Your First Experiments: ARDUINO CLASS (/class/Arduino-Class/) : LESSON 2

9/25/2018 Your First Experiments
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ARDUINO CLASS (/class/Arduino-Class/): LESSON 2
YOUR FIRST EXPERIMENTS

with bekathwia (/member/bekathwia/)
(https://cdn instructables com/F7L/H2XC/J3KFAOG0/F7LH2XCJ3KFAOG0 LARGE jpg)
https://www.instructables.com/lesson/Your-First-Experiments/ 1/45
Roll up your sleeves and let's dig in! In this lesson,
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we'll conduct some basic breadboard
Your First Experiments
experiments to introduce you to the basic Arduino concepts and work ow.
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First, set yourself up for success by af xing your Arduino Uno board and solderless
breadboard to a mounting plate. Trust me on this one—it provides a huge bene t of
holding your prototypes together andAsk akeeping
Question them out
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of trouble! The solderless
breadboard has a sticker back you can peel off (peel off the mounting plate's paper
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backing as well), and the Arduino Uno attaches with screws from the underside. It doesn't
matter which way your Arduino is facing in relation to the breadboard. A small
screwdriver is handy here, so you can hold a nylon nut in place on the top of the board
and drive the screw from the bottom. Only two diagonally-placed screw/nut combos are
required for a secure t. Rubber feet (included with plate) help the whole assembly stable
while you work and now your circuit is also more portable and protected from any wire
bits that might be strewn around your work surface.
Supplies
To follow along with this lesson you will need:
Computer running Arduino software (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)
Some of the items from the Adafruit Arduino Uno Budget Pack
(https://www.adafruit.com/products/193):
Arduino Uno board (https://www.adafruit.com/products/50)
USB A-B cable (https://www.adafruit.com/products/62)
Half-sized breadboard (https://www.adafruit.com/products/64)
Breadboard wires (https://www.adafruit.com/products/153)
5 red diffused 5mm LEDs (https://www.adafruit.com/products/299)

Bright red (https://www.adafruit.com/products/297), green
(https://www.adafruit.com/products/300), and blue
(https://www.adafruit.com/products/301) LEDs (one each or an RGB LED
(https://www.adafruit.com/products/159))
5 220-1K ohm resistors (https://www.adafruit.com/products/2780) (all same value,
any value within range OK)
Plastic mounting plate for breadboard and Arduino
(https://www.adafruit.com/products/275)
Small athead screwdriver (https://www.adafruit.com/products/424)

