Flame Photometer

Models PFP7 and PFP7/C

Operating Manual

500 795 / Rev D / 07-14

English
Safety Information
Please read this information carefully prior to installing or using this equipment.

1. The unit described in this manual is designed be operated only by trained personnel. Any
adjustments, maintenance and repair must be carried out as defined in this manual, by a person
qualified to be aware of the hazards involved.
2. It is essential that both operating and service personnel employ a safe system of work, in addition to
the detailed instructions specified in this manual.
3. Other than for those items defined in the maintenance procedures herein there are no user
serviceable items in this instrument. Removal of covers and attempted adjustment or service by
unqualified personnel will invalidate the warranty and may incur additional charges for repair.
4. References should always be made to the Health and Safety data supplied with any chemicals used.
Generally accepted laboratory procedures for safe handling of chemicals should be employed.
5. If it is suspected that safety of the unit has been impaired in any way, the unit must be made
inoperative and secured against any intended operation. The fault condition should immediately be
reported to the appropriate servicing authority.
NOTE: Failure to use this equipment in accordance with the manufacture’s manual may compromise
your basic safety protection afforded by the equipment and may invalidate the warranty. The warranty
does not cover damage caused by faulty installation or misuse of the equipment.

Prevention of Fire and Electric Shock.

To prevent a risk of fire or electric shock, DO NOT open your product
case without authorisation. Only qualified service personnel should
attempt to repair this product.

Replace fuses only with the type as listed in section 4.1.2.

Ensure the mains power supply conforms to the rating found on the
serial plate located on the back of this product.

Never operate this equipment without connection to earth /

ground. Ensure the mains supply voltage is correctly earthed /
grounded in accordance with current area legislation.

General Safe Operating Practice

Always follow good laboratory practice when using this equipment.
Give due recognition to your company’s safety and legislative health
& safety procedures and all associated legislation applicable to your
areas of operation. Check laboratory procedures for substances
being used and ensure all hazards (e.g. explosion, implosion or the
release of toxic or flammable gases) that might arise have been
suitably addressed before proceeding. When using certain

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 1

substances the liberation of hazardous gases may require the use of
a fume cupboard or other means of extraction.
Be aware of biological contamination. Ensure sterilization of the
capillary tube, waste, nebuliser and mixing chamber is performed
after contamination.
Ensure equipment is used on a clean, dry, non-combustible, solid
work surface with at least 300mm suitable clearance all around and
at least 1m clearance above the chimney.
Ensure that the outer chimney is properly installed before operating
the equipment.
Attention: Ensure that the gas and air pipes have been connected
correctly and that there are no gas leaks present before igniting.
Ensure that the unit is properly connected to the gas cylinder
making sure there are no gas leaks. Ensure that the correct gas
regulator is used and connected properly. The responsible body
must ensure that the type of connector used on the outlet of the
gas-pressure regulator conforms to the applicable national
requirements.
Take care when fitting and removing the capillary tube to the
nebulizer needle.
It is not recommended to leave the flame photometer unattended
during operation.
Do not operate or handle any part of the product with wet hands.

Do not look down the flame chimney when igniting or operating the
equipment.
Do not handle the flame chimney whilst in operation.

Do not lean or stretch over the equipment whilst in operation.

Do not cover the chimney whilst in use. Do not block or obstruct

ventilation slots / airways.
Do not spill substances onto the unit. If spillage does occur,
disconnect unit from mains supply. If using hazardous substances
please adhere to standard laboratory operating procedures.
Do not position the product so that it is difficult to disconnect from
the mains supply.

Do not move or carry the unit when in use or connected to the

mains electricity supply.
Important: Allow sufficient time for the chimney to cool before
handling.
Do not use acetylene with the flame photometer.

Warning: Over adjustment of the fuel valve will cause excess flame.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 2

Avoid installing the flame photometer in areas that are susceptible
to drafts, but ensure that there is adequate ventilation to prevent
any build-up of gas.

Before using any cleaning or decontamination methods except those

specified by the manufacturer, responsible bodies should check
with the manufacturer that the proposed method will not damage
the equipment.

In order to completely disconnect power to the flame photometer

the mains power cord must be detached from the back of the unit.

Ensure a suitably rated detachable mains cord is used.

This hazard symbol is present on the flame chimney outer casing and
indicates that the surface may be hot to touch.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 3

Français
Consignes de sécurité
Veuillez lire attentivement ces informations avant d'installer ou d'utiliser cet équipement.

1. L'appareil décrit dans ce manuel est conçu pour n'être utilisé que par un du personnel qualifié. Tous
les réglages et toutes les interventions d'entretien ou de réparation doivent être effectués tel que
décrits dans ce manuel, par une personne habilitée et ayant été informée des risques encourus.
2. Il est essentiel que les utilisateurs et les techniciens d'entretien mettent en œuvre des méthodes de
travail sûres, en complément des instructions détaillées fournies dans ce manuel.
3. Aucun élément autre que ceux définis dans les procédures d'entretien indiquées dans le présent
manuel n'est réparable directement par l'utilisateur. Le retrait des capots et les tentatives de réglage
ou d'entretien du fait d'un membre du personnel non qualifié conduiront à l'annulation de la
garantie et sont susceptibles d'entraîner des frais supplémentaires en cas de réparation.
4. Lors de l'utilisation de produits chimiques, une attention particulière doit impérativement être
portée aux fiches de données de sécurité qui les accompagnent. Les procédures de laboratoire
classiquement reconnues pour la manipulation des produits chimiques doivent être mises en œuvre.
5. En cas de suspicion d'altération de la sécurité de l'appareil de quelque manière que ce soit, celui-ci
doit être mis hors service et son utilisation doit être rendue impossible. L'anomalie ou panne doit
être immédiatement signalée à l’autorité responsable de l'entretien.

REMARQUE : le non-respect des conditions d'utilisation de l'équipement indiquées dans ce manuel du

fabricant est susceptible de compromettre votre sécurité et d'entrainer l'annulation de la garantie. La
garantie ne couvre pas les dommages causés par une mauvaise installation ou une mauvaise utilisation
de l'équipement.
1.1. Prévention des incendies et des chocs électriques.
Afin d'éviter tout risque d'incendie ou de choc électrique, N'OUVREZ
PAS votre appareil sans autorisation. Seul un personnel qualifié est
habilité à effectuer des interventions de réparation sur l'appareil.

Ne remplacez les fusibles qu'avec les références indiquées dans le

chapitre 4.1.2.

Assurez-vous que l'alimentation secteur soit conforme aux données

nominales mentionnées sur la plaque signalétique située à l'arrière
de cet appareil.

N'utilisez jamais cet appareil sans prise électrique raccordée à la

terre ou à une masse. Assurez-vous que l'alimentation secteur soit
correctement reliée à la terre ou à une masse conformément aux
réglementations locales en vigueur.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 4

Pratiques de base pour une utilisation sûre
Suivez toujours les bonnes pratiques de laboratoire lors de
l'utilisation de cet appareil. Portez une attention particulière aux
procédures de santé et de sécurité de votre entreprise et aux
procédures réglementaires, ainsi qu'à toutes les lois applicables
associées en vigueur dans votre région. Référez-vous aux procédures
de laboratoire concernant les substances utilisées et assurez-vous
que tous les risques impliqués (explosion, implosion ou libération de
gaz toxiques ou inflammables) aient été convenablement pris en
compte avant toute manipulation. Lors de l'utilisation de certaines
substances, la libération de gaz dangereux peut nécessiter
l'utilisation d'une hotte ou de tout autre moyen d'extraction.

Portez une attention particulière aux risques de contaminations

biologiques. Assurez-vous que le tube capillaire, le nébuliseur, la
chambre de mélange ainsi que le tube d'évacuation des résidus
soient stérilisés après utilisation.
Assurez-vous que l'équipement soit utilisé sur une surface propre,
sèche, solide et non-combustible et qu'un espace d'au moins
300mm soit laissé tout autour ainsi qu'un dégagement d'au moins
1m au-dessus de la cheminée.
Assurez-vous que la cheminée extérieure soit correctement installée
avant d'utiliser l'équipement.
Attention : assurez-vous que les tuyaux de gaz et d'air soient
correctement raccordés et qu'aucune fuite de gaz ne subsiste avant
de d'allumer l'appareil.
Assurez-vous que l'appareil soit correctement raccordé à la bouteille
de gaz en veillant à l'absence de fuite de gaz. Assurez-vous qu'un
régulateur de gaz approprié soit utilisé et qu'il soit correctement
raccordé. L'organe responsable doit veiller à ce que le type de
connecteur utilisé à la sortie du régulateur de la pression du gaz soit
conforme aux exigences en vigueur dans le pays.
Les opérations de mise en place et de retrait du tube capillaire de
l'aiguille du nébuliseur doivent être effectuées avec précaution.
Il est recommandé de ne pas laisser le photomètre de flamme sans
surveillance pendant son fonctionnement.
NE PAS utiliser et/ou manipuler l'appareil avec les mains mouillées.

