannot be discharged by the time the DCU
close who requires further monitoring will be transferred to
the ward.
h. Exclusion criteria for day surgery/procedure should be
strictly adhered to
100
Medical Exclusions ASA Class 3, 4 or 5
Diabetes mellitus
IEM
Untreated or complex congenital

disease
Active viral or bacterial infection

esp. URTI
Age exclusions
Ex-premature baby up to 60 weeks
post conceptual age
Anaesthetic exclusions
Inexperienced anaesthetist
Operations of more than 1 hour
Difficult airway
Family history of malignant pyrexia
Siblings of child with SIDS
Haemoglobinopathies
Surgical Exclusions
Inexperienced surgeons
Prolonged painful procedures
Opening of body cavity
High risk of post-op haemorrhage
Adenotonsillectomy
Social exclusions
Single parent with several children
Poor home circumstances
No transport
Long distance from home ( more

than 1 hour )
Working hours will depend on workload, aiming for 7am to 9pm working hours,
in two shifts.
101
6.2 Clinical appraisal

a. Patients who has procedures or chemotherapy infusions
given will be assessed and continue to be monitored
depending on the cases or the procedure planned.
b. The medical officer in charge will be informed to assess
the patient before any procedure is carried out.
c. Patients who are still receiving treatment or being
observed will again be seen by the medical officer before
the office hour is over at 4.30 p.m. and cases that need to
be reviewed will be passed over to the oncology medical
officer on call.
d. Before the Day Care Unit is closed at 9.00 p.m., any patient
that warrants further assessment or observation will be
transferred to the active ward or oncology ward.
6.3 Referrals
a. Referrals to the unit are from the clinics and wards. Patients
referred from the ward will be given an admission form
upon discharge from the ward. The ward clerk shall inform
the Day Care Unit nurse so that the names will be entered
in the appointment book.
b. Patients who are referred from the clinic will also be given
an admission form for procedures to be carried out in the
unit and the clinic nurse shall attend to the appointment to
the unit.
c. Direct admissions shall be registered straight away before
coming in to the unit.
d. For simple procedures i.e. administration of nebulisers, a
small note will be given from the clinic to the staff in the
Day Care Unit.
e. Patients who do not need to be seen again in the Day
Care Unit for their next follow up shall be referred back to
the ward or clinic.
7. TRAINING
a. The unit holds regular teaching activities for all medical personnel
and patients to improve knowledge and skills.
b. Regular department CME meetings for doctors and nurses are
held
102
c. The medical personnel are also encouraged to attend other

training activities.
d. Nurses are sent regularly for courses, conferences and in-house
training is done through ward supervision.
f. Health education sessions are given to patients by nurses and
doctors as and when the need arise.
8. UNIT MEETINGS
a. Unit meetings shall be held to discuss problems and its solutions.
b. Problems that cannot be solved during the meetings will be

brought up to the matron or to the department meeting.

103
PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT POLICIES

1. INTRODUCTION
The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and Pediatric High Dependency
Unit (PHDU) is a multidisciplinary unit covering all specialties in the hospital
and accepts patients up to age 18 years from A&E, wards and operating
theatres from within the hospital and other hospitals within and outside
the state.
The unit provides intensive care and support of vital systems in infants and
children who have acute, often reversible, life-threatening disease. Most
children have a potentially reversible life-threatening illness or injury that if
successfully treated, will restore the child to a normal and productive life.
The PICU and PHDU provide special expertise and facilities for the support
of vital functions and utilize the skills of medical, nursing and other staff
experienced in the management of these problems. The management
of the PICU and PHDU is the responsibility of the Pediatric Intensivist or
Pediatrician under the Department of Pediatrics.
The PHDU is located next to the PICU and acts as a step down unit but in
hospitals without PICU, a PHDU will be set up in the Pediatric General Ward.
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 To provide life saving, resuscitative, diagnostic and curative care
for critically ill children up to the age of 18 years.
2.2 To minimize morbidity and mortality in critically ill children.
2.3 To maintain good communication between staff and