Solderless Breadboards
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(https://cdn instructables com/F1F/Q272/J3KFAOKQ/F1FQ272J3KFAOKQ LARGE jpg)
Solderless breadboards are for prototyping circuits quickly and easily. You can think of it
as akin to a dry-erase board, great for speedy brainstorming and experimentation.
Breadboards allow you to connect components using multi-port metal sockets. The
conductive parts of the breadboard allow electrons to ow between the things you plug
into it.
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On the right you can see inside a breadboard to observe how these sockets are
connected. Two long rails run down each side, marked with red and blue lines on the
front. These long connectors are typically used for power and ground connections, which
are used quite often. The small horizontal rows that comprise the middle of the board are
for plugging in wires and components. Notice the divider down the middle of the board--
this exists to provide chips a place to straddle, providing independent access to each of its
pins.
It takes some practice to get the hang of using a solderless breadboard, mainly because
it's hard to remember which spots are connected to which other spots. You may nd
yourself referring back to the photo of the inside of the breadboard frequently; that's
perfectly normal!
Blink Circuit
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(https://cdn instructables com/FN1/U7F3/J3KFAPAR/FN1U7F3J3KFAPAR LARGE jpg)
The rst circuit we'll build on the solderless breadboard connects a red LED to the Arduino
Uno board. Let's start out slowly, with one wire connection at a time. Follow along with
the same colored wires to make it easier on us both. Double check that your USB cable is
disconnected before doing any wiring to your board. Grab a red wire and plug one end
into the pin marked 5V on the Arduino board. Plug the other end of the red wire into the
breadboard rail marked with a red line— this will be your power bus.
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Similarly, grab a blue wire and plug it into one of the pins marked GND, right next to the
red wire. There are three ground pins on an Arduino Uno, and they're all wired to the
same ground as the chip and the rest of the board, so it doesn't matter which one you
choose. Plug the other end of your blue wire to the blue ground bus on your breadboard.
This is a common con guration you will use again and again, and should be your go-to
setup for new breadboards, even if you aren't using both buses immediately. Circuits in
this lesson will connect to the ground bus, and in the next lesson you'll use some
components that will connect to the 5V power bus.
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Next, plug a yellow wire into Arduino pin 13. Plug the other end into any horizontal row
on your breadboard (row 10 shown above). For this rst circuit, all of your connections
should be composed on the half of the breadboard closest to the Arduino board.
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Connect another blue wire from any pin on your ground rail to another horizontal row on
your breadboard (row 18 shown above).
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Now grab a 1K resistor (stripes are brown-black-red-gold),
and plug one of its wire leads
(doesn't matter which) into the same row as the blue wire. Resistors all look similar,
except for the stripes used to indicate their value.
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Plug the other end into a row right next to the yellow wire.
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Now grab a red LED (light emitting diode). See
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how one of its wire leads is longer than
the other? That's the positive lead (anode), and the shorter lead is negative (cathode). In
the circuit we're building, positive charge comes fromDownload
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the Arduino pin and goes through
the LED and resistor to ground, so you should connect the positive (longer) lead to the
yellow wire and the negative (shorter) lead to the resistor. A resistor helps limit the 0% complete
current going through an LED, which doesn't do a great job of limiting itself.
Another way to guess the polarity of an LED is by looking inside the lens at the anvil
(bigger piece of metal) and post (smaller piece of metal). The anvil is usually the cathode,
but as you can see in the above video, not all LEDs observe the same polarity conventions.
The only way to be totally certain of its polarity is to test it. To learn more in-depth about
resistors and LEDs, check out the LEDs lesson
(https://www.instructables.com/lesson/LEDs-Lesson/) in the Instructables LEDs & Lighting
Class (https://www.instructables.com/class/LEDs-and-Lighting-Class/).
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Plug in your USB cable and the LED should immediately start to blink! It's programmed to
blink whatever's connected to pin 13. That includes the onboard LED you saw in your
software setup as well as the one you just wired up.
If your LED isn't blinking, unplug your USB cable, then reverse your LED and replug your
USB; maybe the LED was just plugged in backwards (which won't damage it, but won't
light it up, either). Or perhaps one of your other wires or resistor aren't connected
correctly. Double check your connections against the diagram of the circuit:
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Initializing
Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/heWjQPZNfIg-blink)
Click "Start Simulation" to run the Arduino emulator, which has the "blink" sample
program loaded up. We'll use Tinkercad Circuits (https://www.tinkercad.com/circuits)
modules like this one throughout the class to help you build along. They contain wiring
diagrams for your breadboard experiments as well as the code you'll need for each. Click
the "Code" button to see the program, called an Arduino sketch. It looks like this:
Loading Arduino Create...

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You'll use the Arduino IDE to manipulate programs like this one and send them to your
Arduino board to run. You've already loaded this sketch onto your Arduino board in the
software setup from the previous lesson, but a refresher can't hurt: you can nd this
sketch and many other examples used in this class through the Arduino software menu
(File -> Examples -> Basics -> Blink).
Example sketches make great starting points for experimentation and your own projects
down the line. These examples are invaluable to your Arduino learning experience; use
them! It's common to make lots of typos when writing your rst code, which can cause
confusing errors. The examples come in handy
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is when you want to x up your own not-
working code (called debugging). Comparing your work to de nitive examples of working
code can be one helpful strategy toAsk
help debug your code.
a Question Download
Let's take a closer look at the elements of this basic Arduino sketch. First up is a little note:
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// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.