NE PAS regarder dans la cheminée lors de l'allumage ou en cours

d'utilisation de l'équipement.
NE PAS manipuler la cheminée pendant le fonctionnement de
l’appareil.
NE PAS pencher ou incliner l'équipement pendant son
fonctionnement.
NE PAS recouvrir la cheminée en cours d'utilisation. NE PAS bloquer
et/ou obstruer les fentes de ventilation ou d'aération.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 5

NE PAS déverser de substances sur l'appareil. En cas de
déversement, déconnectez immédiatement l'appareil de
l'alimentation secteur. En cas d'utilisation de substances
dangereuses, veuillez respecter les procédures d'utilisation de
laboratoire standard.
NE PAS placer l'appareil dans une position rendant difficile sa
déconnexion de l'alimentation secteur.

NE PAS déplacer et/ou transporter l'appareil en cours d'utilisation

ou lorsqu'il est raccordé à l'alimentation électrique secteur.
Important : laissez la cheminée refroidir avant de la manipuler.

NE PAS utiliser d'acétylène avec le photomètre de flamme.

Avertissement : un réglage inapproprié du robinet de combustible

permettant un débit excessif entrainera une flamme trop
importante.

Évitez d'installer le photomètre de flamme dans une zone exposée

aux courants d'air, tout en vous assurant que cette zone est
suffisamment ventilée pour éviter toute accumulation de gaz.
Avant d'utiliser toute méthode de nettoyage ou de
décontamination, à l'exception de celles spécifiées par le fabricant,
les organes responsables doivent vérifier que la méthode proposée
n'endommagera pas l'appareil.

Afin de débrancher complètement le photomètre de flamme, les

câbles secteur doivent être détachés de l'arrière de l'appareil.

Ce symbole de danger est présent sur le boîtier extérieur de la

cheminée de la flamme et indique que la surface peut être chaude
au toucher.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 6

Italiano
Informazioni sulla sicurezza
Si prega di leggere attentamente le seguenti istruzioni prima di installare o utilizzare questa
apparecchiatura.

1. L'apparecchiatura descritta nel presente manuale è stata progettata per essere utilizzata
esclusivamente da personale qualificato. Qualsiasi intervento a scopo di regolazione, manutenzione
e riparazione deve essere eseguito secondo la modalità descritta nel presente manuale da personale
qualificato e a conoscenza dei rischi connessi.
2. Il personale addetto all'utilizzo e alla manutenzione dell'apparecchiatura deve implementare un
sistema di lavoro sicuro e seguire le istruzioni dettagliate presenti in questo manuale.
3. Ad esclusione delle parti indicate nelle procedure di manutenzione contenute in questo manuale,
l'apparecchiatura non contiene componenti che possano essere riparati dall'utente. La rimozione di
coperture ed eventuali tentativi di regolazione o riparazione da parte di personale non qualificato
renderanno nulla la garanzia e potranno generare dei costi aggiuntivi per la riparazione.
4. Fare sempre riferimento ai dati sulla salute e la sicurezza forniti insieme ai prodotti chimici utilizzati.
Implementare le procedure di laboratorio comunemente accettate per la manipolazione sicura dei
prodotti chimici.
5. Se si sospetta che la sicurezza dell'unità sia stata compromessa, disattivare e rendere inutilizzabile
l'unità. La condizione di guasto deve essere immediatamente comunicata al responsabile della
manutenzione appropriato.

NOTA: Il mancato rispetto delle istruzioni sull'utilizzo fornite dal fabbricante può compromettere la
sicurezza di base offerta dall'apparecchiatura e rendere nulla la garanzia. La garanzia non copre i danni
causati da un'installazione scorretta o da un uso improprio dell'apparecchiatura.

Prevenzione degli incendi e delle scosse elettriche.

Per evitare il rischio di incendio o scossa elettrica, NON aprire
l'apparecchiatura senza autorizzazione. Solo il personale qualificato
addetto alla manutenzione può tentare di riparare questo prodotto.

Sostituire i fusibili solo con quelli del tipo indicato nella sezione
4.1.2.

Assicurarsi che l'alimentazione della rete elettrica sia conforme ai

dati nominali indicati nella targhetta identificativa posizionata sul
retro di questa apparecchiatura.

Non utilizzare mai questa apparecchiatura senza il collegamento di

terra/massa. Assicurarsi che la tensione di alimentazione sia
correttamente messa a terra/massa in conformità con la legislazione
vigente nel proprio paese.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 7

Pratica di utilizzo sicuro generale

Seguire sempre le buone pratiche di laboratorio quando si utilizza

questa apparecchiatura. Accettare e implementare le procedure per
la salute e la sicurezza vigenti, quelle stabilite dalla propria azienda e
da qualsiasi normativa applicabile alla propria area di lavoro.
Controllare le procedure di laboratorio per le sostanze utilizzate e
assicurarsi che tutti i rischi potenziali (ad es. esplosione, implosione
o rilascio di gas tossici o infiammabili) siano stati adeguatamente
presi in considerazione prima di procedere. Quando si utilizzano
determinate sostanze, il rilascio di gas pericolosi può rendere
necessario l'utilizzo di una cappa chimica aspirante o di altri mezzi di
estrazione.
Fare attenzione alla contaminazione biologica. Assicurarsi che dopo
l'utilizzo venga eseguita la sterilizzazione del tubo capillare, dello
scarico, del nebulizzatore e della camera di miscelazione.
Assicurarsi che l'apparecchiatura venga utilizzata su una superficie di
lavoro pulita, asciutta, non combustibile e solida con almeno 300
mm di spazio libero su ogni lato e almeno 1 m sopra la ciminiera.
Assicurarsi che la ciminiera esterna sia stata adeguatamente
installata prima di utilizzare l'apparecchiatura.
Attenzione: Prima dell'accensione, assicurarsi che i tubi del gas e
dell'aria siano stati collegati correttamente e che non presentino
perdite.
Assicurarsi che l'apparecchiatura sia stata collegata correttamente
alla bombola del gas e che non vi siano perdite. Assicurarsi che sia
stato utilizzato il regolatore del gas appropriato e che sia stato
collegato correttamente. L'organo responsabile deve assicurarsi che
il tipo di connettore utilizzato all'uscita del regolatore di pressione-
gas sia conforme ai requisiti nazionali applicabili.

Durante l'installazione e la rimozione del tubo capillare, prestare

attenzione all'ago del nebulizzatore.
Si sconsiglia di lasciare incustodito il fotometro a fiamma durante il
funzionamento.
Non utilizzare o manipolare nessuna parte di questa
apparecchiatura con le mani bagnate.

Non guardare dentro la ciminiera durante l'accensione o il

funzionamento dell'apparecchiatura.
Non manipolare la ciminiera della fiamma durante il funzionamento.

Non appoggiarsi o allungarsi sopra l'apparecchiatura durante il

funzionamento.
Non coprire la ciminiera durante l'utilizzo. Non bloccare od ostruire i
condotti/le aperture di aerazione.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 8

Non rovesciare sostanze sull'apparecchiatura. In caso di
rovesciamento, scollegare l'apparecchiatura dalla rete elettrica. Se si
utilizzano sostanze pericolose, seguire le procedure operative
standard di laboratorio.
Non posizionare l'apparecchiatura in modo che sia difficile
scollegarla dalla rete elettrica.

Non spostare o trasportare l'apparecchiatura se in funzione o

collegata alla rete elettrica.
Importante: Lasciar raffreddare la ciminiera per un tempo adeguato
prima di manipolarla.
Non utilizzare acetilene con il fotometro a fiamma.

Avvertenza: La sovraregolazione della valvola del carburante genera

una fiamma eccessiva.
Non installare il fotometro a fiamma in zone soggette a correnti, ma
assicurarsi che vi sia una ventilazione adeguata per evitare accumuli
di gas.
Prima di mettere in atto qualsiasi metodo di pulizia o
decontaminazione, ad eccezione di quelli specificati dal fabbricante,
gli organi responsabili devono verificare insieme al fabbricante che i
metodi proposti non danneggino l'apparecchiatura.
Al fine di scollegare completamente l'alimentazione del fotometro a
fiamma, il cavo di alimentazione deve essere scollegato dal retro
dell'unità.
Questo simbolo di pericolo è presente sulla ciminiera della fiamma e
indica che la superficie possa risultare molto calda al tatto.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 9

Español
Información de seguridad
Lea atentamente esta información antes de instalar o usar el equipo.

1. La unidad descrita en este manual está diseñada para ser manejada solamente por personal
cualificado. Cualquier ajuste, mantenimiento y reparación debe realizarse tal y como se define en
este manual, por una persona cualificada y que sea consciente de los riesgos que implica.
2. Es esencial que, tanto el personal operativo como el de mantenimiento, usen un sistema de trabajo
seguro, además de las instrucciones detalladas especificadas en este manual.
3. Además de los elementos definidos en los procedimientos de mantenimiento en el presente manual,
en este instrumento no hay elementos que requieran mantenimiento o reparación por parte del
usuario. La retirada de las cubiertas y el intento de ajuste o mantenimiento por personal no
cualificado invalidará la garantía y puede incurrir en cargos adicionales para su reparación.
4. Es necesario remitirse siempre a los datos de Salud y Seguridad suministrados con cualquier
producto químico usado. Deben emplearse procedimientos de laboratorio generalmente aceptados
para la manipulación segura de los productos químicos.
5. Si se sospecha que la seguridad de la unidad ha sido alterada de alguna forma, la unidad debe
inutilizarse y deben tomarse medidas para impedir el funcionamiento pretendido. El estado de
avería debe ser notificado inmediatamente a la autoridad de mantenimiento competente.