• other departments
• patients families
3.1 Provision of tertiary care for all infants and children up to 18 years
of age with acute often reversible life threatening diseases which
consists of the following:-
104
3.1.1 Ventilatory support including invasive, high frequency and

non-invasive ventilation.
3.1.2 Cardiovascular intensive care monitoring and support
3.1.3 Post-operative surgical care
3.1.4 Support of other organ systems such as using nitric oxide,
continuous veno-veno hemofiltration, intracranial pressure
monitoring, EEG monitoring
3.1.5 Retrieval system that facilitates the safe and timely transport
of critically ill children to the PICU and PHDU
3.2 Provide educational programmes in emergency and pediatrics

critical care for primary care and referring physicians and nurses
such as the Neonatal Resuscitation Programme (NRP), Paediatric
Advance Life Support (PALS) and Advanced Paediatic Life Support
(APLS)
3.3 Training of paediatric medical officers and paediatric nurses in

paediatric critical care
3.4 Training of paediatricians as paediatric intensivist
3.5 Implement audit, registry, research and continuous professional

development of staff members
4. ORGANISATION
4.1 The unit shall be headed by the senior pediatric intensivist working
together with other paediatric intensivists, clinical specialists and
paediatric nursing staff. If there is no paediatric intensivist, the unit
will be run by a paediatrician with special interest in intensive
care.
4.2 The number of consultant paediatric intensivists will depend on

the workload and availability of personnel.
4.3 The PHDU will be run by paediatricians in hospitals without

intensivists and where there are not enough intensivists.
4.4 The medical officers working in the unit will be deployed from the
common pool in the Paediatric department and rotated from
105
various institutions for further paediatric intensive care training.

There should be 24 hour coverage by at least one in-house
medical officer on call for the PICU. This applies to the PHDU as
well.
4.5 The paediatric intensivists and paediatricians are responsible for

the total management of the patients and will provide 24 hour
coverage. Supporting specialists from other specialties shall be
available for consultation.
4.6 All patients referred to the PICU and PHDU shall be seen immediately
and life supporting therapy instituted immediately.
4.7 A nursing sister with post-basic qualification in intensive care will

head the nursing staff in PICU and PHDU.
4.8 A one nurse to one patient ratio for ventilated patient in the PICU
and one nurse to two patients ratio for non- ventilated patients is a
critical care requirement and should be implemented.
4.9 Nurses working in the PICU and PHDU should have post- basic
qualification in paediatric and critical care nursing. In the interim
period, the nurses working in the above units should be supervised,
credentialed and privileged according to set standards in the log
book.
4.10 Other allied health and support staff such as pharmacists,
physiotherapists, radiographers, dietitians, technicians including
biomedical engineering and scientific officers, cleaning staff,
social workers, occupational therapists, counselors, interpreters,
secretarial, hospital attendant and clerical staff shall be assigned
to the unit by the respective departments.
4.11 Assistant Medical Officers shall be in-charge of maintaining

and setting up of equipments, haemodynamic and respiratory
laboratory services and shall be on call for 24 hours
5.1 Admission
5.1.1 All referrals to the Pediatric intensive Care Unit shall be
106
discussed with the Pediatric Intensivist or Pediatrician in

charge.
5.1.2 Admission criteria for PICU:
a. Intensive Care Dependent Therapy
• Ventilation; invasive and non-invasive
• Tracheostomy
• Continuous Venovenous Haemofiltration
• Acute hemodialysis/ plasmapheresis
• Vasoactive drug infusion
• Initiation of IV thrombolytic therapy
b. Invasive monitoring
• Invasive haemodynamic monitoring and
intracranial pressure monitoring

c. Risk of critical event
• Respiratory failure
• Upper airway obstruction
• Lower airway obstruction
• Acute encephalopathy and GCS <10
• Severe polytrauma
• Risk of life threatening event; apnea and
arrhythmia
• Severe metabolic, fluid and electrolyte
derangement
• Sepsis and shock
• Post- operative care for high risk patients
• Progressive neuro-muscular disorders
• Malignancies with acute illness
5.1.3 Admission criteria for PHDU:

• Physiological instability or potential for
physiological instability
• High nursing intensity and requiring high
skill level
• High medical input required for
physiological review
• Continuous electronic monitoring
• Step down care from PICU.
107
5.1.4 The paediatric medical officer must clerk the case

and discuss with the specialist . There should be good
documentation in the clinical notes.
5.1.5 All critically ill patients must be immediately notified to

the paediatric Intensivist/ paediatrician for appropriate
stabilization.
5.2 Continuity of Care

5.2.1 The care of the patient in PICU/PHDU shall be the
primary responsibility of the Paediatric Department.
5.2.2 In the event where another unit is involved in the care

of the patient the PICU team will coordinate the care
and endorsed the treatment.
5.2.3 Consultations shall be sought from relevant specialists

when the need arises e.g. nephrologists, cardiologist
or surgeon, preferably with but may not require prior
consultation with the primary unit. However there
shall be discussion between paediatric intensivists/
paediatricians and other involved specialists regarding
the management of the patient.
5.2.4 A handover round in the morning and evening should

be carried out by the specialist/paediatric medical
officer on call to the specialist/ in-house paediatric
medical officer in charge of PICU during working hours
and including weekends and public holidays.
5.2.5 During handover, problems are highlighted including

overnight problems, hemodynamic status, recent
investigations, medications and ventilator settings.
5.2.6 The paediatric Intensivist/ pediatrician will do regular

rounds with the paediatric medical officers and will
be responsible for treatment plan, investigations and
subsequent management including continuous
monitoring of fundamental variables for every ill child.