// give it a name:
This is just a comment, meant to help humans understand the program. In Arduino
programs, comments are signi ed with two slashes; anything on a single line after the
slashes is discarded when it comes time to compile (build this code into the machine-
readable version that will run on the Arduino board). Therefore comments don't contribute
to your program's size, so comment away! You may easily forget what each section of
your program is supposed to accomplish; I strongly recommend you to get into the habit
of heavily commenting your code, and reading the comments in each of the examples we
use in this class.
int led = 13;
Next up is a variable declaration. You can think of a variable as a bucket for some
information. Variables, like buckets, have sizes and shapes to hold different kinds of
information. Variables also have names, like a mandatory label on the bucket. This line of
code de nes a variable of type int , which means integer. Remember back to primary
school math class, when you might have learned that integers are whole numbers
(positive or negative). So we have a bucket that can hold an integer. It's label is led but
could just as easily be "MyLEDPin" or any single word (letters and numbers only, case
sensitive) because this part of the variable declaration is up to you. I strongly advise using
descriptive names for your variables so you can keep track of what your program is doing!
After the line of code above, any time we see "led" in the program will be swapped out for
the number 13. This is handy for con gurations like ours, where we want a way to
reference which pin the LED is connected to, over and over, but if the wiring changes we'll
only have to update it on one place in the code.
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:

void setup() {
As the comment suggests, anything between this line and the closing curly brace } is
part of the setup, a section of code that runs once per session. Code inside the setup
executes one time when your board rst powers up, or when you press the Arduino's
reset button.
// initialize the digital pin as an output.

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
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Pins 0-13 on your Arduino board are digital i/o pins, which means they can be either
inputs or outputs. pinMode(); is a function, a shorthand way to refer to subset of
commands "under the hood," so to speak. Arduino shows you it recognizes certain
elements of code by changing its text color. If ever a keyword isn't changing color as you
type it in Arduino, you probably have a misspelling, capitalization error, or other typo.
These pieces of information passed to functions are called arguments. Since the variable
led will serve up its contents anytime you type it, the pin number passed to pinMode(); is
13, and the state is OUTPUT. This sets up pin 13 to control an LED, and the curly brace
closes the setup.
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop() {
This is the main part of an Arduino sketch, where actions like checking input pins and
controlling output pins usually happen. Everything between this line and its closing curly
brace } will occur on repeat until the board loses power.
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
First up in the loop is a function called digitalWrite(); , which takes two pieces of
information: a pin number, and a HIGH (on) or LOW (off) state. These pieces of
information passed to functions are called arguments. Since the variable led will serve up
its contents anytime you type it, the pin number passed to digitalWrite(); is 13, and the
state is HIGH (on). This line of code causes the LED in your circuit to turn on.
delay(1000); // wait for a second
delay(); is another one of Arduino's built-in functions. It pauses the program for an
amount of time, written in milliseconds. This line of code pauses the program for 1000ms,
or one second.
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
As earlier, digitalWrite(); can turn an output pin on or off. This time it sets pin 13 LOW
(off).
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

This line pauses the program for one second, and the curly brace signi es the end of the
loop, which begins again immediately. So to summarize, the program turns an LED on and
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off at one second intervals. Let's try switching up that interval. Modify the number of
milliseconds in one or both of your delay(); statements. For instance you could create a
more uneven blink:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(2000); // wait for two seconds
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(500); // wait for a half second
}
Try uploading your modi ed blink sketch to your Arduino board. Did it behave as you
expected it would?
Well done! That was a lot of information. It's ok if you don't quite understand every little
thing yet. Like learning any language, the Arduino programming language has its own
syntax and structure you must navigate, which will become more familiar with regular
practice. The most important thing to remember is that you can work with code without
knowing everything about programming. As you go through the exercises in this class, I
encourage you to leave a window open loaded with the Arduino language reference page
(https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage), which describes each element and
provides sample usage.
Add More LEDs
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(https://cdn instructables com/FHG/R61G/J3KFAPC8/FHGR61GJ3KFAPC8 LARGE jpg)
Now that you've got the basic idea of how to control a single LED, let's add some more!
Grab the rest of your red LEDs and 1K resistors. Unplug your Arduino from USB/power if it
wasn't already. It's smart to disconnect power any time you are changing your circuit.
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Connect the two pairs of rails on your solderless breadboard: plug a wire connecting both
power buses (red, +) and another wire connecting both ground buses (blue, -). This0%is acomplete
commonly used con guration, since now you can easily access power and ground on both
edges of the breadboard. Bend the leads of your resistors to 90 degrees and trim the ends
to about a quarter inch (6mm) from the bend.
You don't technically have to bend and trim your resistors, but they sure do tidy up your
breadboard. Replace the resistor on your breadboard with a tidier one and see what a
huge difference it makes in the legibility of your circuit. And you're less likely to create an
accidental short circuit this way, too.
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Let's add the new LEDs to the thus-far-unused half of the breadboard. Start by
connecting a tidy resistor from ground (sockets along the blue line) to a row of the
breadboard. Plug a red LED into the breadboard, connecting its shorter (negative) lead at
the same row as the resistor.
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Add the remaining resistors and LEDs in the same pattern. Remember that resistors can
plug in either orientation, but LEDs have polarity and only light up when electricity ows
in one particular direction through them.
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Move the yellow wire from Arduino pin 13 to pin 7. Connect another yellow wire from
Arduino pin 6 to the positive lead of the next neighboring LED.
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Connect up more yellow wires according to the circuit diagram in the Tinkercad Circuits
module (Arduino pins 3-5 to the remaining LEDs' positive leads).
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Initializing
Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/6XeW1sjPzXN-for-loop-