NOTA: La no utilización de este equipo de acuerdo con el manual del fabricante puede comprometer su
protección de seguridad básica ofrecida por el equipo y puede invalidar la garantía. La garantía no cubre
el daño causado por una instalación defectuosa o un uso indebido del equipo.

Prevención de incendios y choque eléctrico.

Para prevenir el riesgo de incendio o choque eléctrico, NO abra la
caja del producto sin autorización. Únicamente el personal de
mantenimiento cualificado debe intentar reparar este producto.

Sustituya los fusibles únicamente con el tipo que se enumera en la

sección 4.1.2.

Asegúrese de que la alimentación eléctrica coincide con la potencia

nominal indicada en la placa identificativa ubicada en la parte
posterior de este producto.

No ponga en marcha nunca este equipo sin conexión a tierra / masa.

Asegúrese de que la tensión de la red eléctrica esté correctamente
conectada a tierra / masa de acuerdo con la actual legislación de la
zona.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 10

Práctica operativa y de seguridad estándar
Siga siempre las buenas prácticas de laboratorio cuando use este
equipo. Tenga debidamente en cuenta los procedimientos
legislativos de seguridad y de salud y seguridad de su compañía y
toda la legislación asociada aplicable en las zonas de operación.
Compruebe los procedimientos de laboratorio para las sustancias
que están siendo usadas y asegúrese de que todos los riesgos (por
ejemplo, explosión, implosión o liberación de gases tóxicos o
inflamables) que puedan producirse han sido abordados
adecuadamente antes de continuar. Cuando se usan ciertas
sustancias, la liberación de gases peligrosos puede requerir el uso de
una campana extractora de gases u otros medios de extracción.
Tenga en cuenta la contaminación biológica. Asegúrese de que se
realiza la esterilización del tubo capilar, los residuos, el nebulizador y
la cámara de mezclado después del uso.
Asegúrese de que el equipo se usa en una superficie de trabajo
sólida, no combustible, seca y limpia con al menos 300 mm de
espacio libre adecuado alrededor y al menos 1 m de espacio libre
por encima de la chimenea.
Asegúrese de que la chimenea externa está instalada
apropiadamente antes de poner en funcionamiento el equipo.
Atención: Asegúrese de que las tuberías de gas y de aire se han
conectado correctamente y de que no hay fugas de gas presentes
antes del encendido.
Asegúrese de que la unidad está conectada correctamente al
cilindro de gas, asegurándose de que no hay fugas de gas. Asegúrese
de que se usa y se conecta adecuadamente el regulador de gas
correcto. El organismo responsable debe asegurarse de que el tipo
de conector utilizado en la salida del regulador de presión del gas
cumpla los requisitos nacionales aplicables.

Tenga cuidado al instalar y retirar el tubo capilar en/de la aguja

nebulizadora.
No es recomendable dejar el fotómetro de llama desatendido
durante el funcionamiento.
No accione o manipule parte alguna del producto con las manos
húmedas.

No mire hacia abajo en la chimenea de llama cuando encienda o

maneje el equipo.
No manipule la chimenea de llama mientras está funcionando.

No se incline o se estire sobre el equipo mientras está funcionando.

No tape la chimenea de llama mientras está funcionando. No

bloquee u obstruya las ranuras de ventilación / los conductos de
aire.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 11

No derrame sustancias sobre la unidad. Si se producen derrames,
desconecte la unidad de la red eléctrica. Si usa sustancias peligrosas,
cíñase a los procedimientos operativos de laboratorio estándar.
No coloque el producto de modo que sea difícil desconectarlo de la
red eléctrica.

No mueva ni transporte la unidad cuando esté en funcionamiento o

esté conectada a la alimentación eléctrica.
Importante: Deje tiempo suficiente para que la chimenea se enfríe
antes de la manipulación.
No use acetileno con el fotómetro de llama.

Advertencia: El ajuste excesivo de la válvula de combustible

provocará una llama excesiva.
Evite instalar el fotómetro de llama en zonas expuestas a corrientes
de aire pero asegúrese de que haya una ventilación adecuada para
evitar acumulaciones de gas.
Antes de utilizar cualquier método de limpieza o descontaminación
distinto del especificado por el fabricante, los organismos
responsables deben comprobar con el fabricante que el método
propuesto no dañe el equipo.
Para desconectar del todo la alimentación del fotómetro de llama,
debe desenchufarse el cable de la toma de red de la parte posterior
de la unidad.
Este símbolo de riesgo se encuentra en la cubierta exterior de la
chimenea de llama e indica que la superficie puede quemar al tacto.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 12

Deutsch
Sicherheitsinformationen
Bitte lesen Sie diese Informationen sorgfältig durch, bevor Sie das Gerät installieren oder benutzen.

1. Das in diesem Handbuch beschriebene Gerät darf nur von geschultem Personal bedient werden.
Einstellungen, Wartungs- und Reparaturarbeiten sind gemäß den Anweisungen in diesem Handbuch
von einer qualifizierten Fachkraft durchzuführen, die über potenzielle Gefahren unterrichtet ist.
2. Es ist wichtig, dass sowohl das Betriebs- als auch das Wartungspersonal zusätzlich zu den
detaillierten Anweisungen in diesem Handbuch ein sicheres Arbeitssystem anwenden.
3. Außer der in den Wartungsverfahren in diesem Handbuch angegebenen Teile gibt es in diesem Gerät
keine Teile, die vom Benutzer zu warten sind. Die Entfernung von Abdeckungen sowie der Versuch
der Einstellung oder Wartung durch unqualifiziertes Personal führt dazu, dass die Garantie ungültig
wird und kann zusätzliche Reparaturkosten nach sich ziehen.
4. Die Angaben zum Gesundheitsschutz und zur Arbeitssicherheit, die mit verwendeten Chemikalien
mitgeliefert werden, sind jederzeit zu berücksichtigen. Es sind allgemein anerkannte Laborverfahren
für die sichere Handhabung von Chemikalien einzusetzen.
5. Falls vermutet wird, dass die Sicherheit des Geräts auf irgendeine Weise beeinträchtigt wurde, ist
das Gerät außer Betrieb zu setzen und gegen den Betrieb zu sichern. Die Störung ist der
entsprechenden Wartungsstelle umgehend zu melden.

HINWEIS: Wird das Gerät nicht gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellerhandbuchs verwendet, kann dies
dazu führen, dass Ihr grundlegender Sicherheitsschutz durch das Gerät beeinträchtigt und die Garantie
ungültig wird. Die Garantie deckt keine Schäden durch fehlerhafte Installation oder falsche Verwendung
des Geräts ab.

Verhütung von Feuer und Stromschlägen.

Um die Gefahr von Bränden oder Stromschlägen zu verhindern,
öffnen Sie das Produktgehäuse NICHT ohne Genehmigung. Nur
qualifiziertes Wartungspersonal darf dieses Produkt reparieren.

Ersetzen Sie Sicherungen nur durch die in Abschnitt 4.1.2.

angegebene Sicherungsart.

Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Netzstromversorgung der auf dem

Typenschild auf der Rückseite des Produkts angegebenen
Nennleistung entspricht.

Betreiben Sie das Gerät niemals ohne Erd-/Masseverbindung.

Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Netzspannung in Übereinstimmung mit
der entsprechenden aktuellen Gesetzgebung korrekt geerdet ist.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 13

Allgemeine sichere Betriebspraxis
Befolgen Sie bei der Verwendung des Geräts immer die gute
Laborpraxis. Beachten Sie die Sicherheitsverfahren Ihres
Unternehmens, die gesetzlichen Gesundheits- und
Sicherheitsverfahren sowie sämtliche, damit verbundenen
Rechtsvorschriften, die für Ihre Arbeitsgebiete gelten. Überprüfen
Sie die Laborverfahren für die verwendeten Stoffe und stellen Sie
sicher, dass alle potenziellen Gefahren (z.B. Explosionen,
Implosionen oder Freisetzung von toxischen oder entzündlichen
Gasen) auf angemessene Weise berücksichtigt wurden, bevor die
Arbeit fortgesetzt wird. Bei der Verwendung von bestimmten
Stoffen kann es durch die Freisetzung von gefährlichen Gasen
eventuell notwendig sein, dass ein Laborabzug oder eine andere Art
der Beseitigung verwendet wird.
Seien Sie sich der biologischen Kontamination bewusst. Sorgen Sie
dafür, dass das Kapillarrohr, der Abfallbehälter, die Vernebler- und
Mischkammer nach der Verwendung sterilisiert werden.
Stellen Sie sicher, dass sich das Gerät auf einer sauberen, trockenen,
nicht brennbaren und festen Arbeitsfläche mit einem geeigneten
Abstand von mindestens 300 mm in jede Richtung befindet und
mindestens 1 m Platz oberhalb des Schornsteins vorhanden ist.
Stellen Sie sicher, dass der äußere Schornstein vor dem Betrieb des
Geräts ordnungsgemäß installiert wurde.
Achtung: Achten Sie darauf, dass die Gas- und Luftrohre
ordnungsgemäß angeschlossen wurden und dass vor der
Entzündung keine Gaslecks vorhanden sind.
Stellen Sie sicher, dass das Gerät ordnungsgemäß mit der Gasflasche
verbunden ist und keine Gaslecks vorhanden sind. Vergewissern Sie
sich, dass der richtige Gasregler verwendet wird und
ordnungsgemäß angeschlossen ist. Die zuständige Stelle muss
sicherstellen, dass der am Ausgang des Gasdruckreglers verwendete
Steckertyp den geltenden nationalen Vorgaben entspricht.
Seien Sie vorsichtig, wenn Sie das Kapillarrohr an der Verneblernadel
anbringen und von ihr entfernen.
Es wird empfohlen, das Flammenphotometer während des Betriebs
nicht unbeaufsichtigt zu lassen.
Bedienen bzw. fassen Sie keine Teile des Produkts mit nassen
Händen an.