108
5.2.7 All invasive procedures should be performed

by paediatric medical officers who have been
credentialed and privileged and also by the paediatric
intensivists and paediatricians.
5.2.8 Parents should be informed of the child’s condition as

soon possible and will be updated regularly.
5.3 Discharge
5.3.1 Discharge criteria from PICU
• Patients are discharged when their need for
intensive treatment is no longer present and there
is no risk of deterioration or any active interventions
required.
• Patients are discharged when their need for
intensive monitoring is not present.
5.3.2 The patient may be discharged to the Pediatric High

Dependency Unit or general ward depending on the
condition of the patient and the bed situation.
5.3.3 The decision to discharge a patient will be the

responsibility of the paediatric intensivist.
5.3.4 The discharge summary has to be completed prior to

transfer out of the patient to the wards.
5.3.5 At the time of discharge, there must be complete

handover of the patient to the ward doctors and nurses
by the PICU doctors and nurse respectively.
5.4 Policy regarding Death in the PICU

5.4.1 The confirmation of death shall be done by the PICU
medical officer.
5.4.2 The paediatric intensivist / paediatrician and the
primary unit doctor on duty shall be informed of the
death as soon as possible.
5.4.3 Death certificate and burial permit shall be signed
109
by the primary unit and in the event of medico legal

cases requiring post mortem by the forensic doctor. All
medico legal cases should be notified to the police by
the ICU staff.
5.4.4 Consent for post mortem should be obtained from the

parents as soon as possible except in medico legal
cases.
5.4.5 Post mortem should be done for the following types of

deaths:-
• Trauma death ( MVA )
• Homicide / suicide
• Suspected Non-accidental injury
• Death from unnatural cause
• Where cause of death is unknown
5.4.6 Brain death :-

Confirmation of brain death should be done by
2 specialists not involved in organ transplant in
accordance with Brain Death Consensus Guidelines.
Time of death is at the time of confirmation of brain
death (second test). Patient’s parents shall be informed
of the brain death and organ donation issue should
be discussed.Ventilator shall be switched off after
confirmation of brain death if there is no consent for
organ retrieval.
5.5 Referral and Transfer

5.5.1 Inter Hospital Transfer
• Patients who are referred to PICU where a bed is not
available, shall then be referred to another PICU in
the region. The coordinator shall be the PICU team.
5.5.2 Intra Hospital Transfer

• In the event that there is no critical care bed
available within the hospital facility, provision to
transfer the patient to another hospital facility shall
be arranged.
110
5.6 Withdrawal of intensive therapy

5.6.1 When the patient has failed to respond after a period
of intense treatment and further treatment is deemed
futile resulting in prolonged care and undue suffering,
serious consideration should be given to withdrawal of
therapy.
5.6.2 This is done after joint discussion between the relevant

disciplines involved with care and the rationale
explained to the parents and relatives in accordance
with the guidelines on withdrawal of care.
5.6.3 Intensive care therapies that are no longer indicated in

such circumstances include :-
• CPR
• Dialysis
• Inotropic support
• Antibiotic therapy
• Parenteral nutrition
• Mechanical ventilation
•
5.6.4 The removal of life support should not be regarded
as an abandonment of the patient by the healthcare
team.
6. INFECTION CONTROL
The unit should adopt the guidelines as outlined in the Critical Care
Medicine Section statement on Infection Control in the Intensive Care
Unit. Infection control is supervised and regulated by the infection control
nurse and team.
7. AUDIT
Audit shall consist of monthly mortality and morbidity discussions.
Paediatric Registry should be implemented.
Research should be encouraged.
8. TRAINING AND CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION

a. Paediatric Intensive care training. (Please refer to document on
training of Paediatric Intensive Care.)
111
b. Medical Officers
This will be in the form of active clinical work in paediatric intensive
care, case discussions and teaching rounds.
c. Nurses
This will be done on the job training. Ideally all nurses should
have undergone post-basic paediatric and critical care nursing.
Continuous nursing education is encouraged. A post-basic
paediatric critical care nursing curriculum should be established
and the ideal duration is 1 year at PICUs with intensivists.
9. OTHER OPERATIONAL POLICIES

a. National Organ, Tissue and Cell Transplantation Policy
b. CPG on withholding and Withdrawing of Life Support in Children
2005
c. End of Life Issues and Management in Perinatal Care Manual
d. Critical Care Medicine Section Statement On Infection Control
Measures In The ICU 2004
112
APPENDIX 1
GENERAL PAEDIATRIC WARD STAFF AND