iteration)
Click the "Start Simulation" button to see where we're going with the code side of things.
The program lights up one LED at a time, in order, down the line and back again. Click the
"Code" button to see the code, and then click the download button (downward facing
arrow icon). This example varies slightly from a similar example that comes with the
Arduino software, so we'll use this downloadable version instead. Double click on the
"ForLoopIteration.ino" le to open it.
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Click OK if you see a prompt to put the program in its own folder. If your resulting le has
all the code bunched up on one line, you are probably using an old version of Arduino, and
should update to the latest version (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software). If you
prefer, you may also select and copy the code from the module above and paste it into a
new (blank) Arduino sketch (File -> New, then replace the default contents with the code
you copied from above).
Plug in and upload the code to your ArduinoYour
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Uno board. You may have to select your port
First Experiments
again from the tools menu after replugging. Let's learn how to code a light sequence by
taking a closer look at the programAsk
elements:
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/* 0% complete
For Loop Iteration
Demonstrates the use of a for() loop.

Lights multiple LEDs in sequence, then in reverse.
The circuit:
* LEDs from pins 3 through 7 to ground
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
<a href="http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ForLoop"> http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ForLoop

</a>
*/
This rst part is just a long comment. You already learned about single line comments, and
now you know about multi-line comments, signi ed with a /* to start and */ to stop.
int timer = 200; // The higher the number, the slower the timing.
A variable is declared! It's an integer called "timer", and this line sets it equal to 200. As
you may have noticed, most lines of Arduino programs end with a semicolon. When
writing and modifying your own Arduino sketches, watch out for missing semicolons as
they will cause compiling errors that will trip you up.
void setup() {
// use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output:
for (int thisPin = 3; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
pinMode(thisPin, OUTPUT);
}
}
The setup con gures pins 3 through 7 as outputs using a for loop, which is a special loop
that repeats a small section of code a certain number of times based on a condition, using
an increment counter. Each time through the mini loop, the condition is tested and if true,
will continue on to execute the code inside. So above, a variable thisPin is set to 3, the
condition is that thisPin should be less than 8, and the increment counter increases thisPin
by one each time through the loop ( thisPin++ Your
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is the same as saying
First Experiments
thisPin = thisPin + 1 ). So
the rst time through this loop, pin 3 is set to an output. The second time through, pin 4 is
set to an output. And so forth untilAsk
thisPin is 8, at which
a Question point the condition is false and
Download
the code discontinues looping, continuing on with the rest of the program. This may seem
like a convoluted way to do a simple thing, but programmers love ef ciency! You could just
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as easily accomplish the pin con gurations with the following setup:
void setup() {
// initialize each pin as an output:
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
}
You'll notice that there will usually be more than one way to accomplish the same tasks
with Arduino programming. Coding is similar to making things in your workshop: you tend
to use whatever tools you have. So lets use a for loop for something fun... animation!
void loop() {
// loop from the lowest pin to the highest:

for (int thisPin = 3; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW);
}
The loop starts out with the same for loop as earlier, incrementing from the lowest pin
number to the highest. Inside the for loop, it turns on the LED at thisPin , pauses for
200ms (set earlier as timer), then turns that LED off before looping again with the next
LED.
// loop from the highest pin to the lowest:

for (int thisPin = 7; thisPin >= 3; thisPin--) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW);
}
}
The next part of the code is another for loop,Your
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but this one starts at the highest pin and
First Experiments
uses thisPin-- , which means the same thing as thisPin = thisPin - 1 (itself minus one), and
exits the loop when thisPin is no longer >= 3 (greater Download
Ask a Question than or equal to three, aka 2). The
nal closing curly brace closes the main loop. So this program lights up each LED in order,
then reverses the order and lights them up again. 0% complete
ForLoopIteration.ino
Download (https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/FAL/YLM1/J1V7XOEX/FALYLM1J1V7XOEX.ino)
(https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/FAL/YLM1/J1V7XOEX/FALYLM1J1V7XOEX.ino)
Fade
(https://cdn instructables com/F30/3KO2/J3KFAPF5/F303KO2J3KFAPF5 LARGE jpg)
Turning LEDs on and off is great and all, but now let's make an LED fade in and out
gradually using a function called analogWrite(); . Unplug your USB cable and remove all but
the rst LED from your breadboard, and move its yellow wire connection to Arduino pin 9.
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Initializing
Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/bo3zmg7hInW-fade)
Copy/download the code from the Tinkercad Circuits module or open up the example in
your Arduino software examples under File -> Examples -> 01.Basics -> Fade.
Plug in and upload the sketch to your Arduino Uno board and observe your LED fade on
and off.
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Let's look at the code to learn how this fading is achieved. I have turned on line numbers
in the Arduino preferences in order to better be able to reference the different parts of the
code.
Loading Arduino Create...

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Lines 16 through 18 declare three variables used in the program. The setup con gures pin
9 as an output on line 23. On line 29, the function analogWrite(); sets pin 9 to whatever the
variable brightness is at the given time. On line 32, brightness is incremented by 5
( fadeAmount ). Line 35 uses an if statement to check if brightness using comparison
operators (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/If). If brightness is less than or equal to
<= zero, or || greater than or equal to >= 255. If the statement is true, the code inside is
executed, otherwise it's just skipped. So this code increases brightness until it reaches or
exceeds 255, then sets fadeAmount to -5 and decrements brightness until it reaches zero
(or dips below zero). The delay at the end prevents the code from running so fast that you
can't see the effect. Try changing the value of fadeAmount and upload the code to your
board. How does changing this variable affect the appearance of the fading?
The Arduino board is only capable of generating digital signals (HIGH and LOW), but
analogWrite(); simulates the appearance of brightnesses between on and off using pulse
width modulation (PWM). The LED ashes on and off very quickly, and your eye interprets
a dimmer light. The ratio of time the LED spends on vs. off determines how bright or dim
the LED appears. Only certain pins are capable
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of PWM, and they are labeled on the
board with squiggles ~ next to the pin number. PWM can also be used to control the
speed of a DC motor, which we'll do in a later lesson. Download
Ask a Question
RGB LEDs 0% complete
Additive (light-based) color (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model) has three

primary colors: red, green, and blue. Simultaneously controlling the brightness of one LED
of each of these colors can create almost any color of light. Color changing LEDs like those
used in the nal project work the same way, but the LEDs are all together in a very small
package called an RGB LED. Let's build our own RGB LED from three 5mm LEDs in your
kits. In the Adafruit kit recommended for this class, these three LEDs have clear lenses, so
we'll have to plug them in to determine which LED is which. LEDs with clear lenses can be
any color! If you're using a different kit, just nd one red, one green, and one blue LED
(clear or colored lens). Unplug your USB cable and swap out the red LED for one of the
clear-lens LEDs, then plug the USB back in.
What color is the LED? If you nd the red one
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on the rst try, set it aside and repeat the
process to determine the color of the the other two LEDs.

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Initializing
Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/jTfaA3ssc6S-super-

simple-rgb-led)
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Wire up the other two LEDs with 1K resistors to pins 10 and 11, as shown in the diagram.
Download and open the code from the Tinkercad Circuits module or copy and paste0% it complete
into
a new empty Arduino sketch. Upload it to your Arduino Uno board and see if you can
match up the lines of code to the activity you see in the LEDs, as we have done together
so far.
The unfamiliar part of this code is the function setColor(); . It's a custom function, de ned
below the loop() has ended.
void setColor(int red, int green, int blue)