Sehen Sie bei der Entzündung bzw. beim Betrieb des Geräts nicht in
den Flammenschornstein.
Fassen Sie den Flammenschornstein während des Betriebs nicht an.

Lehnen bzw. beugen Sie sich während des Betriebs nicht über das
Gerät.
Decken Sie den Schornstein während des Betriebs nicht ab.
Blockieren oder versperren Sie keine Lüftungsschlitze / Luftkanäle.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 14

Verschütten Sie keine Stoffe auf dem Gerät. Sollte dies trotzdem
passieren, trennen Sie das Gerät von der Netzspannung. Halten Sie
sich bei der Verwendung von gefährlichen Stoffen bitte an die
Standardverfahren für den Laborbetrieb.
Stellen Sie das Produkt nicht so auf, dass es schwierig ist, das Gerät
von der Netzspannung zu trennen.

Transportieren oder bewegen Sie das Gerät nicht, wenn es in

Betrieb oder an die Netzstromversorgung angeschlossen ist.
Wichtig: Warten Sie lange genug, bis der Schornstein abgekühlt ist,
bevor Sie ihn anfassen.
Verwenden Sie kein Acetylen in Verbindung mit dem
Flammenphotometer.
Achtung: Eine übermäßige Justierung des Brennstoffventils führt zu
übermäßiger Flammenbildung.
Stellen Sie das Flammenphotometer nicht in zugigen Bereichen auf,
aber sorgen Sie dafür, dass eine ausreichende Lüftung vorhanden ist,
um die Ansammlung von Gas zu verhindern.
Vor der Durchführung von anderen Reinigungs- oder
Dekontaminationsverfahren als den vom Hersteller angegebenen
Methoden müssen die zuständigen Stellen beim Hersteller
nachfragen, ob die entsprechende Methode das Gerät beschädigen
könnte.
Um das Flammenphotometer vollständig vom Strom zu trennen, ist
das Netzkabel von der Rückseite der Einheit abzunehmen.
Dieses Gefahrensymbol befindet sich auf dem äußeren Gehäuse des
Flammenschornsteins und zeigt an, dass die Fläche eventuell beim
Berühren heiß ist.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 15

Contents:

SECTION 1 .................................................................................................................................. 18

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 Instrument description ...................................................................................................................... 18
1.2 Specification ....................................................................................................................................... 18
1.3 Principles of operation ....................................................................................................................... 19
1.4 Good practice guidelines ................................................................................................................... 21

SECTION 2 .................................................................................................................................. 22

Installation ............................................................................................................................................ 22
2.1 Services required................................................................................................................................ 22
2.2 Unpacking .......................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3 Assembly ............................................................................................................................................ 24
2.4 Installation ......................................................................................................................................... 26
2.5 Accessories ......................................................................................................................................... 27

SECTION 3 .................................................................................................................................. 28

Analysis Preparation .............................................................................................................................. 28

3.1 Calibration standards ......................................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Sample preparation ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Dilution............................................................................................................................................... 31

SECTION 4 .................................................................................................................................. 32

Operation .............................................................................................................................................. 32
4.1 Front and rear panel controls ............................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Operation – Flame Ignition and Optimisation ................................................................................... 34
4.3 Calibration: PFP7 ................................................................................................................................ 36
4.4 Calibration: PFP7/C ............................................................................................................................ 38
4.5 Shutdown ........................................................................................................................................... 38
4.6 Operating precautions ....................................................................................................................... 39

SECTION 5 .................................................................................................................................. 40

Accessories ............................................................................................................................................ 40
5.1 Water separator ................................................................................................................................. 40
5.2 Compressor ........................................................................................................................................ 40

Maintenance ......................................................................................................................................... 42
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Weekly maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 42
6.3 Monthly maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 42
6.4 Six-monthly maintenance .................................................................................................................. 43

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 16

SECTION 7 .................................................................................................................................. 44

Trouble shooting .................................................................................................................................... 44

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 44
7.2 Unstable results ................................................................................................................................. 44
7.3 Unable to set standard reading ......................................................................................................... 44
7.4 Non-linear results............................................................................................................................... 45
7.5 Flame will not light ............................................................................................................................. 45
7.6 No electrical power ............................................................................................................................ 45
7.7 Unable to set blank ............................................................................................................................ 46
7.8 No reading on display ....................................................................................................................... 46

SECTION 8 .................................................................................................................................. 46

Spares ................................................................................................................................................... 46
8.1 Minor Spares Kit (PFP7/MINKIT) ........................................................................................................ 46

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 17

Section 1

Introduction
1.1 Instrument description
The PFP7 and PFP7/C are low temperature, single channel emission flame photometers designed
for the routine determination of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and lithium (Li). Additional filters for
the determination of calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba) are supplied with the PFP7. Both versions are
fitted with an automatic flame failure detection for user safety, making them ideal for use in clinical,
industrial or educational applications. Model PFP7/C is specifically designed for use in clinical
applications. The in-built lineariser circuitry enables readings of both Na and K, at normal clinical
serum concentrations to be displayed directly in mmol/l. Serum samples must be diluted 200:1 or
100:1 prior to presentation to the flame photometer.

1.2 Specification

PFP7 PFP7/C
Ranges 120-160 mmol/L Na (linearized)
0 to 199.9ppm
0-10.0 mmol/L K
Limits of Na 0.2ppm Na 0.2ppm
Detection K 0.2ppm K 0.2ppm
Li 0.25ppm Li 0.25ppm
Ca 15ppm -
Ba 30ppm -
Reproducibility 1% Coefficient of variation (C.V.) for 20 consecutive samples using
10ppm Na set to read at 50.0 (PFP7) or 140 (PFP7/C).
Linearity Better than 2% when concentration of 3ppm Na and K and 5ppm Li
are set to read 100.
Specificity Interference from Na, K and Li when equal in concentration to the
test element will be less than 0.5%
Stability Better than 2% over 5 minutes when continuously aspirating 10ppm,
sample set to read 50.0. Zero drift better than 2% per hour after
warm-up.
Sample Between 2 and 6 ml/minute
requirements

Recorder Output Nominal 1.00 volt for readout of 100.0.

Warm Up The flame must be alight for at least 15 minutes to ensure
achievement of the above stated specification.
Services Electrical: 90-125V or 190-250V @ 50/60Hz
Air: Moisture and oil-free.
Fuel: Propane, butane, natural gas or
L.P.G.
Operating 15oC to 35oC
Environment
Size 420 x 360 x 300mm
Weight 8kg

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 18

1.3 Principles of operation
Flame photometry relies upon the fact that the compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals can be
thermally dissociated in a flame and that some of the atoms produced will be further excited to a higher
energy level. When these atoms return to the ground state they emit radiation which lies mainly in the
visible region of the spectrum. Each element will emit radiation at a wavelength specific for that element.
The table below gives details of the measurable atomic flame emissions of the alkali and alkaline earth
metals in terms of the emission wavelength and the colour produced.

Element Emission Wavelength (nm) Flame Colour

Sodium (Na) 589 Yellow
Potassium (K) 766 Violet
Barium (Ba) 554 Lime Green
Calcium (Ca) 622* Orange
Lithium (Li) 670 Red

*Note: Calcium is measured by using the calcium hydroxide band emission at 622nm as the Calcium main
atomic emission occurs at 423nm.

Over certain ranges of concentration the intensity of the emission is directly proportional to the number of
atoms returning to the ground state. This is in turn proportional to the absolute quantity of the species
volatized in the flame, i.e. light emitted is proportional to sample concentration.

It can be seen that if the light emitted by the element at the characteristic wavelength is isolated by an
optical filter and the intensity of that light measured by a photo-detector, then an electrical signal can be
obtained proportional to sample concentration. Such an electrical signal can be processed and the readout
obtained in a digital form.