EQUIPMENT NORMS
A. STAFFING NORMS :-
1. Medical Staff
a. General Paediatric Wards (28 Bedded)
Number
Paediatrician 2 FTE
Medical Officers 1:8 beds
House Officers 1:8 beds
Note : FTE-Full Time Equivalent
b. Day Care Unit

Number
Paediatrician 1 PT
Medical Officer 1:5 beds
House Officer 1:5 beds
Note : PT-Part Time
2. Nursing
a. General Ward (28 bedded)
Number
Sister 2
Staff Nurse Total 28
a.m. 7 (1:4)
p.m. 7 (1:4)
Night 5 (1:6)
(Night off 5; Leave, Course, CPD 4)
b. Day Care Ward

Number
Sister 1
Staff Nurse 1:4
113
3. Support Staff
a. Attendants (Penolong Perawatan Kesihatan)
7 per paediatric ward (28 bedded). (a.m. 2; p.m. 2; night 1; night
off 1; leave 1).
1 per day care ward (10 bedded).
b. Other support services available to serve the paediatric

wards:-
• Physiotherapist
• Pharmacist
• Social Worker
• Play Therapist (Most hospitals use a trained Attendant).
• Occupational therapist
• Nutritionist/Dietician
• Radiographers
• Clinical Psychologist
• Counselor
• Hospital Teacher
B. Equipment :-
1. Fittings in the Ward
Medical gases Each bed: 1 Oxygen, 1 suction outlet
Electrical points for each bed a. Non acute bay: 4 normal points;
2 emergency points.
b. Acute bay: 6 normal points;
4 emergency points.
2. Beds and Cots For 28 Bedded Ward

For Acute Bay Intensive Care Bed
For Non Acute Bay areas Standard size children’s cot.

Adult beds if catering to bigger children and
adolescences
8 Baby Bassinets (in hospitals without separate neonatal ward)
28 Parent’s “Chair cum Bed”
114
3. Equipment for a 28 bedded general paediatric ward.

Item Numbers
Volumetric infusion pumps 1 every 2 beds
Syringe pumps 1 every 2 beds
Drip Stands 1 every 2 beds
Digital Thermometer 1 per bed with 10% spares
Ear Thermometer 1 per 8 beds
Pulse oximeter 1 per 4 beds
O2 analyser -
Low-flow O2 flowmeters 1 per 4 beds
i) Acute bay: 1 for every bed.
High-flow O2 flowmeters
ii) Non acute bay: 1 per 4 beds
Weighing scales 1 infant, 1 sitting and 1 standing scales
Stadiometer 1 for height, and 1 for length
measurements
With
• Paediatric sizes tracheal tubes
1 Resuscitation cart
• Paediatric size laryngoscopes
• Paediatric size ambubags and masks
• Paediatric sized airways.
Wheelchairs (1 adult; 3 children)
Electronic BP Monitors with different
4
size cuffs
Manual BP sets with different size cuffs 2
4-channel special care monitor
(ECG, Resp, O2 sat, NIBP) – for acute 4
bay
ECG machine 1
Radiant Warmer 2
Trolleys with O2 tank stand and drip
2
stand
Portable Suction Machine (if there
8
are no built-in wall suction outlet)
X-ray Viewer Box 4
Thoracic suction pump 1
Medicine Trolley 1
Ward Round Trolley 2
Ripple Mattress for Acute Bay 1
Wall Mounted Electric 1
Ophthalmoscope for Acute Bay
Portable X-Ray Lead Shield. 1
115
4. General Paediatric Ward Treatment Room Fittings and Equipments

Treatment Room: 2 Per Couch:
Couches per Room a. Medical Gas: 1 Compress Air and 2 Oxygen Point
b. 1 Suction point or 1 portable suction machine.
c. 1 Portable 4 channel special care monitor (ECG,
Resp, O2 sat, NIBP) able to detect at low perfusion.
d. Ceiling Mounted Examination Lamp.
e. 2 Drip Stands.
f. 1 Volumetric infusion pump
g. 2 Syringe pumps
1 Resuscitation cart With :-
• Paediatric sizes tracheal tubes
• Paediatric size laryngoscopes
• Paediatric size ambubags and masks.
• Paediatric sized airways
1 Defibrillator with children’s paddles and voltages.
5. Per Paediatric Department for use in General Wards