{
analogWrite(redPin, red);
analogWrite(greenPin, green);
analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
}
A function de nition declares a name, and what type of arguments the function will take,
which you can think of as the con gurable settings you'll want to change each time you
execute the code it contains. In this simple function, three integer values are written to the
three LED pins using analogWrite(); .
setColor(255, 255, 0); // yellow
Each time this function is called in the main loop, the program executes the code in the
function before continuing through the main loop. In this case, the arguments are used as
the brightnesses of each LED. The scale for brightness is 0-255 because each color is
de ned using one byte (https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/bits-bytes.html), which
allows for 256 distinct patterns.
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Initializing
Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/bclfJGFygLR-color-cross-

fading-rgb-led)
Now download and open the code from this more complex RGB project, or copy and
paste the code into a new blank Arduino sketch. Read its comments to learn more about
how this program works. It does some math to convert a 0-100 range to the necessary
range the LEDs need, so you can think in percentages instead of 0-255. It uses collections
of variables called arrays (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Array) to store colors, and
three user-de ned functions to calculate values for a smooth fade between colors so that
the loop() is nice and tidy. crossFade(red); almost reads like English! We'll get into some of
the other unfamiliar keywords in this sketch in future lessons, but rst it's time to
celebrate all you've achieved so far.
Class Project
Share a photo of your finished project with the class!
~ Nice work! You've completed the class project
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stopecado (/member/stopecado/) made it! Kevinfite (/member/Kevinfite/) made it!
David_Lin (/member/David_Lin/) made it! WimD21 (/member/WimD21/) made it!
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Good MorningM (/member/Good MorningM/) made it! V310C (/member/V310C/) made it!
DavidW653 (/member/DavidW653/) made it! SatMan1234 (/member/SatMan1234/) made it!
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See 338 more that made it
5at10Nine (/member/5at10Nine/) made it!
Share a photo of your finished project with the class!
I Made It!
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Connection Error?
Connection Error?
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Error message?
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Regarding "Make RBG"?
Where do I upload this?

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Autodesk Circuits?
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connection?
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Problems uploading program into arduino uno ?

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different board?
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Why identify int thisPin each time in 'for loop'?

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Your First Experiments: ARDUINO CLASS (/class/Arduino-Class/) : LESSON 2

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Your First Experiments: ARDUINO CLASS (/class/Arduino-Class/) : LESSON 2

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9/25/2018 Your First Experiments

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ARDUINO CLASS (/class/Arduino-Class/): LESSON 2

YOUR FIRST EXPERIMENTS

(https://cdn instructables com/F7L/H2XC/J3KFAOG0/F7LH2XCJ3KFAOG0 LARGE jpg)

Computer running Arduino software (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)

Arduino Uno board (https://www.adafruit.com/products/50)

USB A-B cable (https://www.adafruit.com/products/62)

Half-sized breadboard (https://www.adafruit.com/products/64)

Breadboard wires (https://www.adafruit.com/products/153)

5 red diffused 5mm LEDs (https://www.adafruit.com/products/299)

(https://www.adafruit.com/products/300), and blue

(https://www.adafruit.com/products/301) LEDs (one each or an RGB LED

5 220-1K ohm resistors (https://www.adafruit.com/products/2780) (all same value,

any value within range OK)

Plastic mounting plate for breadboard and Arduino

Small athead screwdriver (https://www.adafruit.com/products/424)

(https://cdn instructables com/F1F/Q272/J3KFAOKQ/F1FQ272J3KFAOKQ LARGE jpg)

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(https://cdn instructables com/FN1/U7F3/J3KFAPAR/FN1U7F3J3KFAPAR LARGE jpg)

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Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/heWjQPZNfIg-blink)

Loading Arduino Create...

// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.

int led = 13;

// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:

// initialize the digital pin as an output.

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

delay(1000); // wait for a second

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Add More LEDs

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(https://cdn instructables com/FHG/R61G/J3KFAPC8/FHGR61GJ3KFAPC8 LARGE jpg)

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Find this circuit on Tinkercad (https://www.tinkercad.com/things/6XeW1sjPzXN-for-loop-

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Demonstrates the use of a for() loop.

This example code is in the public domain.

<a href="http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ForLoop"> http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ForLoop

// loop from the lowest pin to the highest:

// loop from the highest pin to the lowest:

(https://cdn instructables com/F30/3KO2/J3KFAPF5/F303KO2J3KFAPF5 LARGE jpg)

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