A simple flame photometer consists of the following basic components:

a) The burner: a flame that can be maintained in a constant form and at a constant temperature.
b) Nebuliser and mixing chamber: a means of transporting a homogeneous solution into the flame at a
steady rate.
c) Simple colour filters (interference type): a means of isolating light of the wavelength to be measured
from that of extraneous emissions.
d) Photo-detector: a means of measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by the flame.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 19

 Flame Filter Photodetector

Readout

Amplifier
Lens
Burner
Gas inlet
Mixing chamber

Nebuliser

Waste

Drain
Air inlet

“U” tube

Figure 1.3.1: Schematic diagram showing the component parts of a flame photometer.

The analysis of alkali and alkaline earth metals by flame photometry has two major advantages:

i. Their atoms reach the excited state at a temperature lower than that at which most other
elements are excited.
ii. Their characteristic wavelengths are easily isolated from those of most other elements due to wide
spectral separation.

The analysis of Na, K, Li, Ba and Ca are typically determined at low temperatures, i.e. 1500-2000°C, therefore
suitable fuel mixtures are propane/air, butane/air and natural gas/air.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 20

1.4 Good practice guidelines
1. It is most important that the nebuliser, mixing chamber and burner are kept clean by carrying out
the correct shutdown procedure and by periodic maintenance. If high salt solutions are aspirated,
correspondingly longer periods should be spent aspirating deionised water prior to shut down.

2. It is recommended that blank and standard solutions should have a wetting agent (e.g. Triton X-1001
or Decon 90) added to promote good stability and self-cleaning. Any such wetting agent should be
non-ionic and used at a concentration of less than 3ppm. It should be added to the blank, standards
and samples at the same concentration.

3. Take care when preparing standards. The performance of the instrument depends upon the
accuracy and purity of the calibration standards.

4. If standard solutions are required to be stored for any length of time or at an elevated temperature,
a suitable mould inhibitor e.g. azide should be added. However if this contains the element to be
measured (e.g. sodium) it is important that the samples also contain an equivalent amount.

5. Always sample from the top half of the sample container. The bottom half may contain sediment or
particulate matter which could easily block the fine tubing used in the nebuliser.

6. Always use recommended spares. Even where an alternative part may be obviously suitable there
may be good reasons for not using it.

7. Never use glass containers to store calibration standards.

1
Triton X-100 is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co. Inc.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 21

Section 2

Installation
2.1 Services required
The fuel and air supplies to the instrument must be clean and dry and supply pressures regulated within the
limits specified. Any contamination, moisture or variation in supply pressure will directly affect the
performance of the instrument.

NOTE: The instrument will only operate with the correct type of air compressor and gas regulator.

2.1.1 Voltage
This unit is designed to operate at 90 - 250V and at 50 or 60Hz.

2.1.2 Fuel
 Propane or butane regulated to 10-15 inches water gauge (0.36-0.54psi or 0.025-0.038kg/cm2).
 Natural gas at mains pressure between 3 and 10 inches water gauge (0.11-0.36psi or 0.0076-
0.025kg/cm2).
 L.P.G. regulated to 10-15 inches water gauge (0.36-0.54psi or 0.025-0.038kg/cm2).
 Suitable regulators are available from Jenway; refer to Section 2.5.

2.1.3 Air
A supply of dry, clean and pulse-free air at a pressure at 15 - 30psi (approx. 1 - 2 kg/cm2) at 6 litres/minute is
required. A suitable compressor and water separator are available from Jenway; refer to Section 2.5.

2.1.4 Drain
The instrument will need to be sited near a drain or sink to enable disposal of waste liquid. A suitable
receptacle can be utilised if provision is made for easy disposal of its contents. WARNING: The waste liquid
will still contain any hazardous materials that were in the original samples and should be handled and
disposed of with the same care. Waste liquid should always be considered to be of a pathogenic nature
where the instrument is used in a clinical environment.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 22

2.2 Unpacking
Remove the instrument from the packaging and ensure the following items are present:

Part Part Code

Model PFP7 or PFP7/C Flame photometer 500 701 or 500 801
Auxiliary power plug 009 035
Mains cable with connector (plug optional as ordered) 013 046
Nebuliser inlet tube (500mm) 500 193
Gas tube, low pressure (2 metres) 500 191
Silicon rubber tube (drain) 023 003
Air tube (2 metres) 500 192
Nozzle 1: gas 026 012
Nozzle 2: air 026 013
Allen key, 2.5mm 060 037
Adjustable hose clip 060 083
Drain trap 500 018
Drain trap clip 500 114
Nebuliser cleaning wire 500 194

Any shortages or damage should be reported immediately to the manufacturer or local distributor.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 23

2.3 Mixing Chamber Assembly
Place the instrument on a flat, stable bench and proceed as follows (see Figures 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 below):

1. Take the mixing chamber assembly and ensure that the fluted burner (1) is in place (remove the
retaining tape). Place the mixing chamber and burner assembly inside of the flame photometer and
line up the burner with the bottom of the chimney. Look down the chimney and ensure that the
burner locates centrally in the inner chimney. Screw the locking ring (2) onto the threaded boss
provided and tighten until finger tight, ensuring that the mixing chamber is at right angles to the side
of the instrument.

2. Fit the nebuliser (3) into the end cap (8) and connect the air tubing to the nebuliser inlet (4).

3. If natural gas is to be used, remove the restrictor screw (5) fitted into the end of the fuel inlet (6) on
the mixing chamber. The restrictor screw should remain in place if butane, propane or L.P.G. is to be
used as fuel. Keep the restrictor screw in case of any future change in gas supply. Push the fuel
tubing onto the fuel inlet connector (6) – this tube can be secured with a metal hose clip.

Figure 2.3.1: Assembly of the mixing chamber, burner and nebuliser.

4. Take the drain trap clip (9) and, with the screw provided, fix to the hole situated at the chimney end
of the rear panel. Fix a length of silicon rubber tubing (10) onto the side port on the drain trap such
that it is long enough to reach either the sink or the waste receptacle to be used. Fit the drain trap
into the clip on the rear panel and run the short piece of tubing (11) from the bottom of the drain
trap to the mixing chamber waste outlet (7) on the bottom of the mixing chamber. This tube can be
pushed on and does not need securing.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 24

 Figure 2.3.2: Rear panel showing the drain trap, air and fuel inlets.

1) Fluted burner
2) Locking ring
3) Nebuliser
4) Nebuliser inlet
5) Restrictor screw
6) Fuel to mixing chamber inlet
7) Mixing chamber to drain outlet
8) End cap
9) Drain trap clip
10) Drain trap to waste containter tubing
11) Mixing chamber to drain trap tubing
12) Compressed air to nebuliser tubing
13) Compressed air input connector
14) Fuel gas input connector
15) Adjustable voltage fuse
16) POWER OUT sockets
17) POWER IN socket

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 25

2.4 Installation

WARNING The exhaust gases from the chimney are very hot. No
obstruction should be placed above the instrument and the
instrument should be located in a position that makes accidental
contact with the chimney or its exhaust unlikely.

The instrument needs to be operated in a well-ventilated room

(although very strong draughts should be avoided).

Ensure the air tubing is routed away from sources of heat.

Fit the air and fuel inlet connectors to the ports provided on the rear of the instrument.

1. Fit the appropriate lengths of 8mm and 6mm tubing to the connectors 13 and 14 (figure 2.3.2). Run
the tubing to the air and fuel supplies to be used.

NOTE: The maximum inlet pressure and regulation requirements are defined in
Section 2.1.

Turn on the fuel supply at the cylinder or source and check all fuel joints for leaks by using soap
solution or suitable gas detector.

2. Plug the power cable into the POWER IN socket 17 (figure 2.3.2). If necessary connect a suitable plug
to the 3-pin AC supply lead. The colours of the wires conform to the internationally recognised
standard such that:

BROWN LIVE
BLUE NEUTRAL
GREEN/YELLOW EARTH

IMPORTANT – THE INSTRUMENT MUST BE EARTHED.

The green/yellow wire in the AC supply must be connected to a properly grounded terminal.

If a compressor is to be run directly from the instrument then it should be connected to the plugs
provided and connected to the POWER OUT sockets 16a and 16b (figure 2.3.2).

Press the power switch on the front panel. The digital display should be illuminated.

3. Fill the centre tube of the drain trap and the connecting silicon rubber tubing to the mixing chamber
with deionised water. Check that no air bubbles are trapped in this tube and that it flows and runs to
waste freely. Ensure that the drain trap is pushed completely down on its clip.

When the mixing chamber and drain trap are fully connected your flame photometer should look
similar to the illustration below:

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 26

 Figure 2.4.1: An alternative view of the mixing chamber showing inlet and outlet tubing

2.5 Accessories
Always use recommended spares and accessories. Even if an alternative part may appear obviously suitable
there may be some minor variations in specification that could degrade the performance of the instrument.