(i.e. excluding any found in the NICU or PICU)
1 Ultrasound Machine with paediatric transducer (For cardiac, abdominal
and head)
1 Blood Gas Electrolyte Analyser
1 Transport ventilator with portable 4 channel special care monitor. (For
temporary ventilation before transfer to PICU)
1 Transport incubator (with ventilator if possible)
116
APPENDIX II
NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT STAFF AND

EQUIPMENT NORMS
Staffing in Neonatal wards are based on the number of births in the hospital
and expected outborn referrals, and the level of care in the neonatal and
postnatal wards.
Definition of Level of Care
Level IV - equivalent to level III plus requiring subspeciality management eg. from
nephrology, neurosurgery, paediatric surgery
Level IIIb (High dependency) Intensive Care beds:

For neonates requiring endotracheal intubation for assisted ventilation, intra-
arterial blood pressure monitoring, continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring,
parenteral nutrition, central venous catheterisation, transcutaneous blood gas
and oxygen saturation monitoring and neonates requiring stabilisation following
major surgery
Level IIIa (Low Dependency) Intensive Care beds:

For neonates requiring CPAP,continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring, intraarterial
blood pressure monitoring, parenteral nutrition, central venous catheterisation,
oxygen therapy in excess of 40%, acute surgical nursing
Level IIb (High Dependency) Special Care beds:

For neonates requiring peripheral intravenous therapy, simplified cardiorespiratory
monitoring, apnoea monitoring, oxygen not usually in excess of 40%, chronic
oxygen dependency and surgical nursing
Level IIa (Low Dependency) Special Care beds:

For convalescent preterm neonates, or neonates requiring observation for
transient problems, phototherapy, investigatory procedures and frequent feeding
Level I (Neonatal care in postnatal wards) –well normal term babies placed
together with their mothers in postnatal wards and regarded as an inpatient.
Some of these babies will be receiving treatment for completion of antibiotics,
continuation of phototherapy for mild neonatal jaundice, or monitoring of
glucose. There should be separate set of nursing staff and doctors for newborn
babies and mothers.
117
A. Recommended staffing norms
Medical personnel Norm Example for hospital

with 15,000 births per
year
Neonatologist 1 per 3000 births per year 5 FTE
Medical officers 6 per 5000 births per year 18 FTE
House officers 4 per 5000 births per year 12 FTE
Nursing personnel Norm Example for hospital

year
NICU 1 NICU
Sister 1 per 5000 livebirths 2
Staff nurse 1 staff nurse :1 Level III /IV Total 75
bed 15 per shift per 15 beds
Total = 15X5=75
(including nights off/
leave/course )
1 staff nurse : 4 Level IIb Total= 20
4 per shift for 15 beds
Allied Health Norm Example for hospital

year
Physiotherapist 1
Respiratory 2
technician (Medical
assistant)
Infection control 1
nurse
Pharmacist 1
Lactation nurse 2
Hearing screening/ 1
ROP nurse
Nutritionist 1 PT
Social worker 1 PT
Ultrasonographer 1 PT
Counselor 1 PT
Radiographer 1
Ward clerk 1
118
Special Care Nursery Norm Per SCN ward

(30 bedded)
Sister 1 per SCN 1
Staff nurse 1 staff nurse : 6 Level II Total=25 per SCN
a beds 5 per shift for 30 beds
Infection control 1
nurse
Medical Assistant 1
Lactation nurse 1
Hearing screening/ROP 1
nurse
Physiotherapist 1 PT
Nutritionist 1 PT
Pharmacist 1 PT
Social worker 1 PT
Ultrasonographer 1 PT
Radiographer 1 PT
Clinical psychologist 1 PT
B . Recommended bed norms
(Recommendation by the American Academy of Paediatrics and the American

College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2004 depending on the level of
care.)
Level of care Norm Example for hospital with
15,000 births per year
Level III and IV 1.5 beds per 1000 births per 22 beds
year
If Level III only 1 bed per 1000 births per year 15 beds
Level II b 1 bed per 1000 births per year 15 beds
Level II a 4 beds per 1000 births per year 2 X 30 bedded ward
Level I 20-24 beds per 1000 births per 300-360 beds in O&G wards -
year Rooming in with mothers.
Refer to end of section for definitions of level of care
119
C. Equipment Norms for Neonatal wards
These are contemporary norms recommended to meet the needs according to

our current stage of development. They should be revised at regular intervals.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Per Level III/IV bed

1 Table reanimation infant servo controlled skin temp open
system height adjustable with resuscitation for every two Level
IIIB beds
1 Intensive Care Incubator
1 Pulse oximeter per 4 beds
1 6 channel cardiorespiratory monitor per level IIIb bed
1 4 channel cardiorespiratory monitor per level IIIa bed
1 Ventilator (high-end and half the number of total ventilators
with high frequency module per Level IIIB bed)
1 Humidifier
1 High Flow meter for oxygen (0-15L/min)
1 High Flow meter for air
1 Low Flow meter for oxygen (0-5 L/min)
1 Resuscitation bag/ T piece resuscitator and mask
1 Laryngoscope
1 CPAP delivery system per IIIA bed
1 Intensive phototherapy lights
1 Fluid management system for 8 pumps
4 Syringe pumps
1 Volumetric infusion pump
1 Stethoscope
1 Thermometer
Level II bed
(i) Per level II bed
1 Stethoscope
1 Digital Thermometer with 10% spare
1 Intensive phototherapy light
2 Syringe pumps
1 Bassinet with mattress and storage space
120
(ii) Per 2 level II beds

1 Infant incubator
1 Head box
1 Low flow meter with probe for oxygen (0-5L/min)
1 Low flow meter with probe for air (0-5L/min)
(iii) Per 4 level II beds

1 Doppler BP monitor
1 Volumetric pump and drip stand
1 Humidifier
1 Oxygen blender
1 Low flow meter with probe for oxygen (0-1L/min)
1 Laryngoscope
1 Pulse oxymeter
1 Resuscitation bag and mask
1 Free standing radiant warmer
1 LED phototherapy lights
Per Resuscitation Bed

system height adjustable with resuscitation
1 4-channel intensive care monitor
2 Syringe pumps
1 Volumetric infusion pump
1 Laryngoscope
1 Resuscitation bag and mask
1 Stethoscope
1 Thermometer
1 High Flow meter for air
1 High flow meter for oxygen
121
Per Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

2 Nitric oxide delivery system per NICU state hospitals and
referral centres
2 HFOV stand-alone machines per NICU state hospitals and
referral centres
1 High frequency jet ventilator
2 Transport Incubators
1 Transport Ventilator
1 Blood gas analyser with Hb, electrolytes, glucose, lactate,
bilirubin, metHb
1 Ultrasound (Cardiac Echo with colour Doppler if level III units)
5 Free standing radiant warmer
1 Transilluminator
1 Bedside glucose analyser per 10 beds
1 Oxygen analyser
1 Phototherapy irradiance meter
1 Transcutaneous bilirubinometer
1 Automated Acoustic Brainstem Evoke Response machine
2 Cerebral function monitor
2 Hypothermia therapy machine with servo control
2 Portable suction for chest drains
2 Portable suction machines
4 Blood warmer
3 Infant weighing scale
1 Defibrillator
1 Emergency trolley
2 Breast pumps
1 Refrigerator from medications
1 Refrigerator for milk formula
1 Refrigerator for expressed breast milk
4 Continuous suction pump with regulator
1 Cabinet for hot air drying of tubings
1 Ultrasonic tank washer
4 Mobile radiant warmer
1 (optional) Centrifuge & bilirubinometer
122
Special Care Nursery (SCN)
1.Equipment per bed according to No. and of Level of care as given above
2.Additional equipment per SCN ward:

system height adjustable with resuscitation
3 Breast pumps
1 Phototherapy irradiance meter
2 Milk fridges
1 Refrigerator for medications
1 Transport Incubator
1 Ultrasound machine
1 Bedside glucose analyser per 10 beds
1 Transcutaneous bilirubinometer
1 Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) machine
2 Portable suction machines
2 Blood warmer
2 Infant weighing scale
1 Defibrillator
1 Emergency trolley
4 Mobile Radiant warmer
1 Oxygen analyser
Equipment for exchange transfusion room, treatment room and other non-clini-
cal area not included. Trolleys, spare equipment like phototherapy lights, incuba-
tor, ventilator, magill forceps, laryngocscope
Milk kitchen (size and no. depend on capacity required):

Milk pasteuriser
Bottle washer
Steriliser
Water dispenser and
Milk bottles & teats
Refrigerator
123
Electrical, Gas Supply, and Mechanical Needs:-

Electrical
Per level III/IV bed 2 UPS, 6 E, 8 N
Per level IIb 4E, 4N
Per level IIa, per resuscitation bed 1E, 3 N
Per level I 2N
Gas Supply
Per level III/IV bed 2 air, 2 O2, 2 vac
Per level Iib, per resuscitation bed 1 air, 2 O2, 1 vac
Per level IIa, exchange transfusion and 1 O2, 1 vac
treatment room
124
APPENDIX III
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT

OF OPERATIONAL POLICY FOR PAEDIATRIC
SERVICES
Advisors : Y.Bhg. Datuk Dr. Noor Hisham bin Abdullah