Accessories Part Code

Model 8515 air compressor (220V 50Hz) 535 001
Model 8516 air compressor (110V 60Hz) 535 002
Butane regulator 500 178
Propane regulator 500 179
Natural gas regulator 500 180
Water separator (small) 500 176
Water separator (large) 500 177
Dust cover 500 134
Cleaning solution (1 litre) 025 171
Minor spares kit PFP7/MINKIT

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 27

Section 3

Analysis Preparation
3.1 Calibration standards
A comprehensive range of aqueous calibration standards is available from Jenway. These must be diluted to
a suitable concentration for aspiration into the flame (see Sections 3.3 and 4.3)

Industrial Standards (500ml) Part Code

1000ppm K 025 023
1000ppm Li 025 024
3000ppm Ba 025 025
1000ppm Na 025 021
1000ppm Ca 025 009

When preparing standards always observe the following:

1. Standards must always contain the constituents that are present in the samples in the same
concentration ratios; i.e. if samples are prepared in 0.05M HCl then the standards should also
contain 0.05M HCl.

2. Always ensure that the standards encompass the expected range of the sample concentrations.

3. Standards should be prepared so as to ensure that the region in which measurements are made
coincide with the concentrations that produce the optimum performance from the flame
photometer, i.e…

 …when measuring sodium, the top standard is ideally 10ppm,

 …when measuring potassium, the top standard is ideally 10ppm,
 ...when measuring calcium, the top standard is ideally 100ppm,
 …when measuring barium, the top standard is ideally 1000ppm,
 …when measuring lithium, the top standard is ideally 10ppm.

NOTE: The blank used should contain all the constituents of the standard solutions except the element being
measured.

Since a flame photometer measures the concentration of the element itself in solution, standard solutions
prepared from the salts of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium and barium must be made up to contain the
concentrations required in terms of the quantity of the elements.

Below are two examples of how to prepare standards of 1mg Na/100ml (10ppm Na) and 1mg K/100ml
(10ppm K).

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 28

3.1.1 Sodium
Accurately weigh 0.634g of dry “Analar” quality NaCl, dissolve in pure deionised water and wash into a
500ml volumetric flask. Fill to the mark with pure deionised water. To prepare the standard solution for use
with the flame photometer, this stock solution should be diluted 1 in 50.

Calculation:

Atomic weight Na = 23.0 Molecular weight NaCl = 58.46

Therefore, 0.634g NaCl contains 0.634 x 23 = 0.25g Na

58.46

Thus in 500ml of solution there is 250mg Na or 50mg Na/100ml.

Diluting 1 in 50 gives a standard of 1mg Na/100ml = 10ppm Na.

3.1.2 Potassium
Accurately weigh 0.477g of dry “Analar” quality KCl, dissolve in pure deionised water and wash into a 500ml
volumetric flask. Fill to the mark with pure deionised water. To prepare the standard solution for use with
the flame photometer, this stock solution should be diluted 1 in 50.

Calculation:

Atomic weight K = 39.1 Molecular weight KCl = 74.56

Therefore, 0.477g KCl contains 0.477 x 39.1 = 0.25g K

74.56

Thus in 500ml of solution there is 250mg K or 50mg K/100ml.

Diluting 1 in 50 gives a standard of 1mg K/100ml = 10ppm K.

3.1.3 Storage
Store solutions away from direct sunlight in a cool place, ideally at temperatures below 25oC. Glass
containers should not be used for storage as they can affect the sodium concentration levels. Standards
should be stored in sealed, plastic vessels and in high concentrations, (e.g. as a stock 1000ppm solution) and
dilutions prepared as required. The long-term storage of low concentration standards is not recommended
due to degradation of ionic species.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 29

3.2 Sample preparation
There are several practical points regarding sample preparation, which should be adhered to in order to
achieve the required accuracy in your analysis:

1. Avoid handling samples with fingers. This leads to serious contamination, e.g. if a finger is immersed
in 20ml of deionised water the resulting Na concentration will exceed that of a 10ppm standard.

2. All analyses involve the use of a diluent, which is almost always deionised water. This should be of
the highest quality for accurate flame analysis. Sodium, potassium and calcium are present in high
concentrations in tap water and thus efficient deionisation is essential.

3. Species that cause interference should be removed from samples or the equivalent concentration of
the interfering ion should be present in the standards so as to avoid erroneous results, e.g. if a
sample of approximately 10ppm Na contains approximately 1000ppm Ca, then Na analysis can only
be achieved by removing the Ca with oxalate/oxalic acid or ensuring all standards contain 1000ppm
Ca.

4. Always try to follow a well-documented analytical procedure, which should contain information
pertaining to interference removal when applicable.

5. Standards and samples should not be exposed to the atmosphere for long periods due to
contamination from airborne particles and the evaporation of the solvent that could lead to elevated
concentrations.

6. When in doubt about the equipment or application, the operator should contact Jenway at
jenwayhelp@bibby-scientific.com for advice.

3.2.1 Sample extraction

A number of methods for extracting sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium and barium from a wide variety of
raw materials may be obtained by contacting the technical support helpline at jenwayhelp@bibby-
scientific.com or by visiting http://jenway.com/notes_Flame_Photometers.asp

The sample must be in the form of an aqueous solution, with no solid matter present, to be suitable for
direct introduction into the flame photometer. This is achieved by:

 Extracting the salts from solid samples using deionised water or suitable extractants e.g. saturated
CaSO4 for sodium in soil. Extraction is more successful using a blender, macerator or shaking
machine.
 If the sample is organic then the organic material should be removed by ashing. The remaining
oxides are then dissolved using strong acids.
 Filtration/centrifugation is used to remove solid debris.

When aqueous, the sample can then be diluted to a known, accurately measured volume using deionised
water. If it is a concentrated sample then the dilution ratio should be increased. If the sample concentration
is low then a small volume of diluent and initial extractant should be used. Whichever method of extraction
is used, the resultant solution must always be free of any particulate matter that may cause blockages in the
nebuliser capillary tube.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 30

3.3 Dilution
In order to obtain samples and standards of the right concentration for aspiration into the flame, various
levels of dilution will often be necessary. Good quality deionised water should normally be used for carrying
out these dilutions and it is recommended that the same batch of water should be used for diluting the
samples and standards. More information on typical dilution ratios is given in Section 4.3.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 31

Section 4

Operation
4.1 Front and rear panel controls

4.1.1 Front panel controls

Figure 4.1.1.1: Front panel

1. Power A two-position rocker switch which controls the AC supply of the instrument.
Any accessories connected to the auxiliary POWER OUT sockets on the rear
panel are also controlled by the front panel power switch.

2. Ignition A spring loaded switch which, when depressed, will cause an electrical discharge
between the ignition electrode and the burner unit, thereby causing fuel
ignition.

3. D.P. This dial controls the position of the decimal point on the digital readout.

4. Fuel A fine needle valve that controls the flow of fuel and enables optimum flame
conditions to be set.

5. Blank This dial control sets the zero point when a blank standard is aspirated.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 32

 6. Sensitivity: Two controls which are used in conjunction to set the digital readout to an
Fine and appropriate number when a calibration standard is aspirated.
Course

7. Filter Select A five position control which will select the appropriate optical filter for the
element being determined.

NOTE: For the PFP7/C positions 3 and 4 will normally be blank

4.1.2 Rear panel controls

Figure 4.1.2.1: Rear panel

1. VOLTAGE A two-position switch marked 230 and 115. These positions allow
SELECTION operation from the voltage supplies 190-250 volts and 90-125 volts
respectively at either 50 or 60Hz.
WARNING: when adjusting the operating voltage it may be
necessary to change the top fuse as indicated on the rear panel.
Please note that the unit is set to the required voltage in the factory
depending on the part code ordered.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 33

 2. FUSES Two fuses are fitted to the instrument. FS1 is the primary fuse provided
to protect the instrument and any accessories connected to the power
out sockets. FS2 is to protect the electronic circuitry in the PFP7. Both
FS1 and FS2 should be of an anti-surge type.

3. POWER IN A three pin receptacle for the AC mains supply.

4. POWER OUT Two three pin sockets for flame photometer accessories such as a
compressor. The power from these sockets is controlled by the
instrument power switch on the front panel.

5. RECORDER Two 4mm sockets which will provide an analogue signal of

approximately 1 volt when the readout is 1000 digits or 100.0, 10.00,
1.000.

6. FUEL GAS 1/4" connector for fuel tubing.

IMPORTANT: Fuel supply must be regulated to 10-15 inches water

gauge (0.36-0.54psi or 0.025-0.38kg/cm2. See section 2.1.2 for
information on different fuel types.

7. AIR 5/16" connector for air tubing.

IMPORTANT: Air pressure on the inlet to the instrument must not

exceed 30psi (2kg/cm2). See section 2.1.3.

4.2 Operation – Flame Ignition and Optimisation

1. Ensure that the drain trap is pushed fully down on its clip. Ensure that the drain trap has
solution in it and that no air locks are present. If necessary, purge by adding deionised
water and allowing the surplus to run away.