Deputy Director General of Health (Medical)
Ministry of Health Malaysia
Y.Bhg. Dato’ Dr. Azmi bin Shapie

Director of Medical Development Division
Facilitator : Dr. Teng Seng Chong

Former Senior Deputy Director,
Medical Development Division
Dr. Hussain Imam bin Haji Muhammad Ismail

Senior Consultant Paediatrician & National Advisor for
Paediatric Services, Ministry of Health Malaysia
Dr. Wong Swee Lan

Senior Consultant Paediatrician
Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, Seremban
Dr. Lim Yam Ngo

Paediatrics Institutes, Kuala Lumpur Hospital
Contributors : Dr. Chin Choy Nyok

& Head of Paediatric Department
Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan
Dr. Tam Pui Ying

Melaka Hospital
Dr. Jamaluddin Mohd

Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Kangar
125
Y.Bhg. Datuk Dr. Kuan Geok Lan

Melaka Hospital
Dr. Susan Pee

Sultan Ismail Hospital, Pandan
Dr. Angeline Yeoh

Seberang Jaya Hospital
Dr. Jeyasselan P Nachiappan

Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Ipoh
Y. Bhg. Datin Dr. Chan Saw Keng

Consultant Paediatrician & Head of Paediatric
Department
Seri Manjung Hospital
Dr. Choo Chong Ming

Pulau Pinang Hospital
Dr. Ng Su Yuen
Consultant Paediatrician
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Dr. Irene Cheah

Senior Consultant Paediatrician/Neonatologist
Dr. Norzila Mohamed Zainudin

Senior Consultant Paediatric Respiratory Physician
Dr. Eni Juraida Abdul Rahman
126
Senior Consultant Paediatric Oncologist/Hematologist

Dr. Hishamshah Mohd Ibrahim

Senior Consultant Paediatric Oncologist/Hematologist
Dr. Kamarul Azhar Mohd Razali

Infectious Disease Consultant
Dr Zulaiha Muda
Consultant Paediatric Oncologist/Hematologist
Y. Bhg. Datin Dr. Sheila Marimuthu

Consultant Paediatrician/Adolescent specialist
Dr. Sabeera Begum Kader Ibrahim

Consultant Paediatric Dermatologist
Dr. Sharifah Ainon Ismail Mohktar

Senior Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist
Hospital Pulau Pinang
Y.Bhg. Dato’ Dr. Teh Keng Hwang

Consultant Paediatric Intensivist
Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah
Alor Setar
Secretariat : Dr. Noor Aziah Zainal Abidin

Senior Principal Assistant Director
Obstetric & Gynecology and Paediatric Services Unit
Dr. Jafanita Jamaludin

Principal Assistant Director
Obstetric & Gynecology and Paediatric Services Unit
127
REFERENCES
1. Guidelines For The Hospital Management of Child Abuse and Neglect, June
2009, MOH/P/PAK/130.07(GU), ISBN 978-983-3433-45-2, published by Medical
Development Division, MOH
2. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Services Operational Policy, February 2008,

MOH/P/PAK/142.07(BP) published by Medical Development Division, MOH
3. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 9/2008 Pelaksanaan Tahap Kesakitan Sebagai Tanda

Vital Kelima (Pain As Fifth Vital Sign) di Hospital-hospital KKM, published by
Medical Development Division, MOH
4. Joint Commission International Accreditation Standards for Hospitals, 3rd

Edition, by Joint Commission International, 2007
5. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 1/2007 Garispanduan Sistem Kawalan Keselamatan Bayi

diHospital-hospital KKM, (MOH/P/PAK/118.06(GU) published by Medical
Development Division, MOH
6. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 3/2007 Pelaksanaan Program Survelan Kecederaan Oleh

Alatan Tajam
7. MOH Guideline For Selection and Use of Disinfectants, December 2007,

published by Pharmaceutical Services Division, MOH
8. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 1/2006 Keperluan Melaporkan Kejadian Wabak Penyakit

Berjangkit
9. Hand Hygiene Handbook, MOH 2006
10. Pocket Guidelines For Standard Precautions, 2nd Edition, 2005, published by
Occupational Health Unit, MOH, ISBN 983-42556-2-4
11. Pekeliling KPK Bil. 3/2005 Garispanduan Rekod Perubatan Bagi Hospital-
Hospital KKM
12. CPG on Withholding and Withdrawing Of Life Support in Children, December

2005, MOH/P/PAK/102.05(GU)
128
13. SOP For Potential Infectious Disease, 1st Edition, 2004, MOH/K/EPI/41.04(HB),
ISBN 983-41870-0-9, published by Disease Control Division, MOH
14. Disinfection and Sterilization Policy and Practice, MOH, 4th Edition, 2002,
MOH/P/PAK/79.04(HB)
15. Consensus Guidelines For The Management Of Infections by ESBL-Producing

Bacteria, 2001, published by MOH, Academy of Medicine and Malaysian
Society of Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy
16. Management of Clinical and Related Wastes in Hospitals and Healthcare

Establishment, July 1993, published by Engineering Services Division, MOH
17. Conventon on Rights of Children 1990
18. Guidelines For The Rational Use Of Blood and Blood Products, published by
National Blood Centre, MOH
19. Policy and Procedure Of Infection and Antibiotic Control, MOH
20. Garispanduan Kesihatan Mesra Kanak-Kanak, published by Persatuan

Kesihatan Mesra Kanak-Kanak Negara Malaysia
21. Department Policies from Hospital Kuala Lumpur; Hospital Ipoh; Hospital
Tengku Ampuan Afzan Kuantan; Hospital Seri Manjung, Hospital Batu Pahat,
Hospital Sultan Ismail Pandan, Hospital Seremban, Hospital Melaka, Hospital
Seberang Jaya, Hospital Teluk Intan, Hospital Sungai Petani

129
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Medical Development Division would like to acknowledge the contributions of
the following individuals and groups towards the development of this document;
Y.Bhg. Dato’ Sri Dr. Hasan bin Abdul Rahman, Director General of Health Malaysia,
Y.Bhg. Datuk Dr. Noor Hisham bin Abdullah, Deputy Director General of Health
(Medical) and Y.Bhg. Dato’ Dr. Azmi bin Shapie, Director Medical Development
Division for their leadership and guidance,
Dr. Hussain Imam bin Haji Muhammad Ismail, National Advisor for Paediatric
Services for his dedication, leadership and expertise to the Ministry of
Health towards the publication of this document,
And to all other parties who have directly or may indirectly involved in the
publication of this document.
130

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MOH/P/PAK/175.

Published in Januar y 2012

A catalogue record of this document is available from the Librar y and

And also available from the National Librar y of Malaysia;

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

The Director General of Health Malaysia 7

The National Advisor of Paediatric Services 8

1.0 Patient Safety Goals 11

2.0 Access to Care and Continuity of Care 12

3.0 Patient and Family Rights 18

4.0 Assessment of Patients 21

5.0 Care of Patients 22

7.0 Medication Management and Use 25

8.0 Patient and Family Education 27

9.0 Quality Improvement and Patient Safety 28

1 0 . 0 Prevention and Control of Infections 29

1 1 . 0 Facility Management and Safety 30

1 2 . 0 Staff Qualifications and Education 31

1 3 . 0 Management of Communication and Information 34

1.0 Paediatric Nephrology Unit Policies 37

2.0 Paediatric Neurology Unit Policies 47

3.0 Paediatric Cardiology Unit Policies 53

4.0 Paediatric Oncology Unit Policies 57

5.0 Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Unit Policies 63

6.0 Paediatric Respiratory Unit Policies 68

7.0 Paediatric Dermatology Unit Policies 75

8.0 Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit Policies 80

9.0 Adolescent Medicine Unit Policies 83

1 0 . 0 Neonatology Unit Policies 88

1 1 . 0 Paediatric Specialist Clinic Policies 94

1 2 . 0 Paediatric Day Care Unit Policies 97

1 3 . 0 Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Policies 104

I. General Paediatric Ward Staff And Equipment Norms 113

III. List of Contributors for Development of Operational Policy for

SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

SSEP = Somatosensory Evoked Potential

TPHA = Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination

URTI = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory

VSD = Ventricular Septal Defect

The Ministry of Health is committed to providing timely, safe, quality

For many years now we have seen a steady improvement in

One of the challenges in health care delivery is consistency of performance

The paediatric services address a particularly vulnerable segment of the

Our population also increasingly expects full disclosure when consenting to

A departmental operating policy that is applicable to all levels of hospitalized

Dato’ Sri Dr. Hasan bin Abdul Rahman

During the pediatric annual heads of department meeting

We have included a section on staffing and equipment norms. This is meant to

This document is designed to be a guide. Individual departments and

Hussain Imam bin Hj Muhammad Ismail

The paediatric medical department shall:

To provide quality care incorporating aspects of promotive, preventive, diagnostic,

1. To provide health and medical services to children from birth to 18 years of

2. Training of doctors, nurses and allied health personnel in general paediatrics

3. Advocacy role for issues related to child and adolescent health.

4. Quality improvement activities, health systems and clinical research.

1. Wards 4. Intensive care units

The organisation will depend on the level of care provided by the