2. Close the fuel valve by turning fully clockwise. To avoid damaging the valve, it should not
be forced.

3. Turn the fuel valve the required number of turns anti-clockwise depending on the fuel
being used.

Fuel Number of turns

Propane 3
Butane 4
Natural gas Fully open
L.P.G. 3.5

4. Turn on the fuel supply at source i.e. cylinder.

5. Switch on electrical power by depressing the power switch. If the air compressor is
powered separately, switch on the air compressor. Ensure that air is present by
listening for the hissing created as it passes through the nebuliser.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 34

6. Depress the ignition switch and hold down. Watch the FLM indicator in the display
window. When this indicator is illuminated the flame is a light and the ignition switch can
be released. If the FLM indicator does not light within approximately 20 seconds,
release the switch and open the fuel valve one additional turn. Allow the gas to disperse
before continuing. Depress the ignition switch for a further 20 seconds. This process may
be repeated until successful ignition occurs. If the fuel valve has to be opened more than 5
turns more than recommended above, refer to Section 7.5.

7. Set the filter select control to the desired position.

8. Aspirate deionised water and set the readout to zero by adjusting the blank control.

9. Aspirate a standard solution of slightly higher concentration than expected in the

samples to be tested. Adjust the fine and coarse control until a positive reading is
obtained. This is a nominal value to be used in optimising flame conditions.

10. Adjust the fuel valve in a clockwise direction until a peak reading is obtained.

NOTE: There is a time delay between adjusting the flow of fuel and seeing the
effect of the adjustment. A pause of a few seconds is therefore necessary
between making every fine adjustment.

The optimum flame conditions are different for Na and K and

retuning is necessary when switching between elements.

11. For optimum performance the instrument should be allowed 15 minutes to warm-up.
During this warm-up period a blank deionised water sample should be aspirated. It
should be noted that results, adequate for most purposes, can be obtained from switch
on, although standardisation settings will need frequent checking during the warm-up
period.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 35

4.3 Calibration: PFP7
It is important to understand that the principles of flame photometry are such that, over certain
concentration ranges, light emitted from the flame is directly proportional to the concentration of the
species being aspirated.

The graph below shows that the direct relationship between the flame emission and concentration is only
true at relatively low concentrations. Above these low levels the flame begins to saturate and the flame
emission ceases to increase in a linear relationship to concentration.

10

8
Readout

0
2 4 6 8 10 12
ppm

Figure 4.3.1: Relationship between sample concentration and flame emission.

If the samples being analysed lie on the linear part of the curve then the user can take direct concentration
readings from the digital display. If, however, the concentration of samples are above the levels shown on
the graph then the user has to dilute the samples so that they lie on the linear part of the curve.

The user can manually construct a calibration curve using standard solutions containing known
concentrations of the elements to be determined and if necessary, other materials to ensure that the
standard and sample backgrounds match. The concentration range covered by the calibration curve will
depend upon the expected concentration of the samples so that the sample readings fall somewhere in the
middle of the calibration curve.

Once the calibration curve has been plotted, the readings for the sample solutions are compared with the
curve to allow the sample concentrations to be established.

It is important to realise that each element has its own characteristic curve and separate calibration curves
must be constructed.

Instrument re-calibration is easily achieved by setting the blank solution to read zero and remeasuring the
top standard. The graph in Figure 4.3.2 shows a typical curve obtained when measuring in parts per million
(ppm).

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 36

 25
Unknown sample
20 reads 20 and can
be seen to have a
concentration of

Readout
15
approx. 16.5ppm

10
Calibration points
5 at 5,10,15,20 and
25ppm

0
5 10 15 20 25
ppm

Figure 4.3.2: Typical calibration curve measuring ppm.

Customers working in medical environments are quite likely to be using the S.I. unit of mmol/l to report their
results. The relationship between mmol/l and ppm is defined below:

Sodium Na 1ppm = 0.0435mmol/l 1mmol/l = 23ppm

Potassium K 1ppm = 0.0256mmol/l 1mmol/l = 39ppm
Lithium Li 1ppm = 0.1441mmol/l 1mmol/l = 7ppm
Calcium Ca 1ppm = 0.0250mmol/l 1mmol/l = 40ppm

This relationship means that Na and K samples in the normal clinical range of 136-145mmol/l Na and 3.5-
5.0mmol/l K should be pre-diluted 1 in 100 or 1 in 200 to get optimum results from the flame photometer.

Aspirate a blank solution and set the readout to 000 using the blank control.

Aspirate the highest standard solution and set the readout to an appropriate reading using the
fine and coarse sensitivity controls. Re-check the blank setting and adjust if necessary.

Aspirate the remaining standard solutions (if used) to construct the calibration curve and note the
results.

When the blank and standards are set, unknown samples can be aspirated and the results
noted directly from the instrument readout.

Calibration needs to be checked periodically by aspirating the blank and standard solutions.
Initially this check should be carried out after every 10 samples. Experience and increased
confidence in the PFP7 will enable you to best judge the frequency of this check.

The decimal point (d.p.) switch can be set to illuminate the decimal point in any significant
position. This should be chosen to give sufficient resolution for the test required.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 37

4.4 Calibration: PFP7/C
When using the PFP7/C, a calibration curve is not required as the display is calibrated in direct
concentration units. Therefore only one top standard is required to enable this calibration to be
performed.

Installation and set-up procedures should be carried out as for the standard Model PFP7.

NOTE: The Model PFP7/C allows direct readout of Na and K concentration in

serum samples. Na levels in urine samples may also be read directly from
the display.

Samples of both serum and urine should be diluted 1 in 100 or 1 in

200 to obtain optimum results from the flame photometer.

To calibrate the unit for clinical use the following steps should be carried out:

1. Aspirate deionised water and set the display to read zero.

2. Select the appropriate element (Na or K) on the filter select control and the position of
the decimal point using the d.p. switch.

3. Aspirate the required standard, e.g. 140mmol/l Na, 5.0mmol/l K which has been pre-
diluted at least 1 in 100 and set the display reading accordingly using the fine and
coarse sensitivity controls.

4. Adjust the fuel valve in a clockwise direction until a peak reading is obtained. Re-set the
display reading accordingly for the standard being aspirated.

NOTE: There is a time delay between adjusting the flow of fuel and seeing the
effect of the adjustment. A pause of a few seconds is therefore necessary
between making every fine adjustment.

The optimum flame conditions are different for Na and K and

retuning is necessary when switching between elements.

5. Re-check the zero setting and adjust if necessary.

6. Aspirate the pre-diluted sample and note the reading.

7. Calibration needs to be checked periodically by aspirating the blank and standard

solutions. Initially this check should be carried out after every 10 samples. Experience
and increased confidence in the PFP7/C will enable you to best judge the frequency of
this check.

4.5 Shutdown
1. Aspirate deionised water for at least ten minutes.

2. If the shutdown is short term i.e. the instrument is to be used again the same day/shift, it is
adequate to remove electrical power from the unit by depressing the power switch. This
will safely extinguish the flame.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 38

 3. If the shutdown is longer term or if the laboratory is likely to be left unattended during the
shutdown, then the fuel supply should be turned off at source; wait for the FLM indicator
to extinguish and then turn off the power. This ensures that there is no gas left in the tubing
to the unit.

4.6 Operating precautions

1. The fuel gases used in the flame photometers are inflammable and therefore potentially hazardous.
Cylinders of fuel gas should always be stored and used in line with the supplier’s recommendation.

2. It is possible that a small quantity of fuel will escape from the instrument during the ignition
sequence. The amount of fuel is harmless although may smell slightly. If the smell of fuel gas persists
the instrument should be immediately shut down and the source of the leakage determined by using
a soap solution on the hose joints.

3. Do not leave the instrument running unattended while the flame is alight.

4. The top of the instrument chimney unit becomes very hot when running and can cause severe burns
if touched.

5. The exhaust gases from the flame are very hot and the area approximately 1 metre above the
chimney must be avoided. Never attempt to look down the chimney whilst the flame is running.
Always use the inspection window.

6. The instrument uses potentially hazardous electrical supplies. Never remove covers from the
instrument without first ensuring that it has been isolated completely from the AC mains supply.

7. If the instrument is used in a pathology laboratory, all samples should be handled with the caution
normally accorded to those known to contain pathogenic organisms. Care should also be taken
when undertaking maintenance on instruments that have been used in these environments. A
bactericidal agent should be used when cleaning parts during routine maintenance.

For detailed safety precautions please refer to the beginning of the manual, page 1 onwards.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 39

Section 5

Accessories
5.1 Water separator
To avoid unstable readings it is essential that the air supply to the mixing chamber is clean and dry. Jenway
recommends that a water separator be used with all flame photometers as when air is compressed,
condensation occurs. The amount of condensation will depend on the humidity in the air, so in high humidity
areas, water separators are essential. The water separator fits on the air-line between the compressor and
the flame photometer. This is where condensation forms. Any water collecting in the tube will cause
unstable readings and if it enters the instrument, will lead to the eventual corrosion of internal components
in the air-line.

5.1.1 Features
1. Available in two sizes: large (normally recommended) (part code 500 177) or small (for areas of low
humidity) (part code 500 176).
2. Complete with all parts to connect to the flame photometer.
3. Provides optimum performance in minimum space.
4. Provides effective liquid and solid separation.
5. No maintenance required.
6. Finger operated plungers for easy draining.

5.1.2 Specifications
Model Large Small
Part code 500 177 500 176
Port size: ¼”, ⅜” ⅛”, ¼”
Maximum operating pressure: 100psi 100psi
Working temperature range: -5 to 80C (with no freezing) -5 to 80C (with no freezing)
Nominal filtration rating: 5m 5m
Bowl material: Polycarbonate Polycarbonate
Bowl guard: Yes No
Drain capacity (ml): 25 8
Weight (kg): 0.22 0.18

5.2 Compressor
The compressor is a reliable, quiet air compressor of oil-less design requiring minimal maintenance. The
compressor is constructed from a lightweight but rigid aluminium extrusion and is housed in a protective
case to ensure maximum user safety and convenience. Load bearings are permanently lubricated and sealed
for the life of the compressor. A PTFE composition cup offers excellent sealing and wear properties. The
integral motor has its own cooling fan and is thermally protected against overload.

5.2.1 Specification
The compressor gives a supply of dry, clean and pulse free air at a pressure between 15 and 30 psi
(approximately 1-2 kg/cm2) at 6 litres/minute. There are two models available depending on the required
voltage.

Model 8515 8516

Part Code 535 001 535 002
Voltage: 230V, 50/60Hz 110V, 60Hz

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 40

5.2.2 Installation
The compressor should be positioned on a stable flat surface within 2 meters of the PFP7 or PFP7/C.
Connection to the PFP7 or PFP7/C should be carried out as follows:

1. Ensure the power supply to the flame photometer is switched on.

2. Connect the air tubing (supplied with the flame photometer) to the compressor outlet nozzle and
secure with a hose clip.

3. Connect the other end of the air tubing to the air inlet located.

4. Plug the compressor mains lead into either auxiliary power socket located on the rear of the panel of
the flame photometer or directly into the mains power supply.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 41

Section 6

Maintenance
6.1 General
The design of the Model PFP7 & PFP7/C is such that maintenance requirements are minimal. To maintain
good performance and prolong the life of the instrument it is important that the procedures defined in the
manual are carried out regularly. The performance of the instrument depends upon an adequate supply of
compressed air. Recommended compressor maintenance procedures should be carried out to ensure that
compressor performance does not deteriorate.

6.2 Weekly maintenance

The nebuliser should be cleaned weekly to ensure efficient nebuliser operation.

Equipment required: 10ml graduated measuring cylinder

Stop watch
Cleaning wire (500 194)

1. Switch on the air supply to the flame photometer but do not light the flame.

2. Fill the measuring cylinder with deionised water and present to the nebuliser inlet tube for one
minute.

3. The consumption rate should be between 2 and 6ml/min. If correct, no further action is required.

4. If the consumption rate is too low, this is likely to be caused by a blockage in the fine capillary tubes
and can usually be cleared by passing the cleaning wire through the nebuliser. If, after taking this
action and re-checking the consumption rate it is still too low, then the inlet tube should be
discarded and the test repeated using fresh tubing.

5. If the nebuliser operation is still unsatisfactory, remove the nebuliser from the mixing chamber,
disconnect from the air line, remove the inlet tubing and soak the nebuliser in hot deionised water.

6. Dry the nebuliser before refitting and repeating the test.

7. If operation is still unsatisfactory, a new nebuliser should be fitted.

NOTE: Under no circumstances should the nebuliser be adjusted.

6.3 Monthly maintenance

Equipment required: 10ml graduated measuring cylinder

Stop watch
Cleaning wire (500 194)
Cleaning solution (025 171)

1. Carry out the Weekly maintenance schedule.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 42

 2. With the flame alight aspirate a 1 in 100 diluted sample of cleaning solution for 30 minutes, followed
by deionised water for a further 30 minutes.

6.4 Six-monthly maintenance

Burner cleaning.

Equipment required: 10ml graduated measuring cylinder

Stop watch
Cleaning wire (500 194)
Cleaning solution (025 171)
Small, stiff brush

1. Carry out the Weekly maintenance schedule.

2. If the instrument has been running with the flame alight, allow 30 minutes for the burner system to
cool down.

3. Disconnect the mixing chamber from the chimney unit by unscrewing the knurled locking ring and
dropping the chamber clear of the chimney.

4. Remove the fluted burner from the top of the burner tube.

5. Rinse the burner in deionised water and remove any deposits or encrustations by brushing with a
small stiff brush. If deposits are persistent, heating or boiling the deionised water will help.

6. Dry and replace the burner, pointed end downwards and re-assemble the mixing chamber onto the
chimney.

7. Carry out the flushing procedure as described in Monthly maintenance.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 43

Section 7

Trouble shooting
7.1 General
This section is a step-by step guide that should allow an operator to take appropriate actions to clear simple
faults. Any action not defined in this trouble shooting guide should only be undertaken by qualified
personnel.

7.2 Unstable results

Possible cause Solution

Condensation in the air supply. Drain the tubing. If the problem persists a moisture-free air supply
should be arranged by using a water separator.

Nebuliser blocked. Check the nebuliser performance as defined in Section 6.2, Weekly
maintenance.

Flame temperature not correctly set. Ensure that the fuel valve is correctly set for the element being
determined; refer to Section 4.2, Operation.

Fuel cylinder nearly empty. Replace cylinder with a fully charged one.

Instrument in strong draught. Relocate the instrument.

Instrument in very bright sunlight. Relocate the instrument.

Instrument not draining correctly. Ensure the “U” tube is clear of blockages and that the drain trap is
at the correct level i.e. pushed down fully so the rim at the top is
resting on the clip.

Atmosphere contaminated. Remove source of contamination or improve ventilation.

Mixing chamber/burner Carry out the six-monthly maintenance procedures as defined in

contaminated. section 6.4

Ensure the instrument is always flushed with deionised water

before shutdown.

7.3 Unable to set standard reading

Possible cause Solution

Calibration standard at incorrect Make new standards to check the calibration

concentration or incorrectly diluted. procedure.

Blank calibration standard Re-make standard and re-set blank.

contaminated or incorrectly set.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 44

Nebuliser blocked. Check the nebuliser performance as defined in
Section 6.2, Weekly maintenance.

Flame temperature not correctly set. Ensure the fuel valve is correctly set for the
element being determined, refer to Section 4.2.

7.4 Non-linear results

Possible cause Solution

Nebuliser blocked. Check the nebuliser performance as defined in

Section 6.2, Weekly maintenance.

Contaminated deionised water. Make up new standards in fresh water.

Incorrect dilution or incorrect Prepare fresh dilutions of the calibration standard.

calibration standard used.

Flame temperature not correctly set. Ensure the fuel valve is correctly set for the
element being determined, refer to Section 4.2.

Instrument not draining adequately. Ensure the “U” tube is clear of blockages and that
the drain trap is at the correct level.

7.5 Flame will not light

Possible cause Solution

Drain “U” tube empty. Fill with deionised water.

Fuel cylinder empty or regulator Replace cylinder or reset regulator.

pressures incorrectly set.

Inadequate air supply. Check air connection to the rear panel and the operation
of the compressor.

Propane/butane fuel restrictor Carefully “blow out” the restrictor. Do not use wire to
blocked. clear the blockage as this will result in damage to the
restrictor.

7.6 No electrical power

Possible cause Solution

AC supply not fully engaged. Check the power lead is correctly inserted.

AC supply not available. Check mains supply.

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 45

7.7 Unable to set blank

Possible cause Solution

Blank contaminated. Re-make the blank and re-check.

Burner encrusted with salt. Clean the burner as defined in Section 6.4, Six
monthly maintenance.
Ensure that the cleaning procedure is carried out
more frequently.

7.8 No reading on display

Possible cause Solution

Incorrect filter selected. Select correct filter.

Calibration standard incorrectly Re-make standard.

made.

Nebuliser completely blocked. Check the nebuliser performance as defined in

Section 6.2, Weekly maintenance.

Section 8

Spares

8.1 Minor Spares Kit (PFP7/MINKIT)

Description Part code Quantity

Nebuliser I/500019 1
Cleaning Wire (3x150mm) I/500194 1
Cleaning Solution 025016 2
Ignition Probe Assembly PFP7/IPA 1
Mk2 Small Knob (Blank & Fine) Assembly PFP7/SKB 1
Mk2 Large Knob (d.p., Coarse & Filter Select) PFP7/LKB 1
Assembly
Mk2 Fuel Knob Assembly PFP7/FKB 1
Fuse Kit PFP7/FKIT 1
Drain Trap Kit I/500551 1
Ignition Switch 017025 1
Power Switch 017050 1
Nebuliser to Solution Tube I/500193 500mm
Air Regulator to Nebuliser Tube 023009 500mm
Air Regulator to Nebuliser Tube (Plastic Olive) 026023 1
Air Regulator to Nebuliser Tube (Brass Nut) 026007 1
Air Regulator to Nebuliser Tube (Coupling to Air 026024 1
Regulator)
Allen Key 060196 1
Foot Assembly PFP7/FA 1

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 46

500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 47
500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 48
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500 795/Rev D/07-14 Page